Uyini Semiconductor? ukumelana Semiconductor

Kuyini a impahla Semiconductor? Yiziphi izici zalo? Kuyini eziphathelene Semiconductors? Njengoba akhiwa? Uyini conductivity ka Semiconductors? Yiziphi izimfanelo ngokomzimba abanakho?

Kuyini ngokuthi Semiconductors?

Libhekisela Crystalline izinto musa ukuqhuba ugesi kahle kakhulu, njengoba ukwenza izinsimbi. Nokho lesi sibalo ungcono kukhona insulators. Lezi zimo zokuma kukhona ngenxa isibalo zenethiwekhi yeselula. Uma sicabanga, ngokuvamile, kukhona okunamathiselwe esinamandla nuclei. Nokho, lapho yaphathwa umqhubi ama-athomu amaningi, isibonelo, antimony, esesikhundleni ngokweqile electron, kulesi sikhundla alungiswe. Lapho usebenzisa i-indium okulungiselelwe izakhi nenkokhiso omuhle. Zonke lezi izakhiwo kabanzi transistors - amadivaysi ekhethekile, okungase kuthuthukise, block noma kudlule samanje isiqondiso eyodwa kuphela. Uma sicabangela isici NPN-hlobo, kungabonakala nasemkhakheni kakhulu kuqinisa indima ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulukati ukudluliselwa amasignali ababuthakathaka.

izici Design ezithinta kagesi semi babashayeli

Babashayeli Ziningi electron khulula. Insulators base neze ifa. Semiconductors futhi aqukethe ethile electron mahhala futhi sihamba nenkokhiso omuhle, okuyinto zikulungele ukwamukela izinhlayiya abakhululiwe. Futhi okubaluleke - bona zonke eyenziwa i kagesi. Kubhekwe ngaphambilini NPN-uhlobo Transistor - akunakwenzeka olulodwa Semiconductor isici. Ngakho, kukhona okwengeziwe PNP-transistors futhi diodes.

Uma sikhuluma iDemo zokugcina, liyisici ukuthi bangadlulisela amasignali e isiqondiso eyodwa kuphela. Futhi, diode Ungakwazi ukuguqula AC ukuze DC. Iyini inqubo lolu shintsho? Futhi kungani ihamba ngo isiqondiso eyodwa kuphela? Kungakhathaliseki lapho kukhona wamanje, ama-electron kanye izikhala may noma ukuhlakaza, noma iya phambili. Esimweni sokuqala ngenxa anda ibanga okuphakelayo ukunikezela iphazamisekile, futhi ngenxa yalokho adluliswa abathwali voltage ongathandeki isiqondiso eyodwa kuphela, okusho ukuthi, conductivity ka Semiconductors kuyinto sohlangothi olulodwa. Phela, lamanje angadluliselwa kuphela uma izinhlayiya abamelwe sekuseduze by. Futhi lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma supply wamanje Ngakolunye uhlangothi. Lezi izinhlobo Semiconductors akhona futhi wasebenzisa okwamanje.

isakhiwo band

izakhiwo Electrical kanye optical babashayeli elihlobene ne yokuthi, lapho egcwalisa amazinga zamandla electron abahlukene lithi okungenzeka bandgap. Yiziphi izici zakhe? Iqiniso lokuthi akukho amazinga bandgap amandla. Nge ukungcola kanye zamehlo kwesakhiwo ke kungashintshwa. Ephakeme band umnyuziki libizwa Valence. Kulandelwa isinqumo, kodwa elingenalutho. Ibizwa ngokuthi band conduction. Physics we Semiconductors - ngesihloko ezithakazelisa kakhulu, futhi ngo kohlaka sihloko it is kahle simboziwe.

