Umqondo "ukuhleleka emphakathini." Uhlelo yezenhlalakahle lwamaSlav lasendulo, Kievan Rus

Isici esiyinhloko ekunqumeni umthamo ezingokomthetho zabantu eRussia lasendulo yayingesinye isimo inkululeko yabo siqu. Ngakho, inani labantu kunemibandela ihlukaniswe izigqila (izigqila) kanye khulula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona amakilasi Lesisemkhatsini sigqilazwe abantu. Basuke kucatshangelwe ngokomthetho mahhala, kodwa eqinisweni babe abuke (izikweletu noma siwela). Ngenxa yalokhu, they nzonzobala uhlushwa ukusilela kwamalungelo.

senhlalo

Lokhu kuhlanganisa inhlangano emphakathini, okuyinto kubangelwa ngezinga elithile ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza, kanye exchange nokusatshalaliswa imikhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici esimisweni sezenhlalo kuxhomeke ngiqaphele abantu kanye namasiko livikeleke umthetho futhi ivikelwe isimo. isakhiwo sayo inezigaba eziningana, kuhlanganise nobuhlobo ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, amasiko nezingokomoya.

Rus lasendulo

Imibhalo esekhona waloba ukuthi ohlelweni lomphakathi lwamaSlav, azinza ezweni endaweni East European Plain, lokhu umphakathi zamaKhosi. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi wonke amandla nempahla ezazisemizini ezandleni zabadala. LwamaSlav sidilizwa ukukhulekela yokhokho, ukuhlonipha wawoyise.

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-VI leholele amathuluzi eyinsimbi kanye aphuma ukuguquguquka kulinywe ukuze Paschen ubuhlobo odlule waqala iba yingxenye yomhlabathi. Manje kudingeka ukuhlanganisa imizamo wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, amalungu uhlobo lwe ukuze ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo emnothweni. Ngakho, ukuze umkhaya kuqhame ngabanye.

Uhlelo social Eastern lwamaSlav kushintsha njalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, tribal gwamanda baba komakhelwane noma indawo. Aqhubeka ubunikazi ezivamile of olimekayo umhlaba, emadlelweni, amachibi kanye namahlathi. Manje imikhaya kufanele unike kwesabelo. zici umhlabathi olimekayo, babefanele ukuphatha amathuluzi abo abo futhi, uzoshiya cishe konke ukuvuna. Khona-ke repartition phezu futhi Holdings esitshalweni ibe impahla unomphela, okuyinto Kweminye imindeni bangenwe umoya.

ukwenzangcono kwezinsimbi zomculo zomsebenzi kwaholela ukuvela ukukhiqizwa isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona, bese - ukuthuthukiswa enana phakathi imindeni. Kule ndaba, kancane kancane baqala ukuvela oda entsha social lwamaSlav, okwaholela kwamangqamuzana omphakathi, impahla ukungalingani kanye ukunqwabelana okukhulu wabadala isimo nezinye izicukuthwane. Ngalesi sikhathi, ebusayo eyinhloko Chamber kwaba, okuyinto ukusebenza ndawonye ukuze siyixazulule yonke imibuzo ebalulekile. Kodwa kancane kancane ke aqala ukuphelelwa okukushoyo.

Njengoba yaziwa, lwamaSlav empumalanga babe njalo ukulwa nomakhelwane babo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nabo kubonise kuphangwa eziningi zezizwe ayimizulane. Ngenxa yalokho, yaqala ukuba andise ukubaluleka ngabaholi bezempi ukuthi kukhona izikhulu. Yibona abantu main Fata. ukukhiqizwa okweqile ivumela imiphakathi ukugcina isikhulu kanye namadoda akhe empi athembekile - ihlukane yamasosha. Kancane kancane izandla zabo bagxila wonke amandla kakhulu ngomnotho. Baye eyabiwe ezweni futhi ezungezwe izintela esizwe. Ngakho, eminyakeni engamakhulu VIII-IX, oda social ERussia yasendulo futhi waqala ukushintsha. Cijela babhekane nezinga elikhulu banikeza isizinda for kumiswa isimo.

Amaqembu main

Uhlelo social Kievan Rus 'siqanjwe amaqembu amane ayinhloko, ngokuthi yamakhosi, abalimi, serfs nezakhamuzi ezisemadolobheni (noma bendawo). Bonke kwadingeka amalungelo ehlukene.

