Yiziphi izinto ezinganembile sici for izilwane? Izici eziyinhloko eziphilayo

Iningi ezinamangqamuzana amaningi eziphilayo Abakhileyo emhlabeni Kuphakathi izitshalo noma izilwane. Kubonakala sengathi umahluko phakathi kwabo kusobala ngakho ukuthi awukwazi manqikanqika ukuzama ukuchaza ke lapho uwubona okokuqala.

Izitshalo zihluke izilwane

Noma yimuphi umzimba ophilayo kungokwalabo yimuphi umqondo, uhlobo lwe, imindeni, ama-oda, nokunye. Uphokophelephi ngokuhlanganisa mikhakha umbuso isitshalo futhi phakathi kwezilwane. Izimila kukhona ukwazi ukwenza kusuka izinto wezinto eziphilayo e inqubo ye-photosynthesis futhi akakwazi ukuhamba, izilwane ezidla izimila kanye nomunye futhi ngenkuthalo ezihambayo ziyofuna ukudla.

Karl Linney, umsunguli Ukwahlukaniswa isilwane batshale emhlabeni, luvete izitshalo njengoba eziphilayo zikhule futhi ziphile, nezilwane - sikhule, siphile kanye nomuzwa. Lokhu ngokwahlukana nezidingo yesimanje nesayensi.

Izimfanelo esivela kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo

Ukugqamisa izwe uhlobo izidalwa eziphilayo, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi iziphi izici ezivamile ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo. Okokuqala, kuba zonke izimfanelo ezilandelayo:

1. Izinto eziphilayo uyakwazi umzimba futhi umzimba imikhiqizo okukhiphayo futhi ngandlela-thile ukuze uthole izincwadi ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshwe zokuphila.

2. Zingashukumisela noma ushintshe isikhundla izitho zomzimba emkhathini.

3. Inzalo yabo bakhombisa izimpawu zezinto eziphilayo sabazali.

4. Abantu zenye zihluka, futhi umehluko ungase ube mkhulu ezincikile nezizimele ufuzo.

5. Organisms ngokukhetha basabela ezishukumisa.

6. Iningi izidalwa eziphilayo unekhono zikhule, sikhule.

7. Phakathi ukuphila eziphilayo nezinguquko engelapheki.

8. Abakwazi nokuzala ngokwabo like eziphilayo.

Yiziphi izimfanelo ikuyo yonke indawo ophilayo

Eziningi zalezi zinhlelo eziphilayo, uma zithathwa eceleni, kungase kube esivela ezweni imvelo ezingaphili. Ngokwesibonelo, unekhono sikhule zinhlayiya, amatshe kancane kakhulu, kodwa sokudiliza, bangase ekugcineni ukuhambisa kusuka indawo yayo yasekuqaleni. Emoyeni, emanzini, amaplanethi ngisho imithala lihamba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imbewu plant isikhathi eside ayikwazi ukubonisa izinga yabo futhi abaphambuki okusanhlamvu isihlabathi.

Ukuxhumana okubalulekile phakathi nezwe lika eziphilayo nemvelo ezingaphili, kukhona amagciwane ukuthi ziyakwazi umzimba cha, ingalungiswa ngesimo zinhlayiya, oncibilikile recrystallized, futhi bangalahlekelwa Ngemva kwakho konke lokhu esingokwemvelo izakhiwo begazi. Izimpawu eziphilayo - kuyinto ngokuyinhloko eziyinkimbinkimbi amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye khona yezakhi ezithile yemvelo isakhiwo sabo. Specific eziphilayo molecule ngamaphrotheni futhi acid nucleic.

Izitshalo-abakhohlisi

Emvelweni kukhona izitshalo engavamile kakhulu izici atypical, okwenza kube okudingekile ukunquma ukuthi iziphi izici nobuntu izilwane, futhi okuyinto - simila. Zikhona izitshalo ukuthi kukhona izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka amatshe. Bafana nama-limestone, egwadle futhi asebenza ngebhethri emhlophe. Lezi zitshalo ngokuthi Lithops. Njengoba Ugwadule abahlali basemjondolo, azivamile uyakwazi amanzi akhona futhi iyavuleka umswakama inkungu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izitshalo bayakwazi aphendule ukucasulwa ubala futhi secrete amakhemikhali ukuthi sidlulisele imizwa yabo ukuthi izimila zikhiqiza ama-hormone isitshalo.

Zikhona izitshalo eziningi ezingeke afeze photosynthesis futhi wamukele umsoco, izinambuzane okuyenga kanye eziswini nezilwane ezincane. Phakathi kwabo - the sundew, Venus flytrap agcina amaqabunga neziqu, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo izitshalo, kodwa nezinye izici.

Kukhona futhi Izitshalo ezidla Rafflesia Arnoldi, ogama imbali kwaba kuphela umbala iba nsundu ngokubomvu. Lesi sitshalo ongalifezi-photosynthesis, alinaso izingxenye ezithile ukuze isitshalo, kuphela isakhiwo iseli avunyelwe ukusithwala nezingabonakali okungenzeka zihlobene zezinto eziphilayo, hhayi nezilwane zasendle.

