Ucwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi e-Antarctica Russia

Ukutadisha-Antarctica - umlando, okubonisa isifiso somuntu kudlangile sokwazi izwe, indaba mayelana ngamandla omoya futhi uzimisele ukuba izifake engozini. amazwekazi eziyisithupha, kwakuthiwa, eseningizimu ye-Australia, futhi aseMelika amakhulu eminyaka yavusa abacwaningi kanye Abaklami bamabalazwe. Kodwa umlando ucwaningo Antarctic yaze yaqala ngo-1819 nge uhambo emhlabeni bamazwe Russian Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev. Yingaleso sikhathi kwaba ukuthi kuqale ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ice isikhala omkhulu, okuyinto kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje.

Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule

Cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya isikhathi lapho kwakunabamemezeli evulekile kanye izifundo lokuqala Antarctica, zokuma kwendawo lasendulo kakade kukhulunywe ngakho le ndawo yayikhona. Khona-ke mass kwaba ezizathwini ejwayelekile mayelana nokuthi yini ezweni elikude. Igama elithi "I-Antarctica" Uvele le nkathi. Ngokokuqala ngqá kwenzeka Martina Tirskogo lesibili AD leminyaka. Omunye abalobi umbono mayelana nezwekazi engaziwa kwaba Velikiy Aristotel, kucatshangwa ukuthi umhlaba ziyalingana, okusho ukuthi i-Afrika kuba kwelinye izwekazi.

Izinganekwane eyavela kamuva. Kwamanye amabalazwe ukuthi kukhona ezibangelwa Ephakathi, isithombe kuyabonakala we "South Land", ngokuvamile itholakala eceleni noma ixhunywe nge Melika. Ngo-1929 omunye wabo utholakale. Admiral Piri Reis ibalazwe, eyabhalwa ngo-1513, esolwa uqukethe ekuvezeni enemininingwane kakhulu futhi olunembile ugu-Antarctica. Lapho umsunguli wathatha ulwazi ikhadi lakho, namanje akwaziwa ukuthi waphelelaphi.

ziyasondela

Age of Discovery akuyona kuphawulwa ukutholakala zaleli zwekazi lesithupha. Ucwaningo amatilosi European kuphela ayisesemikhulu kwesiyingi ukusesha. Kwacaca ukuthi nezwekazi South American "alinamathiselwe" kunoma ezweni ababengalazi. Ngo 1773 Dzheyms Awe-Kuk okokuqala emlandweni sawela kwe-Arctic Circle, futhi yathola iziqhingi eziningana Antarctic, kodwa uma futhi wawumncane. Omunye izenzakalo ezinkulu geography okwenzeka ngemva kokuba ama ngemva kweminyaka cishe 50.

ekuqaleni komgwaqo

Ukuvula kanye wokuqala izifundo Antarctica abangu eholwa Faddeya Faddeevicha Bellinsgauzena kanye ne iqhaza ngqo Mihaila Petrovicha Lazareva. Ngo-1819, i-Kronstadt uhambo lwemikhumbi ezimbili waya eSouth Pole, "Ukuthula" futhi "East". U ngokuphephile abethela futhi Lazarev ahlomele engahambi izimo ezinzima kunazo. Eyesibili sidalwe onjiniyela British futhi ezicini eziningi elahlekile "Ukuthula." Ekupheleni uhambo wayengumuntu imbangela ukubuya ekuqaleni bomkhankaso: umkhumbi wafika esidabukisayo.

Ihamba olwandle ngoJulayi 4 no-November 2 ukuze Usufike Rio de Janeiro. Ukulandela ngenhloso, balizungeza esiqhingini South Georgia ne-Sandwich wafika Earth. Kwabonwa njengentfo iqoqo leziqhingi futhi uqambe kabusha South Sandwich Islands. Phakathi kwabo kukhona iziqhingi ezintathu ezintsha Kwatholakala: Leskov, Zavadovskiy futhi Thorson.

Ukutadisha-Antarctica Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev

Ukuvulwa senzeka 16 (27 okusha Style) ngoJanuwari 1820. Imikhumbi ayesesha esondela eduze kwaleli amazwekazi eziyisithupha endaweni namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi eshalofini ice Bellingshausen at Princess uMarta Coast. Ngaphambi ukuqala nobusika base-Arctic, lapho zimbi kakhulu izimo zezulu, bomkhankaso wasondela izikhathi eziningana oya ezwekazini. I esiseduzane imikhumbi izwekazi babe 5 no-6 (17 no-18) ka-February.

