Iyini imisebenzi carbohydrate kuseli?

Ukuze ukusebenza evamile umzimba womuntu ziyadingeka izidakamizwa eyisisekelo okuyinto zakhiwa futhi zonke izingxenye zesakhiwo kwengqamuzana, izicubu, nomzimba wonke in jikelele. It kuhlanganisa ezifana:

• amaprotheni;
• lipids;
• carbohydrate;
• nucleic acid.

Bonke bangabangasokile kubaluleke kakhulu. Akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi ucishe ezibalulekile kubo, ngoba ukuntuleka kwanoma iyiphi umzimba iholela ekubhujisweni ngenakugwemeka. Cabanga ngalokho kukhona yingxube njenge-carbohydrate, futhi iyiphi indima abayidlalayo ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni.

Lo mbono olujwayelekile mayelana carbohydrate

Kusukela umbono wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi carbohydrate ngokuthi carbon--mpilo isibopho, okwakhiwa kwalo kuboniswa jikelele ifomula C _n (H ₂ O) _m. Inkomba kufanele zibe elilingana, noma enkulu kuno ezine.

Inani okuqukethwe carbohydrate amaseli eziphilayo ngokungalingani. Ngakho, lesi sitshalo liqukethe mayelana 80% wabo, kuyilapho izilwane -% 2-3 kuphela. Ngamandla abo, la mangqamuzana awulona ize + ngakho okuthiwa. Ngempela, ngokunembile ibonisa Ukwakheka kwabo-athomu: ama-athomu carbon kanye nama-molecule yamanzi axhunyiwe ngendlela ethile.

Imisebenzi carbohydrate kuseli zifana izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu. Babe they zichaziwe ngezansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zakhi ngokwabo zihluke kakhulu. Kukhona ngezigaba lonke ehlanganisa bonke ku neqembu elilodwa kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlukane amagatsha ezahlukene, kuya ngokuthi isakhiwo kanye nokusungulwa.

Isakhiwo zamakhemikhali izakhiwo

Kuyini isakhiwo yezinhlayiya alesi sigaba? Phela, yilokho ziyonquma ukuthi imisebenzi carbohydrate kuseli, yini indima azodlala kulo. Ngokombono amakhemikhali buka, zonke izinto - kuyinto aldegidospirty. Isakhiwo-molecule yabo ifakiwe aldehyde iqembu -COH kanye -OH oludakayo amaqembu sokusebenza.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana amafomula engasetshenziswa ukumela isakhiwo se-carbohydrate.

1. Yamamolekhula - ibonisa Ukwakheka qualitative ambalwa of enkompolo, kodwa alibonisi uxhumano phakathi kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana akakhulumi mayelana nesakhiwo kanye izakhiwo.
2. Ukwakheka. Qedela noma wafingqa limelela oda izibopho-athomu e-molecule, ngakho-ke kungaba wabikezela phezu izakhiwo.
3. Fischer kwelivi ifomula. Inhlanganisela imigqa evundla mpo empambana okuyinto ezokwenzeka kuma-athomu e-carbon stereotsentralnyh. Ngakho athomu iqembu aldehyde kuboniswa ngokwehlukile.
4. Formula Heuorsa. Isetshenziselwa ubhala eyindilinga isakhiwo ushukela, alula nanzima.

Ukubheka ezimbili zokugcina amafomula, kungenzeka ukubikezela imisebenzi carbohydrate kuseli. Phela, iyoba sobala izakhiwo zabo, futhi ngenxa yalokho indima.

izakhiwo Chemical ukuthi abonise ushukela, zachazwa khona amaqembu amabili ahlukile sokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, njengomhubi alcohols, polyalcohols, carbohydrate bayakwazi yokusabela qualitative nge hydroxide asanda ukugqashuka yethusi (II), kanye aldehydes kuthiwa oxidized ukuba gluconic acid by ukusabela esiliva esibukweni.

Ukwahlukaniswa carbohydrate

Njengoba amangqamuzana ezihlukahlukene esikhulu, osokhemisi ngezigaba esihlanganisiwe isisunguliwe okuletha ndawonye zonke compounds efanayo kumaqembu athile. Ngokwesibonelo, lokhu okulandelayo izinhlobo ushukela.