Lesi sigaba sabantu ku amakilasi, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando eziningi, ubufakazi ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ubudlelwane amakhosi asendulo. Kulokhu, lo abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila wangaphambili ekugcineni ephendukela kubo labantu nasekuthengeni. Mangisho ukuthi kulesi sigaba ukuthuthukiswa feudalism kwakungekho serfdom, okubandakanya ukunamathela abalimi, ezweni mathupha kumnikazi.

labantu khulula

uhlelo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo Kievan Rus kwaba ekuseni ohlanga amakhosi asendulo. Inhloko uMbuso Grand Duke, futhi yena, ungaphansi omunye, ezincane. Ukuxazulula ingxabano eqhamuka phakathi kwabo, ezifana division noma ukuhanjiswa umhlaba, kanye nezindaba eziphathelene isiphelo sesimiso ukuthula noma impi, babeba nemihlangano ekhethekile.

Elibuswa izikhulu squads zabo - amaqembu amasosha professional. Amasosha eqoqwe inkokhiso, futhi ngenxa liphinde etholwe okuqukethwe. leliqembu labaqaphi bokuzibeka Lesiphakeme, eholwa Prince nengxenye ekudalweni kwemithetho futhi wangena naye emkhandlwini, ngokuthi uMkhandlu.

elite Military zadluliselwa imisebenzi zokuphatha ngazo okuthiwa idesimali uvele ukulawula wesifunda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu uzosusa isimiso esigodlweni-patrimonial encike ebunikazini izinduna komhlaba.

Onogada zaziya bomhlaba kanye wathola ngezinga elithile amasosha omzimba, okuyinto wabanika ilungelo bachithe imizi yabo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ezindabeni zabo ngabaphethe kwesikhulu.

ikilasi ka izinduna

Owawukhona ngesikhathi oda kwezenhlalo uhlobo isitebhisi kuya phezulu lapho wahlala iSikhulu Kiev, nge elite yayo - izinduna. nelungelo Iningi ukwazi. Yena, ihlukaniswe subgroups eziningana. Phakathi kwabo - the boyars. Okubizwa ngokuthi, osethathe umhlalaphansi, leliqembu labaqaphi bokuzibeka abaphezulu, owakhonza njengesithunywa Grand Prince Kiev. Kusukela ngekhulu le-XI, ziba abaninimhlaba esikhulu amakhosi asendulo. nabo iqhaza kuhulumeni (ngokuvamile kakhulu indima nababusi.)

Knyazhye amadoda - esiseduzane nethimba kamongameli. Kwakumelwe nabeluleki bakhe zezombusazwe, futhi babeyibo okuthiwa Council ngaphansi Prince. Laba bantu babengenalo izwe futhi wahlala nasekuthengeni. Kwakumelwe inzalo ukukhanya okukhulu nezikhulu futhi abadala besizwe.

Ognischanami ngokuthi nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu ehilelekile kokulawulwa ezindaweni ezahlukene emnothweni wesifundazwe.

Abantu ababeka mathupha baqondisa izindaba kanye nempahla isikhulu, nabizelwa Knyazhye Tiuna, okusho izinceku. Ngokuqondene nesimo labo elisemthethweni, base ezingeni yezigqila abavamile.

Kwakukhona izinsizwa - ezinhlwini abasebasha fighters kusukela Grand Duke. Bona zazibhekwa njengochwepheshe kulendawo amakhosi asendulo futhi bahlanganyela kuhulumeni.

Ilungelo main ezijatshulelwa zamasosha amadala, okungukuthi boyars, ngabanikazi bomhlaba kwaba ilungelo elikhethekile bangangenwa yilesi sifo esizokwenza ukuba nabo lokhu okulandelayo:

● hhayi bazilalele iziphathimandla ohlanganyelwe hhayi kuphela, kodwa izinduna emkhakheni;

● ukusekelwa Prince yomthetho;

● okuqoqa intela ehlukahlukene kokuchitha izinkantolo maqondana Folk nasekuthengeni.

Kamuva ngawo lowo efuze zalotshwa a atheni esengeziwe kuvikelwe ukuphila kwabantu, enempilo nesizotha. futhi itholakala oda olukhethekile ngokulandelana, impahla kungenzeka idluliselwe ngaphansi okuyinto hhayi kuphela besilisa kodwa futhi emgqeni zesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo wemfanelo kakhulu anda ukubulawa, eyaphawula ukuthi izindleko impilo senkosi izinduna ke 80 hryvnia.

labantu engaphansi

Njengoba aziwa kakade, oda kwezenhlalo lwamaSlav empumalanga kancane kancane washintsha, okwaholela zokuzehlukanisela kwakhe, division zibe amakilasi. Kube labantu engaphansi lapho serfs, ukuthenga kanye ryadovichi. Kwakuyisikhathi ingxenye enkulu abakhileyo ERussia yasendulo.

