Anaerobes Facultative - Iyini? Izibonelo kanye ngezigaba

Abamele Monera umbuso, kanye ezinye izibungu yisinanakazana futhi ulwelwe nesikhunta zinezikhathi indlela eyisipesheli namachibi of organic compounds okwenzeka ngokungabi bikho-mpilo yamangqamuzana noma ngesikhathi emakamu low. Eziphilayo endaweni enomoya-mpilo khulula - ke anaerobes. Facultative futhi baphoqwe zilwane, kanye nezibonelo zokuphila kwawo, ngezigaba ezocatshangelwa yithi kulesi sihloko.

Kungani kudingeka ukuba umoya

Thina ucacise ukuthi sizoxoxa okubizwa ngokuthi yangaphakathi, noma amaselula, emishinini yokuphefumula. umsebenzi wayo lomkhulu ikhiqize amandla izinto, ikakhulukazi glucose ngokufaka cell. Uma izinqubo namachibi onengxenye umoya - eziphilayo abizwa ngokuthi aerobic. Uma umuntu uthola ingxenye amandla substrate phosphorylation ngaphandle inflow O ₂ molecule - kukhona eziphilayo, anaerobes.

Leli gama livele Lui Pasterom ngo-1861, lalibhekisela kuphela izinhlobo ezithile prokaryotes kokwenza udwi otshekele kwesokunxele lwezithelo olubangela ukubila. Ngo-microbiology yesimanje ngaphansi kwaleli gama bonke eziphilayo kuhlangene, usebenzisa acceptor lokugcina akulona oksijini, ama-nitrate nama, i-hydrogen noma organic compounds. Zokuphefumula uchungechunge aerobic, facultative futhi baphoqwe anaerobes, okuyinto sicabanga ngezansi, izinqubo kwenziwe amandla umzimba, okuyothi ngalo namachibi glucose, amafutha nama-amino acid ukuze CO _2, H ₂ O futhi NH _3. Qaphela futhi ukuthi umzimba anaerobic kancane kahle kuka-mpilo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukukhula ngokungabi bikho-mpilo kudinga substrate okwengeziwe, isb glucose. Amandla ngenxa wokuqhekeka zezitsha umoya-mpilo-free futhi ezincane. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho glycolysis - 2 amavukuzi ngamunye ATP kusukela engqamuzaneni elithwala glucose, kuyilapho i-oksijini cleavage ka kwemiqondo molecule 36 ka adenosine triphosphate.

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso anaerobes

Esikhathini ngezigaba yesimanje lifaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi ama-bacterium. Ngokwesibonelo, anaerobes facultative - kohlobo single- noma multi-oluncane of prokaryotes, izitshalo noma isikhunta, okuyinto catabolism akudingi O _2. Kodwa khona kwakhe cytosol yeseli noma imvelo sangaphandle ngoba abantu ebulalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, le nkulumo ihlanganisa amagciwane Amagciwane womuntu: anginal streptococcus hemolytic Staphylococcus. Ziyakwazi anaerobes facultative kuthi nezinye izinhlobo ezithile zama-bacterium, ogama zokuziphilisa ewusizo abantu. Ngakho, Streptococcus thermophilic sakhathala salokhu sinamathele lactose ukuze C ₃ H ₆ O _3, isetshenziswa imikhiqizo elibilile ubisi: ukhilimu, amasi, ushizi elithambile. Kwezokwelapha, ke lubaluleke ekukhiqizeni probiotics esetshenziselwa nokuvimbela sohudo enterocolitis of omsakazo ahlukahlukene. Eqhubeka Ukwahlukaniswa anaerobes, uqaphele makroaerofilov abahlala endaweni lapho lokuhlushwa O ₂ ingeqi 0.5-1%.

Phakathi kwabo, futhi izinhlobo eziningi abantu abangela izifo, ezifana streptococci, okubangela pharyngitis, futhi isifo saseLyme. Ezinye izinhlobo aerobes facultative bahlala ipheshana womuntu emathunjini, okubangela izinhlobo ezahlukene kolwelwesi futhi izilonda esiswini. I-ejenti causative izifo ngenhla Kuyaziwa Helicobacter. Inani elikhulu makroaerofilov eziphathelene anaerobes facultative, zidinga okuqukethwe kwabo umzimba okusezingeni eliphezulu-carbon dioxide. Abizwa prokaryotes capnophile.

Zokuphefumula uchungechunge anaerobes facultative

Siyaqhubeka ukutadisha izici leli qembu lama-bacterium awusizo umzimba. Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri, siye sathola ukuthi kungaba azimisele in isixazululo izinto eziningi eziphilayo equkethe ezahlukene isisindo silingane oxygen. Lezi anaerobes bayozibuthela eduze phansi tube, lapho lokuhlushwa O ₂ uphansi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-anaerobes facultative - bacterium lapho kwafakwa isilinganiso esincane semithi-mpilo akudingeki umphumela sina elimazayo. Ngasekuqaleni sishilo ukuthi amaqembu athile ama-bacterium, isibonelo, denitrifying, le acceptor yokugcina kukhona nitrate - nitrogen namachibi yesikhathi esidlule.