Indlela ukuhlukanisa izitshalo ezilwaneni

Ukuze ukwazi ukubona ukuthi singobani eziphilayo ezithile eqenjini elithile nezidalwa eziphilayo, isayensi kufanele abe impendulo isobala yombuzo "yini izimpawu sici for izilwane, eveza umahluko phakathi kwabo kulezi zimila." Nokho, ukuze anikeze impendulo esiqondile mayelana nomehluko phakathi abamele umbuso zezitshalo nezilwane ngokubonakala yabo esikhundleni nzima.

taxonomy Modern uphoqelekile ukuba afeze izifundo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ezihilela amathuba ezihlobene imikhakha yesayensi. Ngenxa yale njongo, Izindlela ekuhlatiyeni letimphawu zofuzo yamangqamuzana kwezinhlobo, kanye nedatha yentuthuko sombungu.

Izilwane ungathandi izilwane

Ukuze ukuthola ezinye izidalwa zasolwandle phakathi kwezilwane, kwathiwa kuzodingeka ukuba bacacise ukuthi izici nobuntu a eziphilayo kwezilwane. Kwathatha ososayensi esingaphezu konyaka, ukuze eziphilayo lapho kwakungekho wokugaya ukudla, ababehlala enamathiselwe substrate, futhi zazifana izimbali engavamile, zazidluliselwa izilwane. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kahle ukunquma lokho zama-izidalwa eziphilayo osebenza i umzimba ongaziwa, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi iziphi izici nobuntu izilwane.

Anqume iqembu ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle okuqondene uhlobo oluthile umzimba eyaziwa kwakunzima kangaka, ke waqale wanquma uyibeke endaweni ka Pogonophora. La magciwane lapho usukhulile ophucwa wokugaya ukudla, futhi ngokusobala azilutho efana nezilwane. Kuphela Ukutadisha izici ukuthuthukiswa yabo-embryonic kungaba nika ukuba annelids.

Uphawu, isici kuphela phakathi kwezilwane

Phakathi kwezilwane kukhona eziphilayo eziningi ingashintshwa ukuze zonke izinhlobo zezemvelo. It kwashintsha isakhiwo yabo kanye nokubukeka. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi iziphi izinselele abhekene nazo Izazi ekubhekaneni systematics yesimanje eziphilayo, bhala izimfanelo isilwane. Ngakho, iningi izilwane:

1. Akukho-photosynthesis, la magciwane kukhona heterotrophic.

2. ukudla kuvelaphi ngomlomo phakathi komgodi wokugaya ukudla futhi kugaywe e yezinhlaka ezikhethiwe. Amandla iyasebenza.

3. Izilwane eziphilayo ayakwazi ukuthuthela. Lapho behlala khona kwamanye substrate, ngale ndlela wokuba iyisici yesibili.

4. Impendulo ukushukuma sangaphandle ngesimo amatekisi ngokungabi bikho isimiso sezinzwa, noma reflex, uma ikhona.

Ukuze siphendule ngokungananazi ukuthi izimpawu nobuntu izilwane, udinga hlobo luni lwe eziphilayo okukhulunywa anqume: owumphumela noma amaningi, chordates noma ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Kuphela izilwane ephakeme ungakwazi ukukhuluma okunjalo izici zayo njengoba:

1. khona amaqembu amaningana izindwangu: integumentary, kwemisipha, izicubu sezinzwa futhi imvelo yangaphakathi.

2. Ukuba khona isitho izinhlelo ezilandelayo: zemisipha, wokugaya ukudla, zokuphefumula, excretory, zokuzala, kwegazi futhi ethukile.

Yini izitshalo, ngokungafani nezilwane nasezintweni ezincane

Ukuze anikeze impendulo eqondile embuzweni of umehluko phakathi abamele imibuso emibili ngobukhulu, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi iziphi izici nobuntu izilwane, eveza umahluko phakathi kwabo ezitshalweni emangqamuzaneni.

Izici eziyinhloko ukuthi ukuhlukanisa iseli isitshalo:

1. Plant amaseli, ngaphandle ulwelwesi has a angidlali cell udonga ehlanganisa fibre.

2. carbohydrate elingasebenzi e izitshalo imali ngesimo isitashi polysaccharide.

3. amaseli abe vacuoles enkulu equkethe cell ubisi.

4. cytoplasm has inclusions ngesimo amaminerali usawoti zinhlayiya.

5. plant cells Green aqukethe plastids - chloroplast, lapho i-photosynthesis senzeka.

6.-ukugaya ngingekho futhi ukudla engena isitshalo by osmotic.

7. Indlela abantu ababesabela ngayo ukushukuma zangaphandle ngesimo tropism.

8. Akukho umthamo nokuhamba asebenzayo.

9. amaseli Lapho sokuhlukanisa kwakheka maphakathi constriction phakathi kwawo abelwa azungeze.

Kuyadingeka ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi izici nobuntu izilwane emangqamuzaneni.

1. bezinhlamvu cell engekho, kuyinto ulwelwesi yeselula okukhona kumaseli isitshalo.

2. polysaccharide Reserve yiyo glycogen.

3. Ngo-cells isilwane azikho vacuoles ezinkulu. Esikhathini elula eziphilayo kufanele vacuoles ezincane, okuyinto enze umsebenzi ukugaya noma atihambi todvwa.

4. nosawoti Inorganic kumaseli isilwane, ngokuvamile siphela.

5. amaseli isilwane akudingeki chloroplast futhi akukho i-photosynthesis.

6. padding phakathi cell division futhi kwakhiwa nge imiphetho is asidlulisela phakathi iseli.