LaseSachsenhausen - ekamu lokuhlushwa. Umlando, incazelo. ubugebengu amaNazi

Wake wambona (ekamu lokuhlushwa) eSachsenhausen? Kuyini lokhu? Owabudala? On zale mibuzo kanye neminye uzothola izimpendulo kulesi sihloko. LaseSachsenhausen kuyinto ekamu lokuhlushwa ngo-amaNazi. Wanikwa eJalimane, eduze nedolobha Oranienburg. Ngo-1945, 22 April, wadedelwa amasosha aseSoviet. Ngaphambi kwawo-1950, le ndawo kwaba ekamu elisendleleni yabantu abangenamakhaya we NKVD.

indaba

LaseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa) yasungulwa ngo-1936, ngo-July. Kule minyaka edlule, inani iziboshwa okumunyethwe kuwo, kuze abantu 60 000. Ensimini ka kule mboni sokufa sabulala abaningi ngendlela ahlukahlukene iziboshwa 100 000.

Kukhona ekugcobisa perepodgotavlivalis "Izishoshovu" ngoba amakamu usumisiwe futhi asanda kusungulwa. Mayelana laseSachsenhausen ngo-August 2, 1936 kwaku endlunkulu "Ukuhlola okuhlushwa", okusho ngoMashi 1942 waba ilungu leqembu Steering D (ekamu lokuhlushwa) Main kwezomnotho-zokuphatha umzimba SS.

LaseSachsenhausen - ekamu lokuhlushwa, lapho i counter iKomiti komhlaba yasungulwa, okuyinto uhlela olunzulu, inhlangano enkulu conspiratorial iziboshwa. AmaGestapo ayikwazanga ukuthola wakhe. Underground eliholwa uJenene Aleksandr Semonovich Zotov.

Ngo-1945, 21 April, wanikwa Ukuze uqale lokuyobulawa. AmaNazi ayehlela angaphezu kuka-30 eziyinkulungwane iziboshwa namakholomu amadoda 500 baphonse in the aseBaltic Sea Riviera futhi zabekwa izikebhe. Babefuna inkantolo ukuhoxisa kude ogwini futhi minza. abantu Bazophela amandla futhi emuva kule mashi badutshulwe. Ngakho, Mecklenburg ehlathini eduze belova iziboshwa abangamakhulu amaningana abulawa. Kuhlelwe ukuvalwa mass weziboshwa, Nokho, asikwazanga ukusebenza, kusukela kufika usizo, amabutho aseSoviet. Ziyakwazi ekuqaleni May 1945 wakhulula ezisendleleni.

G. N. van der Bel (laseSachsenhausen isiboshwa ngaphansi inombolo 38190) wabhala ukuthi iziboshwa 26 000 ngo-April 20 eyashiya ikamu ebusuku. Yilokho isiqale imashi. Yiqiniso, ekuqaleni bafumana enqoleni waxosha yakhe aphume iziguli emtholampilo wasemsebenzini.

Cishe ingxenye yabo iziboshwa iqhaza le mashi sokufa noma ababulewe endleleni, noma bafe. Kodwa ngasinda ofakazi. amayunithi Advanced amasosha aseSoviet ngo-1945, ngo-Ephreli 22, wangena laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa), ngaleso sikhathi kwadingeka ziboshwa ezase mayelana 3,000.

"A" umbhoshongo

Ngakho, siyaqhubeka ukuwucabangela ngokwengeziwe laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa). Tower "A" - kuyini? It ELECTROPULT okuyinto ihambisa wamanje isetshenziswa ngocingo oluhlabayo futhi anezikhala welulela emhlabeni kwekamu unxantathu omkhulu. Umbhoshongo futhi kwaba Usigaxamabhande ahlelwe futhi CAT laseSachsenhausen. Bekubhalwe elalibhalwe ibinzana baphikise Arbeit Macht khulula ( «Umsebenzi inikhulula"). ekamu lokuhlushwa Ubude kwadingeka nesishiyagalolunye imibhoshongo, okuyindawo Kuphendula insimu yalo.

