Umsuka nomlando athletics. Umlando athletics eRussia

Ezemidlalo ubelokhu bakhangwa lenqwaba abantu ababezama muhle ziqhathaniswa nezimbangi zazo bese zifakazela ukuthi kungenzeka zemizimba yabo iphakeme kakhulu kunanoma nabaphikisi. traction ePhakeme uhlanga okwaholela ekuqaleni Imidlalo yama-Olympic, kuhlanganise yezemidlalo ethandwa kakhulu. Khona-ke, kuye ngokuthi amandla imithwalo bezinhlanga ezahlukene, kwaqala ukudala izigaba ukuthi emenza athletics ezinkulu nezincane nokukhiqiza.

Ezinye izikhathi umlando iMidlalo Yama-Olympic aqukethe izinganekwane, yebo, kuzoba njalo, ngoba ukuvela ezemidlalo kwenzekani iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2 yinkulungwane edlule, lapho abantu azibonayo izinto ngendlela ehlukile, okuyinto Yiqiniso, wathonya umlando athletics.

Umlando yentuthuko athletics

Imincintiswano yayiqhutshelwa kuyo yonke indawo, kuwo wonke khona isintu, kodwa ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bebelokhu benesithakazelo amasosha kuphela ukufundisa, uyakwazi ukulahlekelwa okungenani ukuletha ukunqoba impi. isithakazelo Military emfundweni amadoda ngokwenyama yanda kancane kancane waqala ukwenza kabusha e imidlalo ezemidlalo, imincintiswano main ezazingaphesheya ukukhuthazela amandla. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukuzalwa athletics.

Owinile lokuqala ezemidlalo of Athletics (njengoba kufakazelwe idatha) - umpheki kusukela Elis okuthiwa Koreb owaphana 776 BC wagijima ibanga esisheshayo 1 esiteji (mayelana 192 metres).

Athletics eGrisi lasendulo sasihlukile imincintiswano lanamuhla, isibonelo, manje disc for Simoni ukala 2 amakhilogramu abesilisa 1 kg kwabesifazane, kodwa ezikhathini zasendulo amasondo ayehlukile cishe zonke izici:

1. izinto ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa (izinkuni, metal kanye nethusi eliningi elingenakulinganiswa).
2. Ukubukeka nabo washintsha (ngezizathu ezithile).
3. Umehluko ezibaluleke kakhulu - kuba isisindo usathi 1.25 kg 6,63.

Esinye sezenzakalo ethandwa kakhulu phakathi abalandeli kwaba ingcula kungenzeka ukuthi umataniswe nesiqondiso lempi ezemidlalo, futhi lonke mncintiswano eqoqwe abalandeli kancane, kodwa beniyingxenye iMidlalo Yama-Olympic ngenxa umzimba kokuhlola amakhono futhi umoya womuntu.

athletics Modern

I lasendulo iMidlalo Yama-Olympic zazihluke kakhulu kulokho esikubonayo manje, ngenxa nethonya labantu, ukholo lwabo kanye nobuhlobo emncintiswaneni.

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa athletics injalo manje kwaqala ngo-1837. mncintiswano Modern ezemidlalo "lula" lwaqala ngemva uhlanga wokuqala eNgilandi ekusebenziseni ama-2 amakhilomitha. Championship labetibambile phakathi abafundi Rugby ekolishi, futhi ngemva kwalokho waqala popularize kwezinye izikhungo namadolobha: Oxford, London, Cambridge nabanye. Khona-ke imidlalo siqale ukwengeza ezinye imincintiswano: 1851 - gxuma eliphezulu kanye nobude ukugijima, 1864 - ikhenela futhi wamshaya isando, Awe-Steeplechase nezinye imincintiswano ngokomzimba.

Ngo-1865 e-London walibumba club emhlabeni wokuqala yabasubathi, okuyinto eye ubuqhawe yezwe kwezemidlalo ahlukahlukene. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3, New York ucosha umqondo kwabadlali British futhi bahlele inhlangano yabo iqala popularization mncintiswano ezwekazini ye-Nguqulo Yezwe.

Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu baye baqaphela kamuva kancane lo mdlalo edonsela lenqwaba abantu, waqala ukuqhuba imincintiswano ngo-1880, futhi ngonyaka ka-90 kwekhulu efanayo yonke iYurophu sesibe "amandla" lo mdlalo.