Ukutadisha-Antarctica Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev baqhubeka emva ukufika kwehlobo. Ngenxa yalokho, navigation kumephu a izinto ezintsha ezimbalwa isetjentiswe: Peter mina siqhingi sezintaba, umhlaba ngokwengxenye ice-mahhala u-Alexander I; Three Brothers Islands, namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi Esplanda futhi O'Brien; Isiqhingi engemuva Admiral Rozhnova (namuhla - Gibbs), lesi siqhingi Mikhailova (Kornuels), lesi siqhingi Admiral Mordvinova (Elifent), esiqhingini Vice-Admiral Shishkov (Clarence).

Lolu cwaningo lokuqala Antarctica yaqedwa Julayi 24, 1821, lapho imikhumbi emibili wabuyela Kronstadt.

uhambo umnikelo

Amatilosi iphansi kwesandla sika-Bellingshausen futhi Lazarev phakathi izifundo zakhe wazungeza i-Antarctica. Bona esikuyi ingqikithi iziqhingi 29, kanye, yebo, ezwekazini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye waqoqa ukwaziswa ehlukile ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Ikakhulu, i-Bellingshausen wathola ukuthi yiqhwa amanzi usawoti ngendlela efanayo njengoba fresh, ngokuphambene ezizathwini of ososayensi yesikhathi. Umehluko kuphela - kudinga lokushisa ephansi. Ethnographic futhi yemvelo isayensi iqoqo, kufika amatilosi eRussia, manje igcinwe e-University of Kazan. Ukuze overestimate ukubaluleka bomkhankaso akunakwenzeka, kodwa umlando ukuhlola ukutholakala Antarctica kuwo sekuqalile nje.

nokwenziwa

Ngamunye uhambo ezwekazini ayezobanika lona ngokuqinisekile feat. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ngehlane ice kwesokunxele ithuba kancane abantu asilungiselele kahle noma angahlelekile. I izifundo lokuqala ososayensi Antarctica kwaba yinselele nakakhulu ngoba amalungu abo ngokuvamile abakwazi ukucabanga kuze kube sekupheleni lowo alindelwe.

Lokhu kwakunjalo bomkhankaso Carsten Borchgrevink Egeberga. Ithimba lakhe wenza ukufika kokuqala okubhaliwe ogwini Antarctica e 1899. Into esemqoka ukuthi iqembu elathatha uhambo ufinyelelwe - kulobu busika. Kwacaca ukuthi basinde kungenzeka uma kukhona isiphephelo enakho ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima esogwadule ezineqhwa ebusuku polar. Nokho, endaweni wakhethwa ebusika ngakho kabi, nethimba ikhaya emuva ngamandla alo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, eSouth Pole yathinteka. Okokuqala safinyelela kuye uhambo Norwegian eholwa uRoald Amundsen ngo-1911. Ngokushesha ngemva nethimba lakhe safinyelela eSouth Pole Robert Scott, owafa ziyabuya. Nokho, iningi ukuthuthukiswa emikhulu ice ehlane kwaqala nge 1956 Ukutadisha Antarctica usezuze umlingisi omusha - manje lwenziwe ngokungenzi inzuzo.

Igy

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, ekutadisheni Antarctica, emazweni amaningi ziye okubhekiswe. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1957-1958. Nambili uthi uziphonse emandla awo ekuthuthukiseni yogwadule ezineqhwa. Lesi sikhathi, kwamenyezelwa-International Geophysical Year. Umlando zocwaningo Antarctica cishe akazi nezikhathi okhiqiza.

Kwatholakala ukuthi leli qhwa "ukuphefumula" zaleli zwekazi lesithupha uyiswa nomoya phezu enyakatho ekude. Lolu lwazi kwenza ukuba sezulu ngokunembile isimo sezulu eMhlabeni. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka uphenyo omningi ukunakwa sakhokhwa wazala Bedrock ongakusho lukhulu isakhiwo kule planethi yethu. Kwakuthinta kuvuna kanye semali idatha ku izenzakalo ezifana Borealis, iziphepho magnetic imisebe cosmic.

