Ezemidlalo Paralympic: uhlu

ezemidlalo Paralympic zihlanganisa eziningi eyala bendabuko, eklanyelwe uhlanganyele kuyo kubantu abakhubazekile. Lezi imidlalo amele emvuthwandaba, lokugcina ezemidlalo ezine umjikelezo phakathi kwazo zonke abasubathi nezinye abahlanganyeli kule ukunyakaza. ezemidlalo Paralympic zihlanganisa imincintiswano yodumo kubantu abakhubazekile, kanye ukukhethwa kwabo senzeka ngokuhamba eziningi zesifunda, kuzwelonke nasemhlabeni wonke imincintiswano.

Olympic ne-Paralympic Imidlalo

Yayisayinwe ngo-2000 esivumelwaneni nokubambisana phakathi Olympic amakomiti Paralympic, international, lapho nokudela izimiso eyinhloko yobuhlobo. Kakade 2002 kwanqunywa ukuba usebenzise ubuchwepheshe "omunye isicelo -. Edolobheni elilodwa" Ngamanye amazwi, isicelo yezwe ukusakaza ngokushesha kanye nezemidlalo Paralympic nemincintiswano ngokwabo yayiqhutshelwa izakhiwo efanayo ngokusekelwa ikomidi elilodwa ekuhleleni. Ukuqala mqhudelwano kwenziwa ngezikhawu ezimbili ngesonto.

Ekuqaleni, igama elithi "Paralympics" elalihlangana inkambo Imidlalo eTokyo ngo-1964, kodwa isiqinisekiso esemthethweni leli gama lithole kuphela ngo-1988, lapho ebanjwa Winter Games e-Austria, futhi ngaphambi ukuthi wayebizwa ngokuthi "Stoke Mandeville" (igama kwaba Unikelwe behlonipha indawo lapho laba ngokokuqala ukuze ababuya empini).

Provenance

ezemidlalo Paralympic babe kubangelwe udokotela ohlinza izinzwa okuthiwa Ludwig Guttmann, owasungula umqondo. Ngo-1939, uDkt bethuthele England usuka eJalimane, lapho egameni uhulumeni waseBrithani wavula Isikhungo ayo ngoba balimala eqolo, esekelwe Stoke Mandeville Hospital Aylesbury.

iminyaka emine nje ngemva kokutholakala, wanquma ukuba ahlele imidlalo yokuqala abantu abaphethwe yokulimala of the system zemisipha, ebabiza "National Stoke Mandeville Imidlalo Labakhubazekile." Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho nangaleso sikhathi baqala parallel emcimbini wokuvula we-Olympic Games in 1948, lapho ngaleso sikhathi yayiqhutshelwa London, futhi imincintiswano ngokwabo baye baqoqa inqwaba ex-servicemen labalimele empini. Singasho ukuthi lokhu kwaba lapho kwakukhona Paralympic ezemidlalo kuqala. Winter, ehlobo, kanye namanye amaqembu avele kamuva kuphela, lapho beqala ukuthola isimo esemthethweni ngaphezulu.

Igama ngokwalo waqale elihlobene ne parapledgia eside ukuthi libhekisela ukukhubazeka yezingalo nemilenze engezansi, njengoba imincintiswano kuqala njalo yayiqhutshelwa ngokuqondile phakathi kubantu abaphethwe yizifo ezihlukahlukene sokukhubazeka komgogodla. Ekuqaleni iqhaza ezifana abasubathi imidlalo ukuthi unezinye zokulimala, kwanqunywa ezimbalwa kabusha ucabanga incazelo yaleli gama ukuqhubeka ukwelapha it njengoba "eduze umncintiswano ngaphandle", okungukuthi ukwenza ekubumbaneni LamaGreki isabizwana Para, okusho "eduze," kanye izwi Olympics. Lokhu incazelo olusha kufanele ukhulume ka nokufezeka kwentando imincintiswano ehlukahlukene phakathi abantu abakhubazekile, kanye-Olympic nangokulinganayo.

Kakade 1960 eRoma labetibambile IX yonyaka International Stoke Mandeville Imidlalo. Kulokhu, izinhlobo Paralympic ehlobo ezemidlalo elahlanganiswa Uhlelo umncintiswano:

• sabakhubazekile basketball;
• athletics;
• uthango e ezinamasondo;
• ukunemba ngomnsalo;
• table tennis;
• imicibisholo;
• amabhiliyade;
• ukubhukuda.