isimo electron

Isebenzisa imiqondo ezifana nenani band avunyelwe futhi athi umfutho. Isakhiwo kunqunywa ukuhlakazwa okokuqala. Uthi kuso kuthinta amandla ukwencika quasimomentum. Ngakho, uma band Valence is ngokuphelele zizogcwaliswa electron (okuyinto baphathe litshaja Semiconductor), sithi ukuthi azikho excitations aphansi. Uma ngasizathu simbe, izinhlayiya akuzona, kusho ukuthi kukhona quasiparticle kahle icala - ukudlula noma imbobo. Ziyakwazi abathwali icala Semiconductors ku band Valence.

ngamahlumela ezinga eliphansi omunye zone

Ibhande Valence e umqhubi ejwayelekile ngamahlumela ezinga eliphansi omunye sixfold. Lokhu kungabalwa nokuxhumana spin-orbit kanye kuphela lapho umfutho crystal zero. Singasho wajinge wanamatsela ngaphansi isimo esifanayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokuphindiwe futhi kane ngamahlumela ezinga eliphansi omunye band. I Isikhala amandla phakathi kwabo ibizwa ngokuthi amandla wokuqhekeka spin-orbit.

Ukungcola kanye yokulimala Semiconductors

Zingaba kagesi abangasebenzi noma asebenzayo. Ukusebenzisa wokuqala kukuvumela ukuba uthole e Semiconductors icala emihle noma emibi, okungase kulinganiswe ukuvela imbobo band Valence noma electron ku band conduction. ukungcola ezingasebenzi abathathi hlangothi, futhi ube nethonya elikhulu obuncani on the izakhiwo electronic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba ngokuvamile zingabalulekile kangako yiyona Valence kwako ama-athomu okuyinto iqhaza icala inqubo yokudlulisa, kanye nesakhiwo eheleni crystal.

Kuye ngohlobo nobungako ukungcola zingashintsha futhi lihlela isilinganiso phakathi kwama inani izimbobo futhi ama-electron. Ngakho-ke, Semiconductor izinto ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele kukhethwe ngokucophelela ukufeza umphumela oyifunayo. Lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe inani elikhulu izibalo, futhi kamuva ucwaningo. Izinhlayiyana ukuthi iningi ngokuthi iningi zenethiwekhi, kukhona amancane.

isingeniso Dosed amanyela ku idivayisi Semiconductor ivumela ukuthola izakhiwo oyifunayo. Kwekhono semiconductors futhi kungase kube isimo abangasebenzi noma asebenzayo kagesi. Okubalulekile lapha yilona dislocation, athomu interstitial futhi leso sikhala. babashayeli Liquid futhi noncrystalline basabela ukungcola ngalokwehlukile kunendlela crystalline. ekugcineni Ukungabi khona isakhiwo eqinile nakho ngeke kusize kuphumela yini eyashukumisela athomu Uthola Valence ezahlukene. Kuzoba obhekene naso sehlukile kuleso ngawo kwaba ekuqaleni imbues ubuhlobo babo. Atom kuba ezingenanzuzo ukunikeza noma unamathisele electron. Esimweni esinjalo, kuba ingasasebenzi futhi, ngakho-ke, Semiconductors okuphothula babe amathuba enkulu ukwehluleka. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi ukholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba ushintshe uhlobo conductivity ngokusebenzisa doping futhi ukudala, isibonelo, p-n-okuhlangana kuyo.

Ezinye Semiconductors amorphous Ungashintsha izakhiwo zabo electronic bedle doping. Kodwa Uwaphatha ngezinga elincane kakhulu kunokuba crystalline. Ukuzwela doping izakhi amorphous kungenziwa ngcono ngoku kucutshungulwa. Ekugcineni, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ngenxa isikhathi eside futhi kanzima umsebenzi okuphothula Semiconductors nokho inikeza eziningi izici futhi kwaba nemiphumela emihle.

Izibalo of electron Semiconductor

Lapho kukhona yakhoibrium thermodynamic, isibalo izimbobo futhi electron kunqunywa esikhethwe lokushisa nemingcele band isakhiwo kanye lokuhlushwa ukungcola kagesi asebenzayo. Lapho isilinganiso ibalwa, kunenkolelo yokuthi ezinye izinhlayiya kuzoba band conduction (ku acceptor noma donor ezingeni). Ingabe futhi kunakwe yokuthi ingxenye angashiya Insimu Valence, futhi akhiwa khona izikhala.

conductivity

Ngo Semiconductors, ama-electron ngaphandle njengoba icala abathwali ongenza futhi ion. Kodwa conductivity yabo kagesi ezimweni eziningi azinakwa. Okuwukuphela superprovodniki ionic kungabangela okuhlukile. I Semiconductors emithathu eyinhloko ukudluliswa electron indlela:

1. Izoni main. Kulokhu, ama-electron, motion ngenxa ushintsho bamandla alo endaweni kuvunyelwe.
2. Igxuma ukuthuthwa uthi zendawo.
3. Polaron.

exciton

Umgodi futhi electron bangase bafinyelele esimeni lesibopho. Ibizwa ngokuthi Wannier-Mott. Kulokhu amandla i-albhamu yezithombe, okuhambelana emphethweni ukumuncwa ewela ubukhulu bale isinqumo elihlangana. Nge eyanele ukushuba ukukhanya e Semiconductors ungakheka esibalulekile excitons. Nge ukwanda kwabo emakamu cindezela futhi ifomu electron-imbobo ketshezi.

Ingaphezulu Semiconductor

La mazwi abonisa izingqimba eziningana athomu, okuyinto zitholakala eduze umngcele zedivayisi. Surface izakhiwo ezahlukene kusukela inqwaba. Ukuba khona kwalawa izingqimba iphula wesimethri Translational we crystal. Lokhu kuholela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ebusweni uthi futhi polaritons. Ethuthukisa indaba wale mithandazo, kufanele kube ngaphezulu ukutshela futhi mayelana spin futhi amagagasi vibrational. Ngenxa yawo yamakhemikhali umsebenzi ukufihla ezincane surface ungqimba ngaphandle zishintshe noma ngama-athomu, ziye adsorbed kusukela imvelo. Futhi ukunquma izakhiwo zezendlalelo ambalwa athomu. Ngenhlanhla, ukudalwa ultra-high cleaner ubuchwepheshe, lapho kukhona izingxenye Semiconductor, kuvumela ukuthola kanye nokugcina amahora ambalwa, ehlwengekileko, okuyinto nakanjani kuthinta iqophelo imikhiqizo.

Semiconductor. Temperature kuthinta ukumelana

Lapho izinga lokushisa linyuka metal, futhi kukhulisa ukumelana yabo. Nge Semiconductors, kwenzeka okuphambene - ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, le ndlela ngeke yehle. Iphuzu lapha yilona ukuthi conductivity kagesi kunoma iyiphi impahla (futhi lesi sici inhlukanozigaba ukuze ukumelana) kuxhomeke ekutheni icala abathwali zamanje yilezi, ku ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya emkhakheni kagesi, futhi nenombolo yabo emqulwini iyunithi impahla.

Izakhi Semiconductor kwandisa njengoba izinga lokushisa kwandisa lokuhlushwa izinhlayiya, ngaleyo ndlela kwande conductivity ezishisayo kanye ukumelana incipha. Ungahlola lokhu khona elula isethi physics abasha izincwadi ezidingekayo - Silicon noma germanium, futhi ingase ikhishwe futhi yazalwa Semiconductor kubo. Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kuzonciphisa ukumelana yabo. Ukuze uqinisekise lokhu, udinga stock up ngezinsimbi yokulinganisa ukuthi uzobona wonke izinguquko. Lokhu ngokuvamile kunjalo. Ake sibheke ezimbalwa embodiments ethize.

