Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi we kwabantu nezilwane emizimbeni

Ngaphandle kokukhetha lazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ukuthi abe izicubu umahluko futhi izitho, ikakhulu isimo ukuphila kwabo isidingo ukuthwala umoya-mpilo nezakhi emangqamuzaneni omzimba wabo. Umsebenzi ezokuthutha osekushiwo yenza igazi ezihambayo ngokusebenzisa uhlelo nezimo izakhiwo ijabulise - nezitsha, abanobunye isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Ukuthuthukiswa Its kwemvelo, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti kuzoxoxwa ngakho lokhu ephepheni.

annelids

I kwegazi uhlelo izitho wabonakala okokuqala abamele annelids uhlobo (worms ihlukene), omunye okuyinto okusasibungu owaziwa - owakhileyo inhlabathi, okwandisa okuzala yayo futhi okuqondene isigaba Oligochaeta.

Njengoba lokhu umzimba akuyona ehleleke kakhulu, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi zemizimba okusasibungu emelelwa imikhumbi emibili kuphela - amaphiko futhi ventral exhunywe amashubhu isiyingi.

Ikakhulukazi ukuhamba kwegazi e ezingenamgogodla - mollusk

I kwegazi uhlelo izitho shellfish enezinto eziningi izici ezithile: kukhona inhliziyo ehlanganisa Atria emibili ventricles, futhi igazi distilled ajikeleze kuwo wonke umzimba wesilwane. Ngulona logeleta hhayi kuphela ngokusebenzisa izitsha, kodwa futhi izikhala phakathi emizimbeni.

Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-evulekile isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. isakhiwo Okufanayo sibona ngabameli eyisinambuzane ezifana ezinamagobolondo, izicabucabu kanye izinambuzane. uhlelo yabo kwegazi ayivaliwe izitho, inhliziyo isendaweni amaphiko ohlangothini umzimba futhi ine uhlobo amashubhu nge lumangaza valve.

Amphioxus - ifomu yokhokho yezilwane ezinomgogodla

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi wesilwane izitho ne skeleton Axial njengoba kuzithinta noma emgogodleni, njalo ivaliwe. Ngo golovohordovyh elingelakwaJuda lancelet eyodwa kwegazi, futhi indima inhliziyo idlulisa aorta besisu. Linikeza ejabhile kwegazi yayo wonke umzimba.

Kwegazi inhlanzi

I superclass zezinhlanzi siqukethe amaqembu amabili izilwane zasemanzini: ikilasi ka cartilaginous futhi bony izinhlanzi ekilasini. Nge kokungafani okukhulu e isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle labafanana - isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi kwezitho, okuyinto umsebenzi ukuthutha nomsoco kanye nomoya-mpilo. It libhekene khona yokujikeleza kwegazi eliya emaphashini futhi inhliziyo ezimbili-chamber.

Inhliziyo izinhlanzi bicameral njalo futhi siqukethe ATRIUM futhi ventricle. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-valve, ngakho ukuhamba kwegazi enhliziyweni uhlale unidirectional: kusukela ATRIUM ku-ventricle.

Ukusakazwa ku nezilwane zasezweni lokuqala

Lezi zihlanganisa abameleli besigaba of izilwane zasemhlabeni noma izilwane zasemhlabeni: idenge lenkangala elimile afabana Ukhala Ukhala intulo nezimanakanaka, Newt nabanye. Isakhiwo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi ngokucacile eyinkimbinkimbi ebonakalayo yenhlangano: okubizwa ngokuthi aromorphoses begazi. Lena inhliziyo emithathu chambered (Atria emibili ventricle), futhi ezimbili kwegazi. Bobabili ukuqala i-ventricle.