Platz amasheke

luyesabeka kakhulu kwaba laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa). Umlando ubonisa ukuthi kule ndawo kwakukhona ukuhlolwa umbukiso-phansi. On ke kwenziwa kubizwe amagama kathathu ngosuku. Uma kwakuba khona ukuphunyuka ekamu, iziboshwa baphoqwa ukuba bame phezu ekundleni nje lo mbaleki lingafunyanwa. Ngalesi indawo bawenza nokubulawa yomphakathi - kukhona esigodweni.

esiteshini Z

Kwakubukeka njengolimi laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa)? Izithombe kulesi sikhungo zingatholakala kunoma iziphi ezinye izincwadi thematic. Abakwazi ukubona esiteshini Z - isakhiwo itholakala ngaphandle kwezwe lakwa ekamu lokuhlushwa. Lokho bathwalwa kuzo ukucekelwa.

Lesi sakhiwo wabekwa insimbi lapho wesahlulelo wadutshulwa ekhanda, egumbini elinegesi nokulapho, eyakhiwa ngo-1943, futhi lapho kushiswa khona izidumbu siqukethe amaziko ezine. Ngezinye izikhathi zokuhamba abantu baya khona ngqo ngaphandle kokudabula yokubhalisa ekamu lokuhlushwa. Yingakho umuntu akakwazi nithole inani eliqondile kubantu abhubha lapha.

Shine test

Emhlabeni ekundleni safakwa track ezinengilazi eziyisishiyagalolunye ehlukene, okuyinto amaNazi ekhiqizwa ngokuhlola izicathulo. iziboshwa Daily akhethiwe kuso wakunqoba sorokakilometrovye amabanga, aphenduka ngejubane elingafani. Lokhu kuhlola ngo-1944, ama-SS inkimbinkimbi. Bona ophoqelelwe abantu ukugqoka izicathulo futhi baphathe izikhwama ezincane eziyishumi futhi ngezinye izikhathi amakhilogremu amabili nanhlanu. Iziboshwa wagwetshwa izicathulo izinga isheke isikhathi kusuka enyangeni eyodwa kuya onyakeni owodwa. Uma umuntu bengenze ubugebengu obungathi sína ikakhulukazi, kunikezelwe isigwebo nanini.

Lawa macala babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ukuketula, ukuphunyuka, kabusha uzame ukuphunyuka, Ukuvakashela kwelinye ibhalekisi, nokugqugquzela enkulu yokuhlaselwa, ukukhuthazwa ezinsikeni omoya angaphandle, ukunukubezwa (art. 176), ngomzimba zobungqingili, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi noma ukuphoqwa amadoda athandana nobulili obuhlukile angenayo ikamu eliyinhloko kuya zobungqingili, izenzo zobungqingili obenziwa amadoda bevumelene kwabobulili. Ongqingili, owafika ngo laseSachsenhausen isijeziso esiphakade wathola ngokushesha (Izihloko 175 futhi 175a).

emabhalekisini esibhedlela

LaseSachsenhausen - ekamu lokuhlushwa, lapho ucwaningo lwezokwelapha Kwakuseshwa esesabisayo. Lokhu into ihlinzekwa nezikhungo zezokwelapha e-Germany ukuboniswa yokwakheka izinto.