ososayensi Russian ukufunda Antarctic

Yiqiniso, emsebenzini yesayensi kuleyo minyaka indima enkulu eSoviet Union ukudlalwa. Ngesikhathi enkabeni yaleli zwekazi iziteshi eziningana yayisekelwe kuye njalo amaqembu ucwaningo. Ngisho ngesikhathi kulungiselelwa eSoviet Antarctic Expedition (Sae) yadalelwa International Geophysical Year. Umgomo wayo kwaba ukufunda izinqubo ezenzeka kuleli zwekazi umkhathi nobukhona umthelela wabo nokusakazwa emoyeni uquqaba, ukudweba izici Geological isimo sezwe, futhi incazelo yalo ngokomzimba futhi womhlaba, ukuhlonza lwamaphethini ukuhambisa amanzi arctic. Lolu hambo lokuqala lawela phezu ice ngo-January 1956 futhi ngo-February 13 esiteshini "Ukuthula" wavulwa.

Ngenxa Soviet wabahloli polar kakhulu kwehle isibalo namabala amhlophe kumephu zaleli zwekazi lesithupha. Kwatholakala abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu izici ezindawo ezifana iziqhingi, amatheku, izigodi emikhulu. Olwenziwe survey zokuzamazama komhlaba. Basiza ekumiseni ukuthi i-Antarctica - hhayi iqembu iziqhingi esikhathini kulindeleke, futhi ezwekazini. Ulwazi eyigugu kakhulu ngokuvamile Kutholwe ngenxa umsebenzi abacwaningi at zigcwele, kuyilapho mikhankaso nzima kakhulu uma uya phakathi nezwe.

Phakathi nocwaningo ezimatasa e-Antarctica eziqhutshwa iziteshi ayisishiyagalombili ezisebenza ihlobo nobusika. Ebusuku polar kulelivekati kwadingeka abantu 180. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwehlobo, inombolo bomkhankaso Kwandiswa abahlanganyeli 450.

owalandela

Ngemva kokuwa ukuhlola yaseSoviet Union of Antarctica akayekile. Esikhundleni Sae weza Russian Antarctic Expedition. Nge ngcono ubuchwepheshe buye benza kungenzeka isifundo eningiliziwe nezwekazi lesithupha. Ucwaningo e-Antarctica ososayensi baseRussia abazenzi ngezindlela eziningana: kwencazelo izici zezulu, Geophysical nezinye kuleli zwekazi, imiphumela imihlola asemkhathini izimo sezulu kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba, ukuqoqwa kanye nokuhlaziywa idatha umthwalo yabantu iziteshi polar emvelweni.

Kusukela ngo-1959, lapho "I-Antarctic Treaty" sasayinwa, nezwekazi ezineqhwa liye laba yindawo esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba, mahhala kusuka kwezempi. I nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi lase-lesithupha kwaba eyenziwa emazweni amaningana. ucwaningo Antarctic esikhathini sethu - isibonelo sokubambisana ngenxa inqubekela-phambili yesayensi. Ngokuvamile mikhankaso isiRashiya Ukwakheka ngamazwe.

echibini ongaqondakali

Cishe asikho umbiko omunye ucwaningo lwamuva Antarctica ayiphelele ngaphandle kokusho into kunalokho athakazelisayo atholakala ngaphansi eqhweni. ukhona Kubikezelwa AP Kapitsa futhi IA Zotikov ngemva Yonyaka Nomhlaba ngesisekelo idatha ngaleso sikhathi. Amanzi aleli chibi East etholakala eduze iziteshi homonymous ngaphansi ice ungqimba ukushuba 4 km. Kuvulwa uphenyo kwaholela ososayensi Russian e-Antarctica. Kwathi ngokusemthethweni ngo-1996, nakuba kwaba in the 50s sekwephuzile babesebenza ekutadisheni echibini ngokuvumelana Kapitsa futhi Zotikova.

Ukutholwa yavusa emhlabeni yesayensi. echibini okunjalo subglacial isehlane ngokuphelele ukuxhumana komhlaba, futhi phezu izigidi zeminyaka. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuba namanzi anele fresh nge emakamu eliphezulu le-oxygen ingase ibe eziphilayo kwendawo ososayensi ayikaziwa. Isici esihle ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila kungumsebenti lokushisa ngokwanele eliphezulu echibini - ukuze + 10º ezansi. Emngceleni ohlukanisa ebusweni kwesigubhu, futhi iqhwa cooler - konke -3º. Ngakho echibini ukujula balinganiselwa ku-1200 m.