Athletics imincintiswano, ngemva kokuba luqalile popularization, olwenziwa kuphela ngaphakathi ezweni ngalinye, futhi kuphela ngo-1896 e-Athens iMidlalo Yama-Olympic kweqiniso, eyayihlanganisa imincintiswano ezahlukene 12 futhi wawuhlanganisa nokwenziwa emazweni amaningana.

abasubathi American athletics zilungiselelwe ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo imicimbi kanye uthole izindondo eziningi, kusuka mhla eze ekugcobisa kuholele lezi izinhlobo imincintiswano.

Melika kuye kwabonisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu e- Olympic yokuqala , bese igcina isikhundla okuholela inani abawinile, kodwa hhayi kakhulu ngendlela amanye amazwe bakuqaphela ukubaluleka kwalesi senzakalo futhi ulungiselele Amaqhawe esizayo ezinhlelweni zabo.

Umlando okuvela athletics kunesithembiso Amaqhawe amaningi, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke Ngikhumbula abawinile lokuqala: R. UJüri (Champion 2 no-3-Olympic-pole isikhala), Orter, Mathias, Thorpe futhi Owens (iqhawe e gxuma kathathu iMidlalo Yama-Olympic), Korzeniowski (emine isikhathi winner ku uhlanga ukuhamba) kanye nabo bonke abanye abawinile, ongayikuvuma njalo ngowokuqala, kusukela baqala kokuzalwa imidlalo yesimanje.

Izimpumelelo athletics abasubathi

Ekuqaleni, abagqugquzeli, umsubathi abalandeli impumelelo nje ujabule futhi zikhumbuleke, kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi eside boom hhayi kuphela ukunqoba kodwa futhi ukuze athole imiphumela emihle emlandweni imidlalo.

Phakathi isikhathi umdlalo njalo waqopha umlando ngezinhlekelele athletics, kodwa umehluko phakathi kwabo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi iningi - lena izibalo ezincane ababekwa unqobe ngesikhathi esisodwa; abanye bashaywa inqwaba iminyaka; kodwa kukhona labo abasuke bengakakwazi ukusebenzisa beat iyiphi abancintisana naye.

Irekhodi lokuqala emhlabeni, awasalayo okungcono iminyaka engu-20 - it is a Jump athlete American ubude (8 amamitha 90 amasentimitha), kodwa into emangalisayo kakhulu irekhodi odlule kwaba ngaphansi kwengxenye imitha.

Umlando egijima webanga kuyimpumelelo enkulu, okungakwazi ukudlula ngalolu suku - lo mncintiswano phezu amamitha 100 no-200. Irekhodi-umnikazi kule isiyalo siwukubonakaliswa umgijimi American Florence Griffith Joyner, eyashayisa ezimbili nje imiphumela: amamitha 100 wagijima for 10,49 imizuzwana futhi 200 metres ngemizuzwana 21,34 nje.

I-Olympic Games namuhla, akukho mncintiswano kakhulu, uhlu siqukethe ninodwa imicimbi yamaphaphu. Impi esiyisisekelo, has a inombolo enkulu onqobayo namarekhodi futhi okuyinto ecebile athletics - marathon. ithandwa kangaka lihlotshaniswa abasubathi aseNigeria, encwadini yemibhalo egciniwe njalo siguqula futhi uheha lenqwaba abalandeli.

Abesifazane kwezemidlalo

Kusukela ekuqaleni kumiswa nemidlalo yamanje imincintiswano bonke igxile kuphela amadoda, futhi abesifazane babengavunyelwe ukuba iqhaza emncintiswaneni, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu marathons yesimanje izinto zishintshile futhi kwakukhona athletics "enhle". "INdlovukazi Ezemidlalo" ekuqaleni wayeyilungu kancane, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lo mdlalo ifikile lenqwaba abesifazane.

Emncintiswaneni lokuqala nalo iqhaza insikazi senzeka ngo-1928, kodwa kuze kube 96 ngonyaka th of the number of ithrekhi futhi umncintiswano emkhakheni laba besifazane ithuba e-20 zama.

Ngokugcwele wakwazi limethembe abahleli imidlalo 1999 kuphela, lapho abasubathi babe eSydney isando throw isigxobo egumbini.

