Izindlela sokuba ukuhlaziywa titrimetric. Titration izinhlobo. ibhokisi lombhalo onothile

Izindlela sokuba ukuhlaziywa titrimetric sihlukene phakathi ngokusho i samuntu Titration kanye zamakhemikhali eziningi kakhulu ezikhethiwe ukuze sithole izidakamizwa (ingxenye). Kwamakhemikhali yesimanje ukuhlukanisa ambalwa kanye nokuhlaziywa qualitative.

izinhlobo ngezigaba

Izindlela titrimetric ukuhlaziywa akhethiwe ethile chemical yokusabela. Kuye uhlobo ukuxhumana, kukhona division zibe ahlukene titrimetric ukuzimisela kwezinhlobo.

Izindlela sokuhlaziya:

• Redox Titration; indlela esekelwe ushintsho isimo namachibi izakhi asendabeni.
• kumiswa Inxanxathela kuyinto yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi ukuphendula.
• Acid-base Titration kuhilela neutralization ephelele reactants.

neutralization

Acid-base Titration ivumela ukunquma inani acid wezinto ezingaphili (alkalimetry), kanye ukubala isisekelo (atsidimetriya) ikhambi oyifunayo. Ukulandela le nqubo le analyte ukusabela ne nosawoti. Uma usebenzisa ezihogelwayo (acetone, utshwala) kwakunokwenzeka ukunquma izinto ezingaphezu.

complexation

Kuyini lokho okushiwo yinkulumo indlela Titration ukuhlaziywa? Ukucacisa izinto kulindelekile kwezulu we ion oyifunayo njengoba kwakwakhe kancane oncibilikayo noma yayo kuyawabopha little- ubuhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Redoksimetriya

Namachibi zokunciphisa Titration kusekelwe nokwehla kanye namachibi ukusabela. Kuye isixazululo titrant reagent e chemistry ahlaziye ezikhokhiwe:

• permanganometry, ogxile ukusetshenziswa potassium permanganate;
• iodometry, okuyinto esekelwe namachibi iodine, kanye nokubuyiselwa ion iodide;
• bihromatometriyu okuyinto isebenzisa potassium dichromate namachibi;
• bromatometry esekelwe namachibi potassium bromate.

izindlela Redox titrimetric ukuhlaziywa kanye zihlanganisa izinqubo ezifana cerimetry, titanometriya, vanadometriya. Ahlanganisa namachibi noma wokwehla elihambisana metal ion.

Ngu Titration indlela

Kukhona ngezigaba titrimetric izindlela ukuhlaziywa kuncike indlela Titration. Ngo samuntu oqondile titrated kuchazwe ion akhethiwe reagent isixazululo. Inqubo esikhundleni Titration indlela kusekelwe sokunquma iphuzu kwefrakshini engazinzile ebukhoneni zamakhemikhali. Titration we ezisalayo (ephambene indlela) asetshenziswa esimweni lapho kunzima eyolanda ukukhanya, futhi ngesikhathi ukugeleza kancane nokuxhumana zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, ekunqumeni calcium carbonate impahla iphathwa kuhlaziywe inani eleqile solution esezingeni hydrochloric acid.

ukubaluleka ukuhlaziywa

Zonke izindlela Titration ukuhlaziywa kusikisela:

• ukuzimisela esiqondile ivolumu eyodwa noma ngamunye amakhemikhali ukusabela;
• khona isixazululo titrated, lapho inqubo wenziwa Titration;
• Ukuthola ukuhlaziywa.

Titrating ngesisekelo ukwethembeka, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukucabangela imisebenzi eyisisekelo kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuhlola. Lesi sigaba ihlobene eduze kokuzijayeza ngelanga. Engenalo nelincane umqondo mayelana nokuba khona izinto zokusetshenziswa noma imikhiqizo ikakhulukazi izingxenye futhi ukungcola, kunzima ukuhlela uchungechunge production abasemkhakheni wemithi, zamakhemikhali umkhakha Metallurgical. Kubaluleka ithempulethi yengqikithi zisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho.

Ucwaningo Izindlela Analytical Chemistry

Imboni-chemistry isayensi sokunquma ingxenye noma izidakamizwa. Izisekelo titrimetric ukuhlaziywa - izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola. Ngosizo lwabo, umcwaningi kuphetha yokwakheka ketshezi, okuqukethwe ambalwa of izingxenye ngabanye. Kungenzeka futhi ngesikhathi Assay kohlaziyo ukuhlonza degree of namachibi, okuyinto ingxenye ketshezi test. Ngo Ukwahlukaniswa izindlela kohlaziyo ka -chemistry ku-akhawunti, onjani isinyathelo okufanele enze. Ukulinganisa nenqwaba okuseleyo okuholela usebenzisa indlela gravimetric zocwaningo. Lapho umfutho Assay isixazululo kudingekile ukuhlaziywa photometric. Ubukhulu bale EMF kunqunywa izingxenye potentiometry ephambili we imithi cwaningo. Curves Titration kubonisani olwenziwa isilingo.

