Betelgeuse: kuqhuma supernova

Nakuba i isilinganiso iminyaka eyikhulu endaweni Umthala kunendlela eyodwa kuphela supernova emkhathini obonakalayo, kunemithala engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 100 zemithala. Angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-10 zeminyaka ukhona (ukuba enembile, phezu 13.7 billion kodwa kwakumiswa izinkanyezi ngaphakathi ambalwa kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi lokuqala), ngokuvumelana uDkt Richard Mushotski Space Flight Centre of NASA Goddard, emkhathini obonakalayo kukhona abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane baphila supernovae ngonyaka, noma 30 ngomzuzwana! Kungenzeka yini ukuthi le ukuqhuma ka-supernova ka Betelgeuse, umdondoshiya ebomvu i-Milky Way, ukuba olandelayo?

Uma lokho kwenzeka ...

Ukuqhuma lale nkanyezi ngokuthi Betelgeuse, omunye bhá esibhakabhakeni, kwenze elilingana egcwele, futhi izohlala ngakho unyaka wonke. Massive, kubonakala esibhakabhakeni ebusika phezu ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba njengoba egqamile ngokubomvu iphuzu, kungaba i-supernova nganoma isiphi isikhathi eminyakeni 100,000 esilandelayo.

izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi namuhla esinye sezizathu kungenzeka kungani asizange akwazi ukuthola ukuphila okuhlakaniphile Yonke Endaweni Yonke, kuyinto emiphumeleni ebulalayo ebangelwa supernova ukuqhuma zendawo ukuthi abhubhise bonke ukuphila kusifunda esinikeziwe emthaleni.

'Isandla al-Jawzi "

giant Red Betelgeuse, kanye ezinkulu kangangokuba lungakwazi ukufinyelela emzileni Jupiter, uma bekungenjalo ezisesimisweni sethu sikanozungezilanga, lancipha ngesigamu, nakuba kuba njengokungathi amasafire wake kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.

Betelgeuse, ogama lakhe livela Arabhu, bubonakala ngokucacile umlaza i-Orion. Star akuniké lemlingisi Michael Keaton e Beetlejuice movie futhi kwaba ongowokuzalwa uMongameli Zaphod Beeblebrox uhlelo ochungechungeni amanoveli, "Guide The Hitchhiker ukuze Galaxy."

imidondoshiya Red okukholelwa ukuthi ukuphila esifushane, kunzima nobunomoya. Ukuhlala eneminyaka engu kakhulu eziyizigidi ezimbalwa, basheshe ashise kwamandla e-hydrogen bese ushintshele ku-helium, carbon nezinye izakhi, ngezinye izikhathi igciwane futhi siwasebenzise futhi.

Betelgeuse: kuqhuma supernova

Le nkanyezi okukholelwa ukuthi eza ekupheleni khona kanye ungathola omunye eMpumalanga, okuyinto kuhambisana ngokufaka endaweni yomunye nomunye fuel Fusion.

Isizathu ukuthi kokucindezelwa engaziwa Betelgeuse. Sicabanga ngakho konke lokho esikwaziyo imithala nendawo yonke ekude, kusekuningi okufanele ukuthi esisazokufunda mayelana izinkanyezi. Ongaziwa kuhlanganise kwenzekani lapho imidondoshiya abomvu sesisondele ekupheleni ukhona.

Uma Betelgeuse Ukuqhuma kwenzeka futhi kwaba i-supernova, bekuyoba uvumele izazi zezinkanyezi ukuba zibone Umhlaba yemvelo yayo ezilawula le nqubo. Inkinga wukuthi akekho owaziyo lapho kuzokwenzeka. Nakuba kwakunabamemezeli amahemuhemu ukuthi ngo-2012 i-Betelgeuse ukuqhuma kwenzeka lapho Kuqhuma inkanyezi, ngempela awazi. Lokho akuzange kwenzeke, ngobe ematfuba sehlo sincane kakhulu. Betelgeuse ungase qhumisa kusasa ebusuku noma yokwelula kuze iminyaka 100,000.

ikude kakhulu

Ukuze abangele umonakalo ongalungiseki Earth, supernova kufanele bahuba engaba light-years esingaphansi 100. It kwanelisa kulesi simo uma Betelgeuse? Ukuqhuma akazange zibangele noma iyiphi umonakalo emhlabeni wethu, ngoba inkanyezi kufanele kube okuningi kakhulu kunanoma manje. Ibanga "izandla al-Jawzi" ulula-eminyakeni engaba ngu-600.

Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izinkanyezi edume kakhulu elikhanyayo. Kuyinto kayishumi ubukhulu Sun, kanye nobudala salo seminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-10 kuphela. Luhlelo lolukhulu lwa okwengeziwe inkanyezi, omfushane ngokuphila yayo. Yingakho izazi zezinkanyezi waphawula Betelgeuse. Red giant ukuqhuma okuyokwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane.

Supersverhnovaya SN2007bi

Ekupheleni kuka-2009, isazi sezinkanyezi nesazi zabona ukuqhuma enkulu ake alotshwa. inkanyezi Supergiant, okuyinto usayizi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo Sun, yabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngo-into evele ukuphendula iArmagedoni, okubangelwa ukukhiqizwa antimatter, imbangela okuyinto yena, kwaba emisebeni gamma. Lesi isibonelo salokho okungenzeka phakathi nciphisa Betelgeize. Ukuqhuma kungabonwa izinyanga eziningana, ngoba lakhipha ifu izinto radioactive idlule izikhathi 50 ubukhulu ilanga likhipha ukuvutha ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo, okuyinto kungabonakala imithala ekude.

Supersverhnovaya SN2007bi yisibonelo ukubhidlika a "pair-nokuntengantenga." Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo kuyafana ukuqhuma ngebhomu le-athomu, senziwa kokucindezelwa ka plutonium. Lapho usayizi ezine megayottagrammov (lokhu amathathu nambili-zero) giant izinkanyezi aphethwe wokugoqa okudonsa yokucindezela emisebeni gamma. Umnyombo ashisayo, ayanda amandla we-gamma ray, kodwa uma amandla kakhulu, ukuthi labo abazokwazi edabula athomu, ukudala amandla msulwa ngazimbili electron-positron ngezinto antimatter. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke core inkanyezi Unjengomahluleli giant kuyizinhlayiyana namafutha.

Fusion usayizi ibhomu 11 Suns

Antimatter bhubhisa ne okuphambene layo, ngoba ivame ukuba, kodwa inkinga wukuthi ijubane ukuqhuma, okuyinto, nakuba ephakeme kakhulu, ukudala ukubambezeleka ezibucayi kudalwa gamma-ingcindezi, ubambe inkanyezi kusuka zidilika. I engxenyeni engaphandle ehle, ukugxisha nengaphakathi nokuvusa lokushisa yayo. Lokhu kwandisa amathuba lisebenza ngaphezulu gamma rays, ukudala antimatter, ngokungazelelwe yonke inkanyezi iba enuzi ngokuhlakaza zingalawuleki, kukhona kunangendlela emcabangweni yethu. Zonke core iArmagedoni detonates ngokushesha, njengoba ibhomu iArmagedoni, nenqwaba eyeqa hhayi kuphela ubukhulu ilanga - ke kukhulu kunenani mass amalanga 11.

Kuqhuma zonke. Ayikho imbobo omnyama noma i-neutron inkanyezi, lutho uhlala kodwa ifu elalanda imfucumfucu enemisebe futhi isikhala entsha engenalutho lapho eyake yaba into omkhulu kakhulu, okuyinto engavumelekile itholakala kuphela ngaphandle ukuze aphule isikhala. Ukuqhuma kubangela ukusabela ngezinga elikhulu, ekuguquleni izinto zibe izakhi ezintsha enemisebe.

Star Killer

Ezinye inkanyezi ezingavamile - ababulali yangempela yohlobo 11 - kukhona hypernovae, imithombo eziwumshayabhuqe.-gamma-ray ekuqhumeni (GRB). Kuqhathaniswa Betelgeuse ukuqhuma bento enjalo izokhipha amandla izikhathi 1000. ubufakazi obuphathekayo GRB-imodeli uvele 2003.

Kwakubonakala ngokuyingxenye "umakhelwane" ukuchayeka, indawo okwakubekelwa kunqunywa izazi zezinkanyezi nge inethiwekhi Positioning GRB (GCN). Mashi 29, 2003 kokugqashuka besondela ngokwanele ukuba kokuma alandelayo kubalulekile ekuxazululeni imfihlakalo ye-gamma-ray Ukuvutha. Nomkhakha optical ingemuva kwaba kucishe SN1998bw. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwashiwo-X-ray satellites kuboniswe okufanayo isici sici - khona "washaqeka" futhi "evuthayo 'umoya-mpilo, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ekhona supernova. Ngakho, izazi zezinkanyezi bakwazi ukunquma ukuthi "ingemuva" GRB kolwesiNgisi elise light-years "kuphela" kwezigidigidi ezimbili ukusuka eMhlabeni, okusikhumbuza supernova.