Umlando okuvela athletics eRussia

I-Russian Empire kwaba ekujaheni ukuthatha ingxenye yama-Olympic, futhi kakade eU.SSR ngo-1952 waletha abasubathi kuya imidlalo kanye usimisé saqina isihlalo ngokwayo belingana-United States. Umncintiswano wase-USSR futhi i-United States wazalwa kudala futhi liqinise umncintiswano lapho abasubathi bethu basaqhubeka bancintisane omkhulu kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni.

Iqiniso lokuthi iRussia indiva uthando emhlabeni ezemidlalo, akusho ukungabi oluphelele mncintiswano. Ezweni lethu, umlando ithrekhi futhi ensimini owaqala ngokuvukela abalandeli lokuqala, obani 1888 Petersburg ihlelwe umbuthano. Ngemva konyaka, umphakathi yezemidlalo kwavela igama "Umphakathi abathanda egijima."

Petersburg umbuthano ngokushesha ukuzuza umsubathi izibukeli, futhi nje ngonyaka kamuva bashintsha igama futhi baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo njengoba isikhungo yezemidlalo of the Empire, Russian. Emva inhlangano emphakathini wathatha ingqikithi yeminyaka engu emihlanu, ngemva kwalokho isikhathi emjikelezweni liye landa kakhulu kangangokuba yaqala unezela neminye imidlalo, futhi 1895 umlando athletics eRussia liqoshwe njengombhali Ngonyaka imidlalo yokuqala emikhulu, lapho kwavela 10,000 abalandeli.

ERussia lezwakala ekujaheni ukungena global athletics mncintiswano, kodwa okhiqizwayo kusho ukuwa abasubathi emhlabeni wonke, njengoba kufakazelwa ngokunqoba kwetafula, lapho kwaba eU.SSR ngo cishe yonke imidlalo abiza emgqeni wokuqala, kodwa namuhla, Abagijimi bethu akazange abonise imiphumela okungaziphuca izuzwe eSoviet Union.

Ukulawula doping kwezemidlalo

Umlando athletics ukwazi lenqwaba ukumiswa ngenxa doping, futhi isimo yilo namanje ixazululwe, ngoba abasubathi ufuna ukuba okungcono, futhi abanye babo ngizama ukubakhumbuza ukuphakama ngokusebenzisa imithi elwa namagciwane.

Ukuqapha abasubathi (ngaphezu ngihlolwa) wadala inhlangano "IAAF", ikuvumela ukuba uhlole umlando lo msubathi kubo bonke nokuhlolwa odokotela, akuhlobene Olympics.

Kungaholela lenqwaba izibonelo "ekubambeni ku doping", okuyinto abacebile Athletics: i-jump high (2012 - ukuhoxiswa Olwa okwesikhathi uzothatha indondo yegolide), Ukuhamba (2014 - Ukungafaneleki 4 abasubathi ezivela eRussia), egijima (2014 - ukuhoxiswa kwabantu athlete) kanye nezinye izibonelo eziningi ukwephula imithetho.

"IAAF" uhlelo ikhadi ithuthukiswe okusekelwe ezingeni kwanoma iyiphi nokuhlolwa odokotela ngaphandle mncintiswano, Nokho, lo msubathi ungase iqhaza ngaphandle ikhadi, kodwa kulokhu akasamukelanga cash imiklomelo futhi ngacula amazinga kuphela abantu abaningi ababebonisa isithakazelo.

Nakuba uma ufaka ikhadi athlete iqinisekisa ukuthi izohlonipha imithetho futhi uma ngokuwina ukweseka inhlangano "IAAF" emizamweni yabo ukulawula, kusenabantu abadlali indiva lesi futhi uthathe Dope, bephonsa aphume mncintiswano.

Umsuka marathon

Umlando athletics bagijima, futhi ethandwa kakhulu ithrekhi futhi ensimini ezemidlalo wanamuhla uyisibonakaliso uhlanga elide, lapho kwakuvela ukudalwa iMidlalo Yama-Olympic ngo-legend ngempela enhle.

Legend elide: "Eduze edolobheni elincane Marathon amabutho ngesiGreki wahlulwa ngokuphelele izitha Persian nekwentela Athens wathuma isithunywa, okwathi ran ngaphandle kokuma amakhilomitha angu-40, kuthi lapho ngifika nje kwadingeka isikhathi umemeze ukuthi baye bayinqoba, bese ngokushesha yafa."