Moat for nokubulawa

Adume ngaphezulu laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa)? Uhlu iziboshwa mkhulu. Lokhu ifektri ukufa kwaba ifakwe okuthiwa sokudubula igalari, a morgue, umuthi okuphakama kwawo kuyizingalo ngomshini futhi strelbischnym kushaft. Gallows kwaba ifakwe iluphu lesi siboshwa ikhanda futhi ibhokisi lapho ukubeka kwezinyawo zakhe. Empeleni, lesi sisulu welulela, hhayi walengiswa. AmaGestapo belisebenzisa njengophawu target, kutilolonga sokudubula.

isakhiwo ejele

Ngisekamu AmaGestapo Tselenbau kwakhiwa ngo-1936. Banezinhliziyo T-ukuma. iziboshwa Special wawugcinwa evalelwe yedwa ayisishiyagalombili. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Jikelele Stefan Grot-Stefan Rowecki - umlawuli lokuqala Ikhaya Army. UZulu wadutshulwa ngenhlamvu ekamu lokuhlushwa ngemuva kokuqala Warsaw Uprising.

Abantu abaningi ugxile laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa). Bandera UStepan Taras Bulba-Borovets namanye abaholi ukunyakaza ubuzwe e-Ukraine ziye waphetha kuleli jele. Ezinye zazo amaJalimane wakhululwa ngo Ngasekupheleni kuka-1944.

Kube behlupheka ekuthunjweni futhi umfundisi Nemoller. Kulesi isiboshwa futhi aqukethe nabanye abapristi (imiphefumulo ecishe ibe 600), izikhulu eziphezulu lempi, izibalo ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe, kanye namalungu embuthweni wezabasebenzi kusukela iFrance, iNetherlands, Poland, Hungary, eCzechoslovakia, eJalimane, eU.SSR Luxembourg.

Namuhla, wonke kophiko lwesokunxele etilongweni kuphela emakamelweni ezinhlanu okuyinto embukisweni unomphela kwesikhathi National Socialist. Utshele mayelana imisebenzi kule mboni sokufa. Kwezinye namanye amagumbi (General Grot-Stefan Rowecki) ukukhwezwa iziboshwa zingcwecwe ekamu.

NKVD ekamu elikhethekile

Ngo-1945, ngo-August, washintshelwa laseSachsenhausen "inombolo ekamu Special 7" we NKVD. Lezi zafakwa neziboshwa zangaphambilini empi. Bakhandwa izakhamuzi zaseSoviet, kulindeleke ukuba abuyele e-USSR, Social Democrats, akazange asijabulele lesi lamaKhomanisi-sezenhlalo esimisweni sezenhlalo, amalungu zangaphambili yamaNazi, kanye nezikhulu German zangaphambili "Wehrmacht" nabezizwe. Ngo-1948, lesi sakhiwo iqanjwe kabusha "inombolo ekamu Special 1". Ngenxa yalokho, lapho kwakuwumsebenzi wokuhumusha omkhulu kunayo kwamakamu ekhethekile ezintathu, okuyinto abenokuqukethwe livalelwe zone yaseSoviet yokuthuthela umsebenzi. It yavalwa ngo-1950.

Lesi sikhungo eyathatha iminyaka 5 kuphela ubudala. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi-ke wakwazi ukuthatha iziboshwa 60,000 yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi, lapho ngangihlale ngiyingcuba nendlala ngenkathi ejele wafa imiphefumulo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 12.

amaqembu eziboshwa

Namuhla kunzima ukuba abantu bakhumbule laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa). Uhlu iziboshwa likhulu kakhulu. Manje sizokutshela mayelana amaqembu eziboshwa. Ngokwemibiko ethile, eSachsenhausen abezindaba pink unxantathu babe, phakathi kwabanye. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka kusukela kwasungulwa ekamu lokuhlushwa kuze 1943 lapho kwafa 600 abameleli ezincane ngokocansi. Kusukela ngo-1943, amadoda gay ikakhulukazi wasebenza abahlengikazi esibhedlela sasekamu futhi odokotela. Ngemva kwempi eziningi iziboshwa ezazisaphila babe zobungqingili, uhulumeni German akazange anikeze isinxephezelo.

laseSachsenhausen namuhla

GDR uhulumeni ngo-1956 usethe ekamu lokuhlushwa endaweni yisikhumbuzo kazwelonke, okuyinto sivulwe 1961, zingama-23 kuMbasa. I ke uhulumeni babehlele ahlukanisa share sengonyama sezakhiwo yasekuqaleni futhi ifake esifanekisweni, i Obelisk, ukudala indawo yokuqhubela imihlangano. Indima ngokweqile wagcizelela kwabaphikisi bezombangazwe ebonakalayo kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu.