Division izindlela kohlaziyo

Uma kunesidingo, sebenzisa e kohlaziyo-chemistry physicochemical, zakudala (chemical) nezindlela ngokomzimba. Lapho senza izindlela amakhemikhali elivame ukuqondwa titrimetric nokuhlaziya gravimetric. Bobabili izindlela zakudala, qeda, kabanzi utho lomklamo. Isisindo (gravimetric) indlela kuhilela ukuthola mass into noma izingxenye zalo ephambili, okuyinto isehlane esimweni okumsulwa, futhi ngesimo compounds zingaxazululeki. Umthamo (titrimetric) ukuhlaziywa indlela kusekelwe yokunquma inani reagent kudliwe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ezithathwe lokuhlushwa ezaziwayo. Kukhona division izindlela amakhemikhali nezingokwenyama ngamaqembu ahlukene:

• optical (Spectral);
• electrochemical;
• radiometric;
• chromatography;
• spectrometry mass.

Ngokucacile Titration cwaningo

Le ngxenye ithempulethi yengqikithi kuhilela ukulinganisa inani reagent esidingeka umnyuziki yokusabela chemical ngemadlana eyaziwa into. Ingqikithi yalo inqubo ukuthi isixazululo efana ukuhlolwa sengezwe dropwise ukuba reagent emakamu ezaziwayo. Ukungeza kuthatha nje lemali ngeke kube okulingana inani into iyaphendula nalo. Le ndlela kwenza ngesivinini ukubala e ambalwa utho lomklamo.

Njengoba umsunguli amasu ucabangela French usosayensi lusakite Gay. Ingqikithi noma isici, kunqunywa isampuli, ukubizwa ngokuthi analyte. Phakathi kwabo kungenzeka ion, ama-athomu, amaqembu obusebenzayo nakanjani free radicals. Reagents okubhekiselwe gaseous, uketshezi, izidakamizwa okuqinile, okuyinto ihlangana ikhemikhali ethile. Inqubo podlivaniem Titration kuyinto isixazululo eyodwa kuya kwenye ngaphansi kuhlangana njalo. A imfuneko impumelelo inqubo ukusetshenziswa ikhambi Titration nge lokuhlushwa esinqunyiwe (titrant). Ukuze izibalo esetshenziswa esejwayelekile solution, okungukuthi, inani igremu-okulingana ka ngezinto ezifunde 1 ilitha isixazululo. Titration Curves eyakhelwe ngemuva kokukhokha.

Chemical compounds noma izakhi basebenzisane kahle kuchazwa isisindo amanani elihambisana yabo igremu-okulingana.

Embodiments ukulungiselela titrant kusukela isisindo indaba kokuqala

Njengoba indlela yokuqala ukulungiselela isixazululo nge lokuhlushwa predetermined (titer kuchazwa) angabhekwa olunembile isampula isisindo nokonakala emanzini noma omunye kuphela futhi diluting ikhambi ukulungele ivolumu oyifunayo. I titer we reagent okuholela ungabekwa isisindo eyaziwa kwakwakhe okumsulwa kanye ivolumu yesixazululo esiphelele. Le nqubo iye yasetshenziselwa ukulungiswa izixazululo titrated labo amakhemikhali ingatholakala ifomu okumsulwa, okwakhiwa kwalo ayishintshi ngesikhatsi isitoreji isikhathi eside. Izinto ezisetshenziselwa enesisindo amabhodlela enesisindo asetshenziswa isivali sivalekile. Le ndlela, yokulungiselela izixazululo ayifanele izinto kokuba hygroscopicity okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi compounds okuyinto ungene nokuxhumana ikhemikhali i-carbon monoxide (4).

Ubuchwepheshe yesibili ukulungiswa izixazululo titrated elisetshenziswa ezikhethekile izitshalo zamakhemikhali, laboratories ekhethekile. Kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa e ngokunemba kuhlaziywe amanani compounds okuqinile okumsulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa izixazululo ezithile nge esejwayelekile. Into ibekwa ingilazi izitsha eziyisikhombisa, ngalesosikhathi vuneka kubo. Labo izinto ezingaphakathi ingilazi izitsha eziyisikhombisa, ngokuthi fiksanaly. Lapho efeza umsebenzi ngqo experiment ampule reagent amakhefu ngaphezu uphondo, okuyinto has idivayisi ukuphuka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke ingxenye khona idluliselwa negabha volumetric kulandele kwalokho kwamanzi, okwakuyinkinga lemali edingekile yesixazululo zokusebenza.

Titration liyasetshenziswa algorithm yezenzo. Burette egcwele ukusebenza isixazululo okulungiselelwe zero ukuze nephansi lalo kwakungelona air Bubbles. Ngokulandelayo, ulinganise isixazululo pipette ukuze ihlaziye, khona-ke ibekwe ku negabha oyindilinga. Kungezwe ohlwini, futhi amaconsi ambalwa inkomba. Kancane kancane, isixazululo esiphelele sengezwe dropwise kusuka isixazululo burette zokusebenza ziqashwe ushintsho umbala. Lapho umbala esitebeleni, okungadingi iyanyamalala ngemuva amasekhondi angu-5-10, ukwahlulela kwaqedwa inqubo Titration. Okulandelayo uqhubekele izibalo, ukubala ivolumu yesixazululo wachitha lokuhlushwa elinqunyiwe, wenze iziphetho ezisekelwe ucwaningo.

isiphetho

Titration ivumela ukucacisa ukwakheka ambalwa futhi qualitative we analyte. Le ndlela ithempulethi yengqikithi ezidingekile ezihlukahlukene izimboni, isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, pharmaceutics. Uma ukhetha ikhambi ukusebenza okudingekayo ukuze kubhekelelwe impahla yayo kwamakhemikhali kanye ne akwazi ukwakha inhlobo compounds zingaxazululeki wafunda izidakamizwa.