Akwaziwa ukuthi hypernova ngamunye elihlobene ne GRB. Nokho, ngokuvumelana izazi zezinkanyezi kulinganiselwa ukuthi oyedwa kuphela 100,000 supernovae ukhiqiza hypernova. Kumayelana eyodwa gamma-ray ekuqhumeni ngosuku, okuyinto okubonakale ngokoqobo.

Lokho pheze ngokuqinisekile kakhulu Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umnyombo othile ohlanganyela kumiswa hypernova, has mass eyanele ukuze kwakhiwe umgodi black kunokuba inkanyezi-neutron. Ngakho, ngamunye waphawula GRB is "ukukhala" ngayo lapho usana ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu.

I umboniso wezinsiza ohlelweni T-Compass

Ososayensi bayavumelana ngokuthi uma kokuma entsha T-Compass e umlaza Compass usebenzisa International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite abonisa ukuthi ukukhanya okuguqukayo kuyingxenye uhlelo kanambambili futhi kukhishwe iminyaka 3260 ukukhanya eMhlabeni okungukuthi useduze nakakhulu ukulinganisela yangaphambilini ye 6,000 light-years.

A umboniso wezinsiza kuyinto entsha eyinsakavukela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqhuma iArmagedoni zezinkanyezi zenzeka njalo eminyakeni engu-20. Izenzakalo yamuva aziwayo babe ngo-1967, 1944, 1920, 1902 kanye 1890 ngokulandelana. Lezi ukuqhuma entsha, hhayi i-supernova ungabhubhisi, futhi azinamphumela eMhlabeni. Izazi zezinkanyezi awazi ukuthi kungani isikhawu phakathi nokuqubuka liye lenyuka.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuqhuma zibangelwa ukukhuphuka entsha e isisindo lapho inkanyezi yemifino ukukhethela igesi i-hydrogen-ezicebile ezivela umngane walo. Lapho ufika umkhawulo othile isisindo bani entsha. Engaziwa, anda noma kwehle isisindo ngesikhathi umjikelezo ukudonsa futhi ngalokhu kuqhuma, kodwa uma isifinyelele okuthiwa umkhawulo Chandrasekhar, kuyoba yemifino supernova uhlobo 1a. Kulokhu, lo yemifino ngeke oluhlehlela futhi flash enamandla, okuzoba nomphumela kokubhujiswa kwalo okuphelele. Lolu hlobo lwe-supernova kudedela amandla 10 million izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-entsha.

Amandla of a amalanga ayizinkulungwane

Kokuma we umboniso wezinsiza ngesikhathi ukuqubuka entsha basikisela ukuthi isisindo salo ukwanda, futhi idatha kwesibonakude "Hubble" yezinto ezibonakalayo. axoshwe ngesikhathi kuqhuma langaphambilini, uqinisekise lesi umbono. Amamodeli balinganisela ukuthi isisindo umboniso wezinsiza ngifinyelele Chandrasekhar Umkhawulo e emhlabeni kwezigidi ezingu-10 eminyakeni engu-noma ngaphansi.

Ngokusho ososayensi, supernova kuzoholela gamma ngemisebe, amandla okulingana 1,000 kanyekanye ukuba ama-solar. It kuyingozi ukwedlula ukuqhuma Betelgeuse. Uma kuziwa gamma ray ukuze babone ukuthi umhlaba, usongela ukukhiqizwa nitrogen oxides, okuyinto kungalimaza futhi mhlawumbe ukubhubhisa ungqimba lwe-ozone. A supernova Kunjengoba amasafire wonke amanye izinkanyezi e-Milky Way ndawonye. Omunye izazi zezinkanyezi, Dkt Edward Sion kusukela Villanova University, uthi kungaba qhumisa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ku esikalini isikhathi esetshenziswa ama-astronomer kanye zokwakheka komhlaba, kodwa umuntu kuyinto nasesikhathini esikude esizayo.

kunemibono ehlukene

Izazi zezinkanyezi bakholelwa ukuthi supernovae at ibanga light-years esingaphansi 100 eMhlabeni beziyoba inhlekelele, kodwa imiphumela ahlale okungacaci futhi kuzoncika banamandla kangakanani ukuqhuma kuyoba. Iqembu labacwaningi lithi kungenzeka kokugqashuka eduze kakhulu nonamandla kunawo wonke ukuqhuma Betelgeuse. Uma kuziwa ukuthi, akwaziwa, kodwa Umhlaba uzobe buzilimaze. Nokho, abanye abacwaningi ezifana Alex Filippenko wase-University of California at Berkeley, onguchwepheshe supernovae, imithala asebenzayo, izimbobo black, gamma-ray Ukuvutha, futhi ukwanda komkhathi, alivumelani izibalo futhi bakholelwa ukuthi ukugqashuka, uma kwenzeka, akunakwenzeka ubuhlungu iplanethi .