Namuhla laseSachsenhausen kuyinto Museum isikhumbuzo. indawo yaso evuleleke emphakathini. izakhiwo eziningana futhi izakhiwo ziye zalondolozwa futhi lakhiwa: ekamu lokuhlushwa amasango, ticongotekulindza, ekamu emabhalekisini (on the Jewish ingxenye) kanye Ohhavini kushiswa khona izidumbu.

Ikhumbule lababuleweyo ongqingili ekamu-plaque esiyisikhumbuzo lesikhumbuzo e-1992. Esikhathini Museum ngo-1998, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa embukisweni enikelwe oFakazi BakaJehova ukuthi - iziboshwa laseSachsenhausen.

ziboshwa ezase eqaphelekayo

Eminingi ungakwazi kutjelwa laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa). Izinhlu iziboshwa isifundo sakhe kuze kube manje. Iziboshwa edume kakhulu kule mboni sokufa zazimi kanje:

• INdodana I. V Stalina - Dzhugashvili uJakobe. iwashi lakhe esingu ngo-1943, ngo-April 14, ngesikhathi umzamo sekukhomba ukubaleka.
• UStepan Bandera - umholi Abashisekeli bezwe lase-Ukraine. Khishiwe nguhulumeni German.
• UJaroslav Stetsko - umholi Abashisekeli bezwe lase-Ukraine. Khishiwe iziphathimandla German.
• Dmitriy Mihaylovich Karbyshev - eyisithunjwa iRed Army jikelele. Wathunyelwa laseMauthausen, nalapho afike ashonela khona.
• Lambert Uphondo - lamaKhomanisi, isiJalimane sibalo komphakathi nezombusazwe. Washona wegazi.
• Fritz Thyssen - usozimboni German sezombusazwe, inhloko yabangamashumi steel corporation. Wathunyelwa laseBuchenwald.
• Aleksandr Semonovich Zotov - Jikelele, owayehola ekamu ngomshoshaphansi.
• Jurek Becker - umbhali isiJalimane screenwriter, zikhona ekamu kancane, nonina.
• Max Lademann - Isishoshovu German kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, lamakhomanisi, izinguquko.
• Elisabeth Erdmann - Social Democrat, intatheli German.

commandants zasemakamu okuhlushwa

Usigaxamabhande ka laseSachsenhausen babe Karl Otto Koch (July 1936 - Julayi 1937), nama- Helvig (Agasti 1937 - 1938), uHermann Baranowski (1938 - Septhemba 1939), Walter Eisfeld (September 1939 - March 1940), Hans Loritz (April 1940 - August 1942), u-Anton Kaindl (Agasti 31, 1942 - Ephreli 22, 1945).

Indlela eya laseSachsenhausen

Abaningi ezithakazelisayo ukubona laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa). Indlela ukuya emakamu okufa? Kuyadingeka ukuba Berlin Central Station ukushayela ohlangothini ukuze esiteshini Brandenburg Oranienburg isitimela suburban (S-Bahn). Uhambo ihlala 45 amaminithi.

Uma efika e Oranienburg (stop zokugcina), kuzomele uhambe ukuze laseSachsenhausen 3 km (hamba kuthatha imizuzu engu-20) noma amthathe ebhasini. Ukwambulwa Museum imahhala. Lapha ungakwazi ukuthenga Umhlahlandlela audio. Uma udinga umhlahlandlela, khona-ke udinga ukuqoqa iqembu (okungenani abantu abangu-15) .Umuntu ukhokhe 1 euro. izinkambo Kukhona ahlinzekwa ngazo zonke izilimi.