Kulesi mncintiswano iqhaza abasubathi ezingaphezu kuka-400 abakhubazekile zivela emazweni angu-23, futhi ngokokuqala emlandweni iqhaza waqala ukuvumela hhayi kuphela labo bantu balimalile kule befeza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezempi. Ngo-1984 i-IOC ukuthi isinikeze wanquma ngokusemthethweni yokunika leli isimo umncintiswano wokuqala Imidlalo kubagijimi onokukhubazeka.

Ngo-1976, owaqala imincintiswano lapho ezemidlalo Paralympic (ebusika) united. Lezi imincintiswano yayiqhutshelwa Ornskolddsvike, futhi uhlelo kwathiwa eyala ezimbili kuphela - ekwehleni Ukushushuluza eqhweni unqamule izwe. Ngo imincintiswano ezifana sinqume iqhaza 250 abasubathi abasuka emazweni 17 ahlukene, futhi uye wahlanganyela abantu abakhubazekile, ongaboni kahle, kanye amputees.

inyunyana

Kusukela ngo-1992, abagijimi, nezemidlalo Paralympic okuyinto zadalwa (ihlobo nobusika), waqala bancintisane emizini ofanayo eyayiqhutshwa ama-Olympics. With ukuthuthukiswa ukuhamba yizinhlangano ezehlukene Kwamiswa kancane kancane kubagijimi abanokukhubazeka ezahlukene. Ngakho, lapho ezemidlalo Paralympic for the ongaboni kahle, nabanye abaningi. Futhi eyasungulwa ngo-1960 yi-international Stoke Mandeville Imidlalo iKomiti ngalesosikhathi jikisa okuthiwa International Federation of Stoke Mandeville Imidlalo.

umsebenzi wekomidi

Okokuqala, i-General Assembly, izinhlangano labetibambile ezemidlalo ngamazwe kwabantu abakhubazekile, isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni ukuthi ithuthukiswe Paralympic ezemidlalo. Ihlobo Nobusika Imidlalo Kuqalwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa yiKomidi International, okuyinto inhlangano engenzi inzuzo ngamazwe waqala ukuhola le ukunyakaza emhlabeni wonke. ukubukeka kwakhe kwaqala lapho ebona nje isuke ibangelwa nesidingo esilokhu sanda ukunwetshwa ngamahhovisi kazwelonke, kanye kudalwa ukunyakaza okunjalo, okungase ikakhulu ngamakhasimende lezemidlalo abantu abakhubazekile ezahlukene.

Ngakho, lezi imidlalo ekuqaleni sizibeka umgomo ukuvuselelwa kanye nokwelashwa kwabantu abanokukhubazeka, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sebeyinto ephezulu ezingeni ezemidlalo umcimbi agcwele, futhi ngenxa yalokho edingekayo ebusayo lalo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngo-1982 i-ICC uvele - I Coordinating Council izinhlangano zezemidlalo kubantu abakhubazekile ezihlukahlukene, kanye IPC, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-International Paralympic Committee, okuye idluliselwe ngokugcwele igunya umkhandlu yekuchumanisa, kwakukhona kuphela ngemva kweminyaka elikhomba.

esipelingi

Kuyaphawuleka yokuthi ukupelwa elithi "Paralympic" livikeleke Russian isipelingi isichazamazwi, kanye nezinye izincwadi eziningi lobuchwepheshe. Kulokhu, nokunye okuningi zingatholakala isipelingi ezahlukene - "Paralympic Imidlalo". Ezemidlalo (ihlobo nobusika) kuyaqabukela ngakho ngokuthi, ngoba igama kuyinto babhekwe izichazamazwi ayicacisiwe, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwalo asebenzayo asemthethweni iziphathimandla zomphakathi wanamuhla, okuyinto ikhophi ye-carbon igama elisemthethweni kusuka olimini lwesiNgisi livela kwelesiLatini, okulotshiwe njengoba Paralympic Imidlalo .

Ngokuhambisana nomthetho Federal usungula umqondo esihlanganisiwe ukuthi kumele asetshenziswe imithetho Russian Federation, kanye zonke imishwana kwakhiwa okusekelwe kuzo. Ngakho-Paralympic ezemidlalo ngoba izigaba abayizimpumputhe futhi ongaboni kahle, kanye nezinye abadlali, ngokuthi ngaleyo ndlela.