Abondliwa okubhekiselwe lichnosvobodnyh ongumlimi enkhundleni. Babefanele ilungelo ukuze uthumele impahla waya efeni lakhe, futhi ungangena ukusebenzelana okuhilela izivumelwano. Ubugebengu kufanele kufanele alikhokhe ngokugcwele. Babefanele ilungelo iqhaza kwinqubo zokwahlulela, kokubili njengoba ummangali futhi njengoba ummangalelwa noma ubufakazi.

Ukuze Thenga smerdy iphathwa, ngandlela-thile ziye zaba engaphansi izikweletu kwabo okukhona abakweletwayo ngalesi simo. Kwakufanele bakusebenzele kubo nje ngeke kube ukwazi ukukubuyisela kubo izikweletu. Zákupy ukugcina izimpahla zabo odlulayo ifa izihlobo, kodwa izikweletu zabo kungukuthi adlulisiwe. Babekwazi ungene ezivumelwaneni nazo, futhi waquliswa icala, kanye iqhaza ekuqhubeni njengoba kokubili ummangalelwa futhi ummangali. Zákupy kodwa babengavunyelwe ukushiya umbolekisi ipulazi, noma ukwala asebenza kuwo. Ukungalaleli wajeziswa ngu ebugqilini. Thenga futhi ayikwazanga ukwenza njenge ngufakazi enkantolo ngoba owayewumlutha ayemkweleta.

A esimisweni sezenhlalo esekelwe izici ezingokomthetho zezici ezinquma lapho ukuthenga kungenziwa ikhishwe. Eyokuqala yalezi - esikweletini ukubuya. Esesibili - ukukhululwa yinkantolo uma umbolekisi idlulisela izibopho okweletayo sika kumuntu wesithathu. Futhi ekugcineni, ekugcineni, lapho sathengwa ngashaywa yomuntu obolekisayo.

Ryadovichami ngokuthi abanamacala ababehamba inkululeko yakhe wathatha akukho mali futhi iyiphi into.

labantu unfree

Uhlelo social ERussia yasendulo Kwahlelwa ngendlela yokuthi ibe isigaba sabantu, a eziboshiwe ngokugcwele futhi disenfranchised. Babizwa ngokuthi niyizigqila. Abazange uneminye isimo siqu esingokomthetho nempahla. Ayebhe- ukuba nabasebenzi babengenalungelo iqhaza umbango futhi eshushiswa.

Kwakukhona izizathu ezimbalwa ezenza abantu bangaba yizigqila (izigqila):

● ngu ngelungelo lokuzalwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umzali okungenani oyedwa wayeyisigqila ke ingane futhi ukuthola kwabo.

● Ukushada senceku.

● samoprodazha. Ngoba lokhu kuyiso idokhumenti esayinwe phambi kofakazi.

● ezabanjwa phakathi nobutha.

● Escape kuthenga. Kulokhu, izinceku waphenduka wonke umkhaya wakhe.

● I icala lobugebengu, yisigwebo ekuthathweni kwempahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umndeni force egcwele baba yizigqila. sijeziso ibekwa ngecala lokubulala nokuphanga, bayahlukunyezwa, ihhashi nokweba ezikweletini.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlelo social Kievan Rus nemithetho yayo ungavumeli ukutshela abantu abavamile ukuba babe free. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uzivumele at intando kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ukweyisa ezimbi abantu khulula. Okuwukuphela kungaba iqiniso lokuthi ingane yazalwa isigqila by inkosi yakhe. Futhi lapho umnikazi washona, kwaba indoda khulula.

umuzi wabantu abahlala

Uhlelo kwezenhlalo, okuyinto wabunjwa emasimini Russian ngalezo zinsuku, ukuntuleka Kusolakala lobugqila emizini. Umuzi wabantu abahlala kwadingeka ukulingana elisemthethweni. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XII emphakathini ezisemadolobheni waqala ukubonisa izimpawu zesifo ngokuhlukana (kwamangqamuzana) besizwe sonkana ngokusebenzisa ubunikazi.

