ULwandle Northern Umzila. Izimbobo we uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho. Ukuthuthukiswa yenani kanye nokuthuthukiswa uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho

IRussia izindawo abalulekile zasolwandle e-Arctic. Ngalezi expanses amanga oluseNyakatho Umzila (NSR) - eyingqayizivele onguthelawayeka imikhumbi enomlando ezithakazelisayo futhi amathemba enkulu kakhulu.

Adume indlela yasolwandle ukuthi egcina North

UMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho kubhekwa thoroughfare main futhi obaluleke kunayo lokuthumela Russian ezonini Arctic. Uya ngokusebenzisa kwezilwandle ithela kulo e-Arctic Ocean. Lokhu onguthelawayeka uxhuma ulwandle nezimbobo elise izingxenye European futhi Far Eastern yeRussia. Ukuqala oluseNyakatho Umzila - the Kara Gate. Iphela onguthelawayeka Providence Bay. Ubude ingqikithi uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho - oda 5600 km, okokuqala konke wamuka moreplavatelnaya uhambo Swedish eholwa Nordenskiöld eminyakeni 1878-79.

UMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa amatilosi zaseSoviet 1940-80-yalolucwaningo. Ngo-70 yaleli onguthelawayeka saqala ukuhamba icebreakers. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union lapho kwaqala ukuvela enkantolo njalo angaphandle. I lamachweba amakhulu kunawo oluseNyakatho Umzila ku Igarka, Dikson, Tiksi, Dudinka futhi Pevek Providence. Ukuzulazula oluphethwe wuMnyango ka Maritime Ezokuthutha we Russian Federation (eSoviet Union benza Glavsevmorput, bese Ministry of Morflot).

Emathekwini main

UMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho iqala Sea uBarents. It ke uyaqhubeka kwamanye amanzi ezilwandle - Kara, Laptev futhi East eSiberia futhi amaChukchi. Ngo ngayinye imizimba amanzi zitholakala amatheku ayisihluthulelo uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho. Okokuqala-ke Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, empumalanga - Dixon, endaweni le Yenisei Gulf izitsha idlule Dudinka futhi Igarka, sandise oLwandle Laptev - e Noordwijk ke Tiksi (delta we Yelena), Ambarchik (umlomo Kolyma), kanye Pevek kanye ne-port e Providence.

Lezi izinto ingqalasizinda lokuthumela, okuyinto zitholakala emlonyeni imifula emikhulu abe iphuzu zokuthutha umphakathi ukuze imikhumbi yezimpahla uya khona. ULwandle Northern Umzila - umendo kanye okuyinto zithutha ugodo, imishini, amalahle, izinto zokwakha, ukudla, uboya. Emachwebeni ku uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho ingashintshwa ukuze uthole icebreakers ezinkulu.

Izinkinga yentuthuko SME

Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa sesimanje ingqalasizinda Russian Arctic kuzodinga kokutshala imali eningi futhi womuntu. Kuyohlale kudingeka ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi Hydrography futhi meteorology, ukusungula uhlelo ukubhekwa zasemoyeni ukunyakazisa ice, ukudala ama-ejensi kahulumeni ebhekene ukulawula kwemvelo. Kuyadingeka ukuba wandise izinsiza MOE, ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda port.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlaziyi bathi, zikhona izingqinamba eziningi kungalungiswanga mayelana base normative-zomthetho olawula ukuhamba ngemikhumbi eduze NSR. Ngezindlela eziningi, leli phuzu ziyonquma umugqa sikhange ngokwengeziwe kubantu ezisebenza zimali angaphandle - hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wezimpahla lokuthumela, njengoba enjalo, kodwa futhi kumasegmenti eduze. Njengokuthi nje, isibonelo, ezokuvakasha Arctic. Ziningi abafuna ukwenza uhambo oluya North Pole, kanye nezinkampani ezivela eRussia ingavuthi abanikezeli ezinsizakalweni ezifana travel esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Isithakazelo bakwamanye amazwe

Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, ukuthuthukiswa oluseNyakatho Umzila kuyinto kungumsebenzi izimisele Russia hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi kwamanye amazwe amaningana. Okokuqala, imibuso emikhulu we-Asia-Pacific - iChina neNdiya. Ukubonisana isithakazelo esihlanzekile futhi uthi elincane kodwa abanethonya - ezifana Singapore. Ezinye izikhulu Russian baye basikisela ukuthi sidinga imithetho zomthetho elawula ukuhamba kwezithuthi zasolwandle kwakunikeza izinkampani zemikhumbi angaphandle.

Isimo, ochwepheshe bathi, kungenzeka nzima ngokuma-United States owayengafuni ungacabangi ukuthi isihluthulelo oluseNyakatho Umzila kukhona kuphela azishiyele Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho ukulawulwa zomthetho onguthelawayeka ngisho eRussia kungekho ukuvumelana. Kodwa kukhona abameli abakholelwa ukuthi iRussia unelungelo ukulawula ukudlula imikhumbi kanye uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho ngokusebenzisa nemithetho Yezizwe ngoMthetho Sea, owasungulwa ngo-1982.

On nokuphathwa SMP

The main uhulumeni umzimba ukuthi ihlose ukulawula navigation ku SMP - iyona Administration oluseNyakatho Umzila, ehhovisi central itholakala eMoscow. Ngokusho kwezinkambiso komthetho isiRashiya, nokuhambisa amanzi amapayipi wenziwa inqubo evumela. izitsha abanikazi kumele afake isicelo kusengaphambili ukusebenzisa amanzi NSR. Ukuphathwa uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho cabangela futhi wenze isiqunto sokunikela namkha wenqabe. Ngokuthakazelisayo, inqubo isicelo ngempela olwesimanje: imibhalo kungenziwa ethunyelwa ngama-computer, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesiNgisi, okuyinto ekahle kakhulu amatilosi angaphandle. NSR Administration uhlola isicelo zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10 zokusebenza futhi ubeka impendulo yakho (isinqumo mayelana nokuthi ukukhipha imvume) kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni.

kwesokudla navigation

Russian oluseNyakatho Umzila - onguthelawayeka, lapho kunemithetho navigation kuchazwe umthetho we Russian Federation. A izidingo ezinkulu eziningi ezibikwa ngokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umkhumbi kufanele kube ku-SME kanye kweqa