Lamanje imithetho isipelingi kulamagama kunikezwa ngokuhambisana nemithetho amiswa izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezemidlalo kanye nokwenqaba ethemini kokuqala nje isuke ibangelwa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "-Olympic", futhi yimiphi nemikhiqizo yalo ekukhangiseni noma yimuphi omunye zentengiso kufanele uhambisane-IOC ukuthi isinikeze, okuyinto ngempela esingesihle njalo.

ekomidini ngamazwe

I-International Paralympic iKomiti is a non-nzuzo futhi enhlanganweni engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, okuyinto unomthwalo lokulungisela kanye okwalandela ebambe ebusika kanye nasehlobo Imidlalo ahlukahlukene, Championships emhlabeni kanye nezinye imincintiswano eminingi yamazwe ngamazwe kubantu abakhubazekile.

Umzimba obuphakeme IGC kuyinto General Assembly, ihlangana njalo emva kweminyaka emibili futhi abangu-wonke amalungu enhlanganweni. Njengoba isifinyezo jikelele idokhumenti, owawuthi ukulawulwa Kwenziwa imibuzo ye-Paralympic Movement, wanquma ukusebenzisa ikhodi imithetho IPC.

IKomiti ulawula hhayi kuphela nezindaba eyala ekhona - kukhona ezemidlalo entsha Paralympic benezelwa njalo. Kusukela ngo-2001, okuthunyelwe kukamongameli le nhlangano kuthatha uSir Philip Kraven (eyiNgisi), ngubani ingxenye ekuphathweni eBritish-Olympic Association. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lo muntu iqhawe emhlabeni futhi kabili waba ezimbili isikhathi iqhawe kwe-Europe ku basketball e izihlalo zabakhubazekile, futhi isiyalo sabo isikhathi eside owaba ngumongameli wase-International Federation.

Ngaphansi kobuholi Philippe Kravena waqala izinjongo zamasu esibukeziwe, kanye isakhiwo esiyisisekelo futhi abantu onohlelo lokubusa ngokubambisana we IPC. Ekugcineni, ukusetshenziswa le ndlela ezintsha ukuvumele ukuthuthukisa amaphasela iziphakamiso, kanye ukusebenzisa umbono omusha kanye mission of lonke ukunyakaza, ukuze ngo-2004 soMthethosisekelo wamukelwa IGC esebenza namuhla.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-USSR iqembu lesizwe okokuqala anaka yayo umsubathi ezemidlalo "bocce" nabanye kuphela ngo-1984, wafika e-Austria lezi imincintiswano. aseqala ithimba lwakhe lwaluqala izindondo ezimbili zethusi iwine Olgoy Grigorevoy, owayebizwa ongaboni kahle. Ngo imincintiswano ehlobo abasubathi wamaSoviet wawungakwazi ukwenza DEBUT kwakhe kuphela Imidlalo ekhatsi Seoul, okwenzeka ngo-1988 - lapho besendleleni ithrekhi futhi ensimini imincintiswano ukubhukuda, ukwazi ukuthatha naye ekupheleni 55 izindondo, zazo 21 igolide.

kufanekisa

Ngokokuqala ngqá ngaphansi liwuphawu 2006 umncintiswano owawuse, lapho ngamunye ebusika Paralympic ezemidlalo. Track and ensimini, ukubhukuda nezinye isiyalo ehlobo waqala kwenziwe ngaphansi kwalesi logo kakade ke, kodwana uhlala ingashintshiwe kuze kube yilolu suku. Lokhu logo kufaka Nenkabazwe imibala eluhlaza, obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuyinto zitholakala emhlabeni isikhungo. Lolu phawu senzelwe ukubonakalisa indima esemqoka ye IPC e ndawonye abasubathi abakhubazekile bazisa futhi abantu idolo for impumelelo yabo emhlabeni wonke. Kuze kube manje, imibala isibonakaliso ivezwa kahle amafulegi ahlukahlukene yamazwe ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, futhi zifanekisela umzimba, Ingqondo uMoya.

Imidlalo futhi abe ifulege Paralympic, elibonisa liwuphawu IPC kwi background elimhlophe, ngesikhathi esifanayo ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngezikhathi ezikhethekile, tentatively igunya IGC.

Ihubo kuyinto wezinsimbi umsebenzi Hymn de l'avenir, futhi wabhala umqambi wakhe French owaziwa okuthiwa Terri Darni ngo-1996, futhi cishe ngokushesha wayethethelela evunywe IASC Board.