abaningi impukane ngendiza eRussia kuya Berlin. Ungathola ulwazi mayelana izindiza ezishibhile eJalimane. Futhi ukuze Berlin kusuka eMoscow ne Belarusian sesitimela engafinyelelwa ngesitimela, okuyisona izikhathi ezimbalwa ngesonto. Isikhathi sokuhamba ivela amahora 26 kuya 29.

eminye imininingwane

Abantu abaningi baletha usizi laseSachsenhausen (ekamu lokuhlushwa). Stalin wayengakwazi ukumhlenga kulesi indodana yakhe. Blokfyurery iphethwe Usigaxamabhande of ekamu lokuhlushwa ligcwaliswe ekuthuthukiseni amathuluzi okufa. Njengoba isisu SS, kahhavini wokushisa izidumbu, umuthi okuphakama kwawo kuyizingalo kwakufanele kubangele ukwesaba phakathi kwezinkulungwane zempi, alethwe laseSachsenhausen. Izithombe kulo mbukiso, kanye Amanothi ukuphakamisa omunye: ubuso iziboshwa uya lesikafula, kwakungekho kokwesaba, kungekho ukwesaba.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ingaphandle amaJalimane abakwazanga ukuhlukanisa phakathi abantu baseSoviet eyaziwa - ngabo, bonke babeyizidumbu kumuntu oyedwa. Ukukhomba amaJuda, amaNazi ophoqelelwe iziboshwa ukuthi bakhumule babe nqunu, ukuthola ekusokeni. Uma-ke incishisiwe umJuda. Iziboshwa nazo ophoqelelwe ukuthethisa igama elithi "corn". Uma umuntu ukufefeza, wayihlukumeza kakhulu masinyane esingu.

Njengoba kunjalo ngabanye emakamu okufa, amasu sokuhlushwa eyinkimbinkimbi ezakhiwa ngesikhathi laseSachsenhausen. Ukuze umuntu icala elincane zishaywa ngezinduku ngensimbi wire, ngeziswebhu iraba, elenga isigxobo ngezintambo noma amaketanga yezandla elisontiwe. Lezi usulu ngokuthi SS isijeziso, iziboshwa - izigebengu. Eqinisweni, "yobugebengu" kuphela iziboshwa kwaba ukuthi bathunjwa noma babengamaJuda. sokuhlushwa Kubi yasungulwa abesifazane kokubeletha. Ngezinye laseSachsenhausen iziboshwa amaJalimane wahlupheka ngezindlela entsha ubuthi, ezinobuthi, amagesi amalungiselelo ngokumelene ze-typhus, ukusha kanye nezinye ukulimala lemikhuhlane.

Ukuhlolwa on imiphumela abantu amakhemikhali benziwa kuphela iziboshwa Soviet. Killing SS wasebenzisa amagesi anobuthi ukuthi izinambuzane siqothulwe. Kodwa babengazi ukuthi lokho umthamo ebulalayo okudingekayo ukuze abantu. Ukuze uchaze ke, baqhuba ukulinga iziboshwa babeyivalela ezindaweni emiphongolweni, ukushintsha umthamo kanye zokuthola isikhathi sokufa.

ESachsenhausen ibekwe izitha zombuso wamaNazi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Naphezu Umgoqo wolimi, khona ekamu, waba ngukumkani bangempela ubumbano inter-yobuhlanga, welibhola letinyawo. AmaCzech namaRomany, baseNorway, antifascists isiJalimane, Dutch - umsebenzi amaqembu abaphezulu, induna ikamu, onobhala wakwazi ukuhlenga abantu baseSoviet. Lo mbukiso yakhiwa sebuningini ubufakazi.

Ezinye iziboshwa - the Danes futhi baseNorway - wathola yokuzitholela amaphasela okudla. I ingozi kuzo ngokwazo kuphela, babelane ukudla axoxe neziboshwa lapho efikile Soviet. Uma le yaziwa SS, nalabo nezinye bajeziswe kanzima.