Lokhu legend kuqinisekiswa ibanga, okuyinto wagijima abasubathi webanga Imidlalo yama-Olympic asendulo - amakhilomitha angu-40, futhi ibanga elifanayo wayevela Athene emzini Marathon, kodwa ososayensi bayangabaza ukuthi amaGreki ngingalenza ukukala ngokunembile ibanga, kodwa ngoba amaGibhithe ngandlela-thile eyakhelwe ephelele iphiramidi.

Amabanga amade egijima (marathon) akugcini amakhilomitha angu-40, futhi ibanga okungenani abesifazane abangakwazi iqhaza marathon futhi ultramarathon, okubandakanya athletics ( "Indlovukazi ezemidlalo"). Obambe iqhaza kwi-marathon kufanele ugijime ngangokunokwenzeka ngesikhathi osinikiwe. Kulesi ezemidlalo akhona kuphela ozimele isikhathi njengoba 2, 12 amahora ngosuku, izinsuku ezingu-2 no-6 izinsuku okuyiwona abasubathi ingaqalisa kusuka 50 kuze kube 1500 amakhilomitha.

Ingqikithi marathon at amabanga amade - hhayi ingagijima ngejubane elidlula noma ubani, futhi ungasuki pad qalisa ngesikhathi enkulu ibanga kungenzeka ngesikhathi osinikiwe. Lolu hlobo lwe-athletics kunzima isibaluli ukukhanya, ngoba abasubathi musa nje ugijime 2:00, bagijima amabanga omkhulu bengaphumuli uthathe usuku olulodwa noma ngisho izinsuku ezimbalwa, kokuzama ngokuphelele ngokwabo futhi okubangela umzimba esimweni esiyingozi.

Ukunqunywa abawinile wonke-round

Ezemidlalo ekuqaleni Ziningi izinhlobo ezahlukene futhi zihlelwe zaba izigaba. Umlando athletics uyakhumbula amaqembu amaningi ahlukene ukuthi ekuqaleni kwakhiwa ukuzijabulisa okuningi futhi ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi asethwe zonke-azungeze mncintiswano wagxilisa ukukhethwa ukuthuthukiswa enemisebenzi kakhulu abadlali. AmaGreki ngikwazisa kakhulu abawinile futhi wavula zonke iminyango ngabo, futhi noma iyiphi izikhundla kuhulumeni.

Imincintiswano-Olympic kufanele Pentathlon, Decathlon futhi heptathlon, futhi ukunqoba udinga amaphuzu ezingaphezu kuka-mncintiswano, futhi abashaya izimbangi ku eyala eziningana. Nokho, kukhona izingxabano, lapho ncamashi akwaziwa owayengowokuqala, kodwa inikeza ephakamisa lula. Photography uwubufakazi kuphela ngokunqoba nomsubathi nokuhlukaniswa nabanye kancane kusuka abaphikisi, kodwa manje kungenzeka sokubuka sekugcineni isithombe, ngokushesha nje kokunquma udaba - ayikaziwa.

Mayelana nesimo esasishubile kuyinto impumelelo sesizogcwala kwesikhathi samakhono abantu (Bheka inothi.) Futhi umncintiswano omkhulu, abadlali beze ibanga amafraktjhini ambalwa yesibili komunye nomunye, ngakho sekugcineni isithombe ngenkuthalo asetshenziswa kuzozonke izinhlobo zezimo kwezemidlalo.

Phawula. Ngokusho ososayensi abathile, ngemva kweminyaka engu-40, isintu siyobe sesifinyelele ngomthamo usuwonke umzimba futhi ngeke bakwazi waqopha umlando emhlabeni imincintiswano amakhono ngokomzimba.

Guinness Book of Records Athletics

Ezemidlalo uvalwe exhumene irekhodi, okuyinto ugcwele umlando athletics, futhi ngaphandle kwazo ngeke kube khona omunye ukukhula nokuduma lokuguqula unomphela ezemidlalo.

Guinness World Records yasungulwa eminyakeni 59 nje edlule ukubungaza izivakashi kwebha kusukela "Guinness" nezinye abathandi kabhiya, futhi inguqulo yokuqala eshicilelwe, hhayi kuphela ukwazisa nokuxazulula imibango izimo nabalandeli Amabha ezemidlalo, kodwa futhi yayiyindawo yokuzijabulisa, ngakho-ke efika ezihlekisayo amarekhodi.