Amathuba ukuthola flora engaziwa nezilwane kuye kwaholela isinqumo sokuprakthiza iqhwa esifundeni eMpumalanga.

izibalo zamuva

Drilling ice endaweni kwesigubhu waqala ngo-1989. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva ke kwamiswa at ibanga cishe 120 m kusuka echibini. Isizathu ukuthi ukwesaba angaphandle abacwaningi ukungcola ecosystem izinhlayiya ebusweni, okuholela umphakathi eyingqayizivele eziphilayo kungalima-. ososayensi Russian akazange uyavumelana nalokho. Kodwa ngokushesha kwatholakala futhi yahlolwa a, imishini emisha ngaphezulu imvelo bese ngo-2006 saqala inqubo imishini.

I chibi yafinyelelwa Februwari 5, 2012. amasampula amanzi yathunyelwa ukuhlaziywa. Imiphumela cwaningo amasampuli eziningana ukunyatheliswa ngo-July 2013 Ngo amasampula wathola izinkulungwane ezingaphezu kwezintathu nengxenye esiyingqayizivele DNA, 1623 zazo ziye kwehlisa nge bohlobo oluthize noma zinhlobo: 94% - bacterium, 6% - eukaryotes (ngokuyinhloko isikhunta) nomunye ukulandelanisa ezimbili basonta Archaean. Kukhona izimpawu okungenzeka ke bazitshela ukuthi kukhona eziphilayo emikhulu kuleli chibi. Ingxenye amagciwane atholakala izimuncagazi zezinhlanzi, ngoba, mhlawumbe, ngokuhamba ucwaningo nokuzilungiselela uwathole.

Izazi eziningi libhekisela Imiphumela kunalokho engabaza, echaza ezihlukahlukene okunjalo ukulandelanisa ngodaka, iqhwa ansundu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi iningi eziphilayo, okungase basonta DNA wathola, ilahlekile eside. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi Antarctic ucwaningo ababevela eRussia nakwamanye amazwe amaningana esifundeni ziqhubeka.

Sanibonani esikhathini esidlule kanye ikusasa

Isithakazelo e Lake Vostok kungenxa kuhlanganise kungenzeka ukufunda semvelo, ezifana nalezo eziye zaba khona Emhlabeni eminyakeni eminingi edlule, ngesikhathi Proterozoic Late. Khona-ke eplanethini yethu siye sashintsha nomunye glaciations eziningana global, ngasinye sithatha iminyaka eziyizigidi eziyishumi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha Antarctica Lake District, kakhulu inqubo imishini emithonjeni, iqoqo, ukuhlaziywa kanye nencazelo imiphumela ingase ibe wusizo ekuthuthukiseni ikusasa igesi amakhulu i-Jupiter izinyanga, i-Europa ne Callisto. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona ichibi efanayo ne-ecosystem yayo okusemathinini ngaphansi ubuso bayo. Uma umbono kuqinisekisiwe, i- "izakhamuzi 'ngaphansi-ice amachibi eYurophu nase Callisto kungenzeka eziphilayo wafumana kuqala ngaphandle iplanethi yethu.

Umlando ukuhlola nokuthola Antarctica kuboniswa kahle nge isifiso somuntu njalo ukuze sandise ulwazi lwabo. Lolu cwaningo zaleli zwekazi lesithupha, kanye-International Space Station - isibonelo obunokuthula nokubambisana nayo eziningi uthi ngenhloso ngokwesayensi. Nokho, kuleli zwekazi ezineqhwa, kuyinto ekujaheni ukuze embule izimfihlo zabo. izimo ezinzima ukuba siphelele njalo ubuchwepheshe, imishini zesayensi, futhi ngokuvamile yingqondo yomuntu nomzimba kwaze kwaba sekugcineni. I inaccessibility zaleli zwekazi Eyesithupha kakhulu, khona i nani elihlaba umxhwele izikhala ulwazi ngakho kudala ezihlukahlukene ezinganekwaneni mayelana Antarctica. Enelukuluku ukuthola kalula ulwazi mayelana kude amaNazi, UFOs kanye okuzingela amabhola akhazimula, ukubulala abantu. Empeleni, yonke into, wazi kuphela nabahloli bamazwe. Amalungu izinguqulo yesayensi elingangena ngokuphepha bethemba ukuthi ngokushesha sizobe ukwazi Antarctica okuncane okwengeziwe, bese wehlise kancane inani zemfihlakalo esigubuzele zwekazi.