Abantu baqala ahlukaniswe abe amaqembu amabili: amadala kanye nabantu abamnyama. Eyokuqala ukhathazekile abathengisi kanye "izivakashi", wahlanganyela namanye amazwe, kanti eyesibili - sezingcweti. Waqala ukuvela uhlelo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kwakukhona ngaphansi okuyinto ukungalingani zomthetho emizini. Kulokhu, omnyama, ngaphandle kwemvume yabo babekwazi ukuthumela noma abezempi noma imisebenzi yomphakathi.

Ukuvela emadolobheni

Phakathi nucleation kanye okwengeziwe ekuthuthukiseni feudalism ingxenye ababazi ababengabendlu umphakathi waqala zincike abanikazi nezwe elivundileyo. Abanye baqala Zisuka emakhaya bese uya endaweni entsha yokuhlala. Akha ngaphansi kwezindonga izinqaba kwesikhulu kanye izinqaba. Ngakho, ngokuhlelwa komphakathi Russia ungeze elinye iqembu labantu - bendawo, noma abantu ezisemadolobheni.

Indlela yokuphila kulezi nemizana kwaba ngokuphongoza indlela yokuphila evamile eyayivamile emiphakathini yasemakhaya. Esikhundleni emhlabeni, ehlanganisa emaqeleni engapheli, amaxhaphozi kanye namahlathi kuyo, iyindawo eziqinile ezinezivikelo eziqinile, okuyinto ekuqaleni kwaba uhlobo setulu umthetho nokuhleleka.

Azungeze phakathi X leminyaka, lapho ekuqiniseni uhlelo Old isimo isiRashiya, ezigudle emadolobheni umzuzile ikhono ukwenza imisebenzi yokuphatha kanye yezempi hhayi kuphela. nasezikhungweni zamasiko kwaqala ukuvela ne ukwamukelwa kobuKristu.

uhlelo Khona zezombangazwe nezenhlalo eRussia okokuqala endaweni umthelela ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukisa amadolobha ezifana Kiev futhi Novgorod. ucwaningo Archaeological futhi imivubukulo uqinisekise ukuthi imizana wayesenze amaphutha kwakhiwa isakhiwo, wakhe ubuhanjelwe lokuhlushwa amandla, ukuphatha ibandla, kanye zonke kunesidingo ukuthuthukiswa izindlu.

ukuphathwa State

uhlelo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe Kievan Rus 'yayingase ibizwe ngokuthi ekuqaleni ohlanga amakhosi asendulo, njengenhloko yomkhaya izwe kodwa akhulume ngombusi oyedwa - Grand Duke. amandla Legislative ukuthi bagxila ezandleni zakhe, wabekela izintela futhi zixazululwe zonke izimpikiswano ezinkulu zezimali. Kwakuwusuku Grand Duke wayeyinhloko uhlelo lukahulumeni nomahluleli ophakeme, futhi wayaleza ukuba amabutho azo ahlomile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindlela babehileleke bhukwana:

● oPhethe Prince. Wabalwa igunya ngokwethukela, eyakhiwa kwezikhulu zempi - amaqhawe abaphezulu, abameleli abefundisi ephakeme, abadala edolobheni nabanye.

● Funky. Lona eliphakeme igunya olusemthethweni kuleli zwe, ehlanganisa izakhamuzi khulula. Funky yayiyobizwa ahlangana kokubili kazwelonke futhi ibe sezingeni leliphasi. enekhono ihlanganisa izindaba kwenqubomgomo kanye namazwe angaphandle. Amandla ithonya Chamber zincike njalo amandla noma ukuba buthakathaka isikhulu amandla.

● netimiso amakhosi asendulo. Bona ukuxazulula nezindaba ezinhlobonhlobo eziphathelene ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zikhulu. Engqungqutheleni enjalo owawuse endaweni ethile ekupheleni XI leminyaka. Lomhlangano ukugqoka uhlamvu lonke noma obize ngezizathu ehlukile.

Enye isiqinisekiso yokuthi uhlelo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo isimo Kievan Rus 'kwaba nje ekuqaleni ohlanga amakhosi asendulo, kuyinto amandla elinganiselwe kakhulu kokwesikhulu. Yena isinqumo wakhe ngezinga elithile incike imvelo ngokushesha, kanye Chamber neminye imibuthano. Lesi simo kungenxa yokuthi ekuphathweni emaphakathi kanye lesifunda ezihlanganiswa nomunye ibuthakathaka kakhulu. Le ndlela yokwenza ye ukuphathwa isimo kwaba kuphela esigabeni sokuqala nentuthuko yokubusa kwamakhosi.