Kudayiswa khona utshwala, ukuze izincwadi, futhi angizange cabanga ngalokhu udumo, kodwa lo mbhangqwana wokuqala izinyanga, yokuthengisa safinyelela 5000, futhi ekuqaleni kuka '56 kwekhulu lama-20, kuye kwathengwa 5 million amarekhodi amaqoqo.

Phawula. Amarekhodi Incwadi engachazi nje ukuhlala impumelelo yabantu, kodwa futhi libonisa isithombe amarekhodi abo, kodwa uma abamemezeli baye bacabanga amarekhodi lokubhala okwesingaki, khona-ke kwaba umlando athletics beziyobonakala. Isifinyezo zonke izenzakalo, kwakuyokwenza ukuba abantu ukulandelela ukuthandwa ezemidlalo, kodwa namuhla lezi idatha Akasekho ethandwa kangaka, ngoba Inthanethi libonisa yonke impumelelo eduze ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ngokusobala, ngenxa yokuthi eRussia kunalokho sekwephuzile (ngo-1955) baqala ukuvela ku ezingeni emhlabeni ezemidlalo imincintiswano futhi bengabonisi sithakazelo esitheni (nakuba wabonisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu), Book of Records liye lahunyushelwa isiRashiya kuphela ngo-1989.

Khona-ke, ukuthandwa laqala ukwenyuka njalonjalo, okuyinto ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali ulwazi njalo futhi kunembile ngaleso sikhathi, futhi incwadi - iqoqo yonke impumelelo yezemidlalo endaweni eyodwa. Ekugcineni, ukuze singene uhlu Amaqhawe okudingekayo nje ukuba aphule irekhodi, noma ukwenza okuthile okuhle ngendlela engakholeki, ukuthi akekho umuntu owenza ezimweni ezivamile futhi, ngokuvamile, hhayi wonke umuntu kuyonqunywa kule.

Uma sikubeka kalula, umlando we-Guinness Book of Records is hhayi nje ezihlobene nemidlalo, waqala ukuthuthukisa ngezithukuthuku labo ezemidlalo ababe ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, futhi kuphela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukwamukelwa niphumula, kwezinye izimo, lokusangana, amarekhodi zabantu namakhono abo.

Athletics Ekhulwini lama-21

Imidlalo yama-Olympic namuhla umcimbi omkhulu wonke amazwe emhlabeni, iningi labo bezama ukuthola ukwethenjwa abagqugquzeli kanye ukuchitha kulezi zinsuku ezibalulekile kweNkundla avela emizini yawo. Nokho, abaningi abaqapheli ingozi wokuncintisana kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono futhi isibonelo salokhu - abadali athletics - amaGreki. -Olympic Games in Greece, wahola izwe inhlekelele ukuthi akhishwe amaGreki zonke izimali ukubeka izwe esimweni esibi kakhulu, kusukela lapho kwavela eminyakeni embalwa futhi uyalulama kusuka izindleko kwezomnotho.

Athletics kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye umdlalo uze ukuthi namuhla kunzima ukushaya abaphikisi amarekhodi, futhi iningi abawinile ayikwazi ukuphinda izimpumelelo zabo. Lisitshela nobunzima esahlanganisa athletics. Jumping, egijima, izinto uphonsa nezinye ezemidlalo amarekhodi oversaturated, isintu ungaphakathi izinyathelo ezinkulu, intuthuko kuyinto ngokukhulu ukushesha kangangokuba abantu abavamile awunaso isikhathi ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe ngokwayo, kodwa ososayensi ukwenza into entsha. Zonke izenzakalo kuphela ukuqinisekisa umbono wokuthi kuyoba irekhodi ukuthi kungenziwa beat, futhi ngeke ukuze iqophelo namakhono azo ngokomzimba abantu beze.

Ngokwesibonelo, yokuthi abantu ngesikhathi kumkhawulo umthamo, singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela indlela ukuhlonza abawinile, okwenza bekholelwa athletics. Izithombe - VO sokunquma winner, ngoba namuhla Bench mncintiswano sina futhi akukho abasubathi abavelela ababephikisana 2, 3, namasekhondi ngakho ezingaphezu kuka 5, futhi impilo inzima okweshumi futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho kumakhulukhulu yomzuzwana.