1. Simple, noma monosaccharides. Zimumethe eyodwa subunit e kwengoma. Phakathi kwazo kunabafundi pentose, hexose, heptose, nabanye. Into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi evamile - ribose, galactose, ne-glucose fructose.
2. Inxanxathela. Yakhiwa subunits eziningana. Disaccharides - oligosaccharides ezimbili - kusukela 2 kuya ku-10, polysaccharides - ezingaphezu kuka 10. Isimiso esibalulekile phakathi kwabo: sucrose, maltose, i-lactose, isitashi, i-cellulose, glycogen nabanye.

Imisebenzi carbohydrate esitokisini umzimba kubalulekile kakhulu, kubaluleke kangaka kukhona zonke lezi ongakhetha molecule. Ukuze ngamunye wabo zinendima ethile. Yini umsebenzi sichaziwe ngezansi.

Imisebenzi carbohydrate kuseli

Eziningi kuzo. Nokho, kukhona labo kungenziwa ngokuthi ayisisekelo, belinganisa, futhi kukhona ezincane. Ukuze uqonde kangcono lolu daba, kubalulekile ukuba zibhale bonke ehlelekile ngaphezulu futhi kuyaqondakala. Ngakho siyathola carbohydrate umsebenzi kuseli. Ithebula elingezansi, thina sikusize.

Kusobala ukuthi ukuba overestimate ukubaluleka izinto kunzima, ngoba ziyisisekelo izinqubo eziningi ezibalulekile. Cabangela ezinye zezinto ezenza imisebenzi carbohydrate kuseli ukuze uthole eminye imininingwane.

amandla umsebenzi

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu. Akukho ukudla ukuba zidliwe umuntu, ngeke sikwazi ukunikeza kuye ukuthi inani kilojoule njengoba carbohydrate. Ngemva ncamashi 1 igremu yalezi izinto is wajinge wanamatsela ukukhulula 4.1 kcal (38.9 kJ) kanye 0.4 amagremu yamanzi. Lokhu okukhipha iyakwazi ukunikeza umzimba wonke amandla.

Ngakho-ke, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi ama-carbohydrate abahlinzeki cell yenza umsebenzi noma amandla zamandla, amathuba bezinga, ukuqaliswa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi.

Sekuyisikhathi eside waphawula ukuthi amaswidi, ama-carbohydrate ukuthi kukhona ingxenye enkulu, bakwazi ngokushesha ukuba bavuselele amandla amandla. Lokhu awasebenzi kuphela nokuvivinya umzimba, ukucindezeleka, kodwa umsebenzi ngokwengqondo. Lapho umuntu ecabanga, enquma, ecabanga, ifunda, nokunye, kulapho we izinqubo kwamakhemikhali kwenzekani engqondweni yakhe. Futhi eyisebenzisa kudingeka amandla. Kuphi? Impendulo ilula: ama-carbohydrate, noma kunalokho, imikhiqizo aqukethe kubo, ngiwunike.

Amandla umsebenzi, okuyinto eyenziwa compounds ndaba, awukwazi kuphela ukuhambisa ucabange. Amandla kuyadingeka, nezinye izinqubo eziningi:

• ukwakhiwa izingxenye zesakhiwo yeseli;
• negesi lokushintshisana;
• umzimba plastic;
• Ukukhetha;
• kwegazi, nokunye.

Zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile zidinga umthombo yamandla ezikhungweni zokuphehla ukhona. Siphinde sihlinzekele abaphilayo nezidalwa carbohydrate.

plastic

Enye igama lo msebenzi - ukwakhiwa noma kwesakhiwo. It liyazikhulumela. Amakhabhohayidrethi ezizibandakanyile ekwakhiweni macromolecules ezibalulekile emzimbeni, njenge:

• DNA.
• RNA.
• ATP.
• Adp nabanye.

Kuyinto ngenxa compounds zethu ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa Ukwakheka kwezitho glycolipids - omunye yezinhlayiya ebaluleke kakhulu cell ulwelwesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cellulose ukuthi kuyinto polysaccharide eyakhelwe cell udonga izitshalo. She - omningi walo ugodo.

Uma sikhuluma izilwane, eyisinambuzane (ezinamagobolondo, izicabucabu, izibungu), protists we ulwelwesi cell kuhlanganisa Chitin - polysaccharide. Lokhu izingxenye efanayo etholakala emangqamuzaneni fungal.