Isiqubulo Paralympic ngokuthi "uMoya Motion", kanti futhi ngokucacile kakhulu futhi ngamafuphi lidlulisela umbono eziyisisekelo isiqondiso - kokunika amandla noma yikuphi abasubathi abanokukhubazeka sokujabulisa futhi ugqozi emhlabeni nge impumelelo yabo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yomuntu kanye nesimo sakhe sempilo.

umdlalo izinhlobo

Paralympic Imidlalo (ezemidlalo) zihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana.

• Summer. Bahlanganisa off-inkathi nehlobo Paralympic Imidlalo (Sports), aphethwe ngezikhawu iminyaka emine ngaphansi ukuphathwa IOC. Lokhu kubandakanya, ngaphezu imidlalo efakwe ohlwini, kanye nemidlalo ngokulinganiswa ayemncane ezifana Goalball, ngomkhumbi nabanye.
• Winter. Ekuqaleni ifake ezemidlalo ski kuphela, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yengeziwe Sledge Hockey futhi ngesitulo samasondo Curling. Okwamanje, i-Winter Imidlalo aphethwe yonke eyala ezinkulu 5.

umlilo edluliselwe

Njengoba yaziwa, umlilo ejwayelekile luvutha e-Olympia, bese kuphela ke iqala wetfu kugijima umjaho wekutalwa, ngokuhamba kuyo ilethwa ngqo lonke idolobha-dolobha labetibambile imidlalo. ezemidlalo Olympic ne-Paralympic kulesi sici zihlukile, futhi lapha umzila awukaqali kusukela Olympia - Abahleli ngokwabo ukunquma emzini lapho sizoqala ababekulo mngcwabo, futhi indlela komlilo enhlokodolobha Yiqiniso, uhlale kancane emifushane.

Ngokwesibonelo, 2014 edluliselwe owathatha izinsuku 10, futhi phakathi nalesi sikhathi ithoshi eyenziwa ngabantu 1,700 ababevela eRussia nakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise 35% wabantu abakhubazekile. ngokukhethekile kufanele ikhokhwe yokuthi iqhaza emncintiswaneni edluliselwe njengoba izisebenzi zokuzithandela zenkulungwane ezine, lokuthi umlilo kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa emadolobheni 46 ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene Russia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokokuqala ngqa ngokuhamba omunye izigaba edluliselwe lwalumumethe e Stoke Mandeville, yilokho kanye lapho kuqala olwenziwa Paralympic Imidlalo, nakuba okwamanje ngendlela ehleliwe. Kusukela ngo-2014, emlilweni idolobha ngeke uze uyophela golokoqo.

uhlobo Biathlon

Abasubathi Ngekudlala indzima Paralympic imincintiswano ku engamashumi amabili eyala ehlukahlukene zonke ebusika emihlanu - nesihlibhi hockey, alpine Ukushushuluza, Biathlon, sabakhubazekile curling futhi unqamule izwe Ukushushuluza. Azikho umehluko oyisisekelo e imithetho eyisisekelo yezenzakalo ezinjalo kuncane, kodwa kukhona ezinye imininingwane.

Ngakho-Paralympic Biathlon ihlinzeka ibanga esincishisiwe elitsheni, futhi elingamamitha 10 kuphela, kuyilapho Biathlon ejwayelekile inikeza target indawo amamitha 50 kusukela umdubuli kambayimbayi. Futhi abasubathi nge ongaboni ixoshe kusuka ngezibhamu ezikhethekile ifakwe optronicheskoy uhlelo senziwa ngesikhathi sextant. Lolu hlelo kuhilela ukusetshenziswa electro-amaphuzu, okuyinto isiqala ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ibhiphu elikhulu lapho umbono umsubathi esondela isikhungo kwelitshe, sisivumele indlela kangcono ukuqhuba isibhamu esinembile on target.

Futhi kwezemidlalo ahlukahlukene asetshenziswa eziningi nezinye izimo ezihambisana nobuchwepheshe ezikhethekile ukuthi lula ukuqaliswa izenzo ezithile kubagijimi abanokukhubazeka, ngakho-ke abakwazi kuqhathaniswa esezingeni ezemidlalo, noma ngezindlela eziningi ayefana ngokwanele.

I-Paralympic Imidlalo eziningi umehluko kusuka Olympics, kodwa ngandlela-thile, ukuphishekela umgomo ofanayo - kugcugcutela ukucaca ezinyoni. Ngoba bonke abantu ababuka lezi imincintiswano, abakhubazekile, awukanikezi up, nakanjani isibonelo esihle leso okumelwe sisilandele.