I yamaphaphu igazi elinomoya e-carbon dioxide, isikhumba kanye lokuhambisa isikhwama lula. Lapha negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka, futhi lwemithambo yegazi ukubuyiselwa ovela emaphashini kuze ATRIUM kwesokunxele. igazi emithambo yegazi izitsha esikhumbeni engena ATRIUM kwesokudla, bese phakathi kwemithambo yegazi ventricle negazi emithambo yegazi axutshwa, futhi lokhu okuxubile igazi uhamba zonke izinhlaka izilwane zasemhlabeni umzimba. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokugayeka kokudla wabo, njengoba izinhlanzi, ongaphakeme ngokwanele ukuthi kuholela ukwencika amphibian lokushisa komzimba ezungezile. eziphilayo maKristu abizwa nongenanembeza noma poikilothermic.

isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi ezihuquzelayo

Ukuqhubeka ne ethile kwegazi izilwane, okuholela endleleni eliwumhlaba wokuphila, ukugxila anatomy ezihuquzelayo noma ezihuquzelayo. I kwegazi uhlelo zitho nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuthola kuka e izilwane zasemhlabeni. Izilwane okuqondene ekilasini ezihuquzelayo baye emithathu chambered inhliziyo, Atria emibili ventricle, lapho kukhona ukwahlukanisa encane. Izilwane okuqondene i-oda izingwenya bayinhliziyo umgoqo okuqhubekayo, okwenza kube-chamber ezine.

A silwane okuqondene Scale lamabutho (qapha isibankwa, Isigcilikisha, lenyoka asemaqeleni isibankwa emincanyana) kanye eziphathelene squad ufudu, nginenhliziyo emithathu chambered nge nezaroschennoy ukwahlukanisa, ukuze izitho zomzimba wabo phambi nenhloko engena igazi lwemithambo, nomsila kanye isiqu esifundeni - okuxubile. Ngo izingwenya igazi lwemithambo futhi emithambo yegazi kuyinto okuxubile hhayi enhliziyweni, futhi aphume ke - ngenxa Fusion of yayinamakhothamo ezimbili yomthambo i-aorta, ngakho zonke izingxenye zomzimba uyamukela elixutshwe igazi. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, futhi ezihuquzelayo yizilwane nongenanembeza.

Izinyoni - eziphilayo kuqala ezinegazi elifudumele

I kwegazi uhlelo izitho izinyoni uyaqhubeka lokuba yinkimbinkimbi futhi inobuntu obuhle. Inhliziyo yabo isikwele ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabili ukuzungeza lwemithambo yegazi neze Ihlangana ngegazi emithambo yegazi. Ngakho-ke umzimba izinyoni olunzulu kakhulu: lokushisa lomzimba ifinyelela 40-42 ° C, i-kwenhliziyo amabanga kusuka amabhithi 140 500 ngomzuzu, kuye ngobukhulu besikhumba saleso umzimba wale nyoni. yokujikeleza kwegazi eliya emaphashini ngokuthi yamaphaphu eletha igazi emithambo yegazi kusukela i-ventricle yangakwesokudla emaphashini ke omunye lwemithambo yegazi ocebile-oksijini agelezela ATRIUM ngakwesokunxele. kwegazi iqala kusukela i-ventricle engakwesobunxele, igazi bese ungena aorta amaphiko, bese vele ngokusebenzisa imithambo - yonke imigwamanda wezinyoni.

Ukuhamba kwegazi ngokusebenzisa izitsha e ezincelisayo

Ungathi izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo esinegazi elifudumele, noma eziphilayo homeothermic. Ngo nezilwane yesimanje ngoba kunesithembiso kwasekuqaleni ngokuya lithathelwe nokuchichima yemvelo, okuyinto ngokuyinhloko ngenxa lokushisa yabo umzimba kungakhathaliseki ezungezile. Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ezincelisayo, okuyinto umzimba lemcoka inhliziyo emine chambered, kuyinto ephelele ehlelekile isimiso semithambo yegazi: lemithambo emithanjeni capillary. Kwegazi wenziwa amabili ukuzungeza. Igazi enhliziyweni akukaze kube okuxubile: ohlangothini lwesobunxele ihamba lwemithambo, futhi ilungelo - emithambo yegazi.

Ngakho, kwegazi uhlelo izitho ezincelisayo esinomhlapho inikeza futhi igcina njalo imvelo zomzimba zangaphakathi, okusho homeostasis.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi kwezitho womuntu

Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu ungowayiphi isigaba ezincelisayo, epulanini isakhiwo yokwakheka futhi umsebenzi kohlelo bokuphila, futhi kufana ngokwanele ukuba izilwane. Ehamba kwabaqotho ezihambisana izici ezithile isakhiwo umzimba womuntu namanje kushiya isinyathelo kule izindlela kwegazi.

Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi ka imizimba yabantu yakhiwa ezimbili ezine-chamber inhliziyo nokusakaza: ezincane nezinkulu, ukuthi kwatholakala ekhulwini le-17 yi-usosayensi oyiNgisi uWilliam Harvey. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuba igazi eligciniwe kwezitho zomuntu njengamandla ubuchopho, nezinso isibindi.

Ime mpo we komzimba nokugeleza kwegazi ezithweni kwezitho zangasese

Man - kwesilwane ekilasini ezincelisayo, izitho zabo yangaphakathi kuthiwa sicindezelwe isisindo sakhe ngaphandle udonga besisu, kanye aphansi esitho ibhande, ehlanganisa amathambo flat okhalo. Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi lemithambo okhalo emelelwa ngohlelo olufanele kusukela ezivamile iliac Umthambo. Lena ngokuyinhloko langaphakathi iliac Umthambo okuletha mpilo nezakhi ezithweni kwezitho zangasese: the ingemuva, isinye, izitho zobulili, le ndlala wesinye kwabesilisa. Uma kumaseli kwalezi zenzeka futhi lwemithambo yegazi negesi lokushintshisana in baphendukela emithambo yegazi, izitsha - vein iliac - iyangena bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi vena cava ethwala igazi kule ATRIUM kwesokudla, lapho uphela kwegazi.

Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele yokuthi zonke izitho okhalo yimfundo enkulu ngokwanele, futhi zitholakala emqulwini elincani ngalo ingaphakathi lomzimba, okuvame izimbangela abanjwe nemithambo yegazi lezi zindikimba. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenxa yesikhathi eside ungenzi umsebenzi umzimba, lapho kunyatheliswa igazi sinqamukile ingemuva, esinyeni kanye nezinye izitho zomzimba. Lokhu kuholela yokujama tsi, ingqondo ukutheleleka kanye ukuvuvukala kuzo.

Igazi eligciniwe ezithweni zangasese zomuntu

Ukuqinisekisa inkambo evamile ukusabela ngepulasitiki ne amandla exchange kuwo wonke amazinga umzimba wethu inhlangano, kusukela yokuqedela ezinto organismic wenza isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi we imizimba yabantu. izitho okhalo, okubandakanya isibunu, perfused, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kusukela aorta ukwehla, okuyinto isuka le rami ventral. izitsha Ihlelo lokukhambisa iingazi kwakhiwa uhlelo zangasese, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezela izakhi, umoya-mpilo nokususa carbon dioxide neminye imikhiqizo umzimba.

gonads Male - the testes lapho abavuthiwe sperm - uthole igazi lwemithambo kusuka imithambo wamasende, esukela aorta besisu, futhi outflow emithambo yegazi wegazi eyenziwa umthambo wamasende, enye yazo - kwesokunxele - okuhlanganisiwe ne kwesokunxele vein kwezinso kanye ngqo phansi ingena ngqo vena cava. I umthondo ihlinzekwa nemithambo yegazi esukela yangaphakathi Umthambo pudendal: i urethral, emuva, onion nokuvaleka kwemithambo ezijulile. emithambo yegazi ukugeleza kwegazi ezicutshini zomzimba wenduku inikeza isitsha ngobukhulu - ngemuva ezijulile Vienna, kusukela lapho uhamba igazi plexus urogenital emithambo yegazi elihlobene ne bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi vena cava.

Igazi supply zesifazane mkhuba wenziwa lwemithambo uhlelo. Ngakho, ukuxhuma uthola igazi kusukela yangaphakathi Umthambo pudendal, igatsha kwesibeletho ihlinzekwa ngegazi iliac Umthambo, ngokuthi unina, futhi ezikhiqiza amaqanda zinikezwa ngegazi kusukela aorta besisu. Ngokungafani besilisa uhlelo nekutala zesifazane athuthukile kakhulu emithambo yegazi inethiwekhi semithambo, webs oxhumene - anastomosis. igazi emithambo yegazi ogeleza umthambo wesibeletho kufakwe bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi vena cava, okuyinto ke agelezela ATRIUM kwesokudla.

Kulesi sihloko sihlole ngokuningiliziwe ukuthuthukiswa izinhlelo semithambo wesilwane kwezitho womuntu, ukuhlinzeka umzimba nge mpilo nezakhi ezidingekayo ukwesekwa ukuphila.