Simple syllogism categorical, futhi izibonelo elisetshenziswa umkhuba zokwahlulela

Umqondo, njengoba wazi, yakhiwa sivunyiwe, futhi kufinyelelwe iziphetho ezinembile. Omunye ekwakhekeni eziyisisekelo - the syllogism categorical - nalesi siphetho, zibalwa ngu ebanjwayo, okungukuthi, esiphelweni sesimiso izikhundla ezikhethekile kwamanye jikelele. It sivela agumenti ezimbili eziyinhloko noma amaphasela yigama elididiyelayo sixhumene. Njengoba ama-agumenti enjalo ezimbili kuphela, syllogism libizwa elula, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi amaphasela bavunyelwa (noma sinqatshiwe) kunalokho sebekubeke, mazwi alula ngokuthi categorical. Nasi isibonelo esilula i nikhuluma ezinjalo. I-agumenti yokuqala: 'Bonke abantu ofayo ". Eyesibili agumenti: "Ivan - indoda." Isiphetho, kuba ukwahlulela, ngakho-ke, sithi: "Ivan - ofayo" Njengoba sesibonile, ngokufanele noma ngokungafanele zonke amaphasela akubhekwa lapha. Esizithatha kalula yokuthi ukuphila kwabantu aliqedile, no-Ivan basonta uhlanga lwesintu.

Isibonelo salokhu iziphetho linesizotha, singabona ukuthi syllogism elula categorical has isakhiwo ayo. Kunoma isilandiso inshokutsi (igama inani elithile esingachaziwe, esimweni sethu - nezidalwa ofayo) uhlale ebanzi kuka-subject (i-Ivan). Ngakho-ke, amaphasela equkethe isilandiso ibizwa ngokuthi esikhulu, kodwa onenhliziyo kuhlanganisa isihloko - amancane. Kwenza lezi zimpikiswano eside umlamuli M (esimaphakathi) - kulesi simo, abantu, indoda. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini sokwahlulela umkhuba ukuhlaziywa yokucabanga enengqondo ukuze uqale ngokuthola indawo kuwo futhi isilandiso mayelana nale ndaba, kanye khona umlamuleli phakathi kwabo.

Kulesi ukuhlaziywa, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi syllogism elula categorical kufanele ibe Axiom esingavunyelwe esivezwayo, kodwa kukhona: konke siyamukelwa yini noma cha zezinhlobo zonke izinto zisebenza ngamunye nto yalolu hlobo. Ngakho-ke, isiphakamiso okunjalo kuyoba okungalungile: 1. Abesilisa asebephenduke obaba. 2. UPetru - indoda. 3. UPetru - uyise. Kulesi sibonelo, i-Axiom we syllogism akuyona bahlonishwa ngenxa ubuyise akuyona esidluliselwa kubo bonke abantu. Ngakho-ke, lapho akha okucatshangwayo kudingeka banamathele ngokuqinile nemithetho. Kukhona eziyisikhombisa kuphela: bobathathu ezihlobene imigomo, futhi ezine - amaphasela.

Ukubusa eyodwa: a syllogism elula categorical iqukethe imigomo emithathu kuphela. Njalo ethemini yesine - kanye. Ukuhlonza imiqondo ehlukene kuhilela iphutha. Ngokwesibonelo: 1.Sidorov uzibophezele ukweba. 2. Sidorov - ibizo. 3. Igama uye wenza ukweba. Lapha Sidorov futhi amabizo anezincazelo ezihlukile. Rule ezimbili: Ummeleli eside kumelwe khona kanye emagcekeni ejele. Uma kukhona ukuhlobana phakathi isilandiso kanye kuncike azikwazi ukufakwa noma kuba unproven, kanye syllogism uhlala engenamali: 1. Abanye abantu - ababulali. 2. Ivan kungenziwa ngokuthi umuntu othile. 3. Ivan - killer. Futhi ekugcineni, umthetho wesithathu. Uma ungenalo zisebenzisa leli gama agumenti isilandiso, kodwa isipho esiphelweni, kuyoba syllogism okungalungile. Izibonelo iphutha elinjalo ungaboniswa kanje: 1. nesifunda eMoscow icala lokubulawa. 2. Petersburg itholakala esifundeni Moscow. 3. Ngo-Petersburg, hhayi icala lokubulala.

Ngaphezu imigomo nemithetho kufanele balandele imithetho kanye emagcekeni ejele. Okungenani eyodwa kubo athwalisane isitatimende, ngoba yini ukuze awumise, kumelwe kusuka okuthile wacasulwa. Uma omunye agumenti ukubeka phambili - ekuphikeni ke esiphethweni kumelwe abe negative. Futhi ukuze syllogism elula categorical sitholwa kahle, okungenani ingxenye eyodwa yama-agumenti ukubeka phambili kufanele olujwayelekile lokwahlulela categorical. Futhi zokugcina umthetho izakhiwo: uma okungenani omunye wabo - kuyimfihlo, bese esiphethweni kumele kube yimfihlo. Ngokwesibonelo: 1. icala kufanele bajeziswe (ukwahlulela Imininingwane). 2. Ivanov ubugebengu (icala ethize). 3. Ivanov kwakufanele ajeziswe.