Ngakho, ama-carbohydrate cell ukukhonza njengephayona zokwakha futhi ivumela ukwakheka izakhiwo eziningi ezintsha kanye ukuzobhidliza ubudala lapho kukhululwa amandla.

esitolo

Lokhu umsebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu. Akuwona wonke amandla engena emzimbeni ngokudla, ngokushesha wachitha. Ingxenye iqukethwe molecule carbohydrate futhi imali in the form of esikhundleni izakhamzimba.

Ngo izitshalo kuyinto isitashi noma inulin, umduli iseli - cellulose. Kubantu nasezilwaneni - glycogen, noma amafutha ezilwane. Lokhu kwenzeka ukuze babe njalo kwaba namandla esiqiwini uma yokulamba umzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, amakamela agcine amafutha hhayi kuphela amandla uma yehlukanise futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukukhulula lemali edingekayo amanzi.

umsebenzi Avikelayo

Kanye ngenhla, ama-carbohydrate umsebenzi kumaseli eziphilayo futhi zokuzivikela. Lokhu kubonakala kalula, uma sihlaziya ukwakheka qualitative we inhlaka nengcino, okuholela indawo isakhiwo isihlahla abalimala. Ngokwemvelo yabo zamakhemikhali, ke monosaccharides nemikhiqizo yabo.

Lo luketshezi viscous kuvimbela Amagciwane okungagunyaziwe ukungena ukhuni ukumlimaza. Ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi wenziwa komsebenzi zokuzivikela carbohydrate.

Futhi isibonelo lo msebenzi kungenzeka ukwakheka anjalo izitshalo, efana spikes, enameva. Lokhu - amangqamuzana afile ukuthi yakhiwa ikakhulukazi cellulose. Zivikela simila ekudliweni ngamabhubesi izilwane.

Umsebenzi osemqoka carbohydrate kuseli

Yaleyo mikhosi ukuthi siye ohlwini Yiqiniso, ungakhetha ezibaluleke kakhulu. Phela, umsebenzi ngomkhiqizo ngamunye equkethe izinto, - sokwetshisa, ukuhlukana futhi nginikeze isidumbu sakho amandla kudingekile ekuphileni.

Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi oyinhloko carbohydrate iseli - amandla. Ngaphandle ubungqabavu anele ngeke akwazi ukuqhubeka evamile, inqubo, kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle (ukunyakaza, isimo sobuso, njll). Futhi ngaphezu carbohydrate, azibambeki abakwazi ukunikeza isivuno amandla. Ngakho-ke, thina selisho lokhu indima njengoba ebaluleke kakhulu futhi okunenjongo.

Ukudla okune carbohydrate

Ngisho Yenza izikhathi. Imisebenzi carbohydrate kuseli ezilandelayo:

• amandla;
• kwesakhiwo;
• ukuze isitokwe;
• Ukuvikelwa;
• yokwamukela;
• zifudumele;
• okhanda amanye amathuba kanye nabanye.

Yikuphi ukudla okufanele idliwe ukuze umzimba uthola ngokwanele lezi izinto nsuku zonke? Uhlu encane, equkethe kuphela ukudla carbohydrate-ocebile kakhulu kuyosisiza ukuthola it out.

1. Izitshalo lapho nezilimo eziyizigaxa ocebile isitashi (amazambane, iJerusalema i-artichoke, njll).
2. Okusanhlamvu (irayisi, ibhali, nokunye okufana nokolweni, amabele, i-oats, ukolweni, njll).
3. Isinkwa zonke izimpahla wabhaka.
4. Cane noma i-sugar beet - kuyinto disaccharide e injalo elicwengekileyo.
5. Pasta nazo zonke izinhlobo zawo.
6. Honey - 80% siqukethe inhlanganisela racemic glucose futhi fructose.
7. Amaswidi - yimuphi khekhe ukuthi simnandi ukunambitheka, iwumthombo carbohydrate.

Nokho, ukusebenzisa kabi imikhiqizo esohlwini Akufanele uzizwe zinkulu, ngoba kungaholela sebethule ngokweqile glycogen futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukukhuluphala, kanye nesifo sikashukela.