Ukumelana futhi ionization electrostatic

Lokhu kungenxa mhubhe of electron edabula isithiyo iwumngcingo enikeza cishe wokuhamba micrometer. It is kahle phakathi emaphethelweni bands amandla. Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma eguqa bands amandla, okuyinto eyenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya inkambu eqinile kagesi. Uma mhubhe kwenzeka (okungukuthi nomphumela quantum mechanical), ama-electron, udabula ezingaba isithiyo lincane, futhi akashintshi amandla abo. Lokhu kubandakanya ukwanda lokuhlushwa kwenkokhiso abathwali, futhi kuzo zombili esishintshashintshayo: i conduction futhi Valence. Uma le nqubo ukuthuthukisa ionization electrostatic, kungaba zawohloka umhubhe Semiconductor. Kule nqubo izoshintsha ukungawi Semiconductor. Kuba esethola, futhi ngokushesha nje emkhakheni kagesi icishiwe, zonke izinqubo zibuyiselwe.

Ukumelana nomthelela ionization

Kulokhu, izimbobo futhi electron kuthiwa yashesha kuze ihlolwe indlela khulula bedle inkambu eqinile kagesi ukuze amagugu anomthelela ionization ukuzulazula kwama-athomu kanye ukudabuka elilodwa izibopho covalent (eyinhloko noma okuphothula athomu). Umthelela ionization kwenzeka like ngendathane futhi ngendathane nande icala zenethiwekhi. Ngakho izimbobo okudalwe futhi electron yashesha ngu kagesi. Inani lamanje e umphumela wokugcina iyanda yi ukuvaleka kwegebe umthelela ionization, okuyinto inani electron-imbobo ngazimbili ukuthi akhiwa omunye ophethe yenethiwekhi endleleni ingxenye. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale nqubo ekugcineni kuholela Semiconductor ngendathane ukuphuka. I ukumelana Semiconductors zishintsha, kodwa, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-Umhubhe ukuwohloka, emuva.

Ukusetshenziswa Semiconductors practice

Ukubaluleka ikakhulukazi kulezi zingxenye kumele kuphawulwe ubuchwepheshe bama-computer. Cishe Akungabazeki ukuthi ubungeke ube nentshisekelo umbuzo uyini Semiconductors, uma yini isifiso ngokuzimela ukukhulisa isihloko nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukucabanga umsebenzi amafriji yesimanje, amathelevishini computer Abaqaphi ngaphandle Semiconductors. Ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwabo, kanye ne-engineering yezimoto eziphambili. Babuye elisetshenziswa zezindiza kanye isikhala ubuchwepheshe. Qonda lokho Semiconductors kukhona, ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani? Yiqiniso, ngeke sikwazi ukusho ukuthi kuphela izakhi ebalulekile impucuko yethu, kodwa futhi ungakweyi kubo akufanele.

Ukusetshenziswa Semiconductors practice, ngenxa kakhudlwana futhi ezicini eziningana, phakathi kwazo okwandile izinto kusukela lapho kwenziwa, futhi kalula ukucutshungulwa kanye ukuthola elamukelekile, kanye nezinye izici lobuchwepheshe ukuthi sikhethe yososayensi abenza wasebenza phezu izimpahla ezisebenza ngogesi, owabamisa.

isiphetho

Sesihlole ngokuningiliziwe lokho Semiconductors, nendlela lezi zinto ezisebenza. Ngesisekelo ukumelana yabo wabeka izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Futhi ungakwazi uqaphela ukuthi amaqiniso ungayeki njengoba kuchazwe Article ziyaqonda Semiconductors enjalo, ngenxa yokuthi vele ukuthi isayensi iye ngisho wafunda izici zomsebenzi wabo kuze kube sekupheleni. Kodwa siyazi izakhiwo zabo eziyisisekelo futhi izici, okukuvumela ukuba nizenza. Ngakho-ke, ungakwazi ukucinga izinto futhi Semiconductors ukuba uzihlole, ukuqikelela. Kwazi bani, mhlawumbe nawe Slumber umcwaningi omkhulu?!