I zokuphefumula uchungechunge anaerobes facultative eyingozi okhanda amanye amathuba abathintekayo enzyme nitrate reductase, elinikeza ezokuthutha electron we ion CHA ₃ ^-. Lezi amabhaktheriya kukhona prokaryotes we izizukulwane Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Zihlala emadanyini enhlabathini emanzi. Lezi magciwane asebenzisa nitrate-mpilo acid nosawoti njengenhlangano acceptor electron, ethwele okuthiwa "emishinini yokuphefumula nitrate".

Indima enzyme catabolism-bacterium

Umzimba nezilwanyana ezincane umsebenzi obalulekile ohlelweni okhanda amanye amathuba Kwenziwa, cytochromes enikeziwe, catalase, ama-enzyme flavin, peroxidase. Ngakho, flavoproteins ukudlala ilungu indima yokuxhuma substrate futhi izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo, okuyinto ke ziyancipha ukuze i-hydrogen peroxide. Sikhishwe yokuthi anaerobes facultative - kukhona nezilwanyana ezincane umzimba okuyinto eyenzeka kokubili khona O _2, futhi endaweni umoya-mpilo-free, ezimbili zalezi zinhlobo prokaryotes ungabahlukanisa. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe.

Izinhlobo zama-bacterium facultative

Aerobes, anaerobes, anaerobes facultative, microaerophiles - uhlu sasivumela ephelele prokaryotes, uchungechunge zokuphefumula okuyinto kancane noma bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni khona isixazululo izakhi izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo. Ngokwesibonelo, allerotolerantnye oxidizing amagciwane lactose, ukuvela phambi O ₂ kodwa uyisebenzisa esikuziphathimandla zokuphefumula. Bona synthesize amandla ukuvutshelwa ukusabela. Okunye anaerobes ozikhethela, isib, imvubelo cells, kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali substrate bayakwazi kudlule inqubo ukuvutshelwa ngoba i-oksijini ukuphefumula.

Cytochromes futhi ukubaluleka kwazo umzimba

amaprotheni Complex - proteid zokuhlanganisa heme (iron-aqukethe iqembu wokufakelwa) - kuyinto cytochromes. Ukubamba iqhaza kwezimila yeselula e amagciwane nemvubelo, bobabili abanikeli electron acceptors. Iron athomu iqembu wokufakelwa reversibly shintsha isimo yayo namachibi kusukela +2 kuya +3. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthutha electron kusukela dehydrogenase cytochrome ukuba acetaldehyde noma pyruvic acid. Facultative aerobes, anaerobes futhi microaerophiles electron acceptors kungenzeka eyethulwe molecule ye-carbon dioxide, i-hydrogen ion, amino acid.

Okusho prokaryotes, anaerobes umjikelezo ndaba ngokwemvelo

Kuyinto imijikelezo engacabangeki organogenic izakhi eziyinhloko, isib nitrogen ezenzeka emhlabeni uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ngaphandle iqhaza microorganism. Njengoba anaerobes facultative - ngokuyinhloko denitrifying bacterium, ziyakwazi ukunciphisa oncibilikayo nitric acid nosawoti nenhlabathi noma N ₂ O ukuze nitrogen khulula. Denitrification senzeka kakhulu elibonakalayo nenhlabathi aqukethe isamba ngokweqile amanzi nomanyolo nitrogen. Ngenxa yalokho ukusabela amakhemikhali khulula nitrogen molecule waphinda wabuya emkhathini ukuvala umjikelezo we kugucuka yaso ngokwemvelo.

Probiotics kanye nemithelela yabo womuntu

Ezinhlotsheni ezingu-ezingaphezu kuka-500 zama-bacterium ukuthi abahlala womuntu pheshana emathunjini, indawo ebalulekile kuhlala anaerobes facultative. Kuyinto abameleli okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu le izizukulwane Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Candida. Inani elikhulu kubo itholakala emathunjini ezinkulu. It amagciwane alawule motility (ukunyakaza ukugudluka ukudla) bese synthesize amavithamini B no-C Babuye ekusungulweni amaprotheni zokuzivikela - immunoglobulin, nalabo yena, ukunikeza amagciwane okuqukethwe emathunjini. Ukuhlola kwezokwelapha kuye kwabonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwegciwane ikholoni womuntu incipha kakhulu ngemuva izifo ezithathelwanayo ngenxa izinqubo ukuvuvukala futhi emva kokwelashwa ngemithi elwa namagciwane.

Ukubuyisela microflora e pheshana emathunjini usebenzisa izidakamizwa - probiotics. Ziqukethe ewusizo anaerobes facultative - bifidobacteria futhi lactobacilli. Once in the ikholoni labantu, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza yayo evamile futhi kunganciphisa imiphumela emibi okungenhla. Ezisetshenziswa kakhulu probiotics kungase kutholakale Gastroenterology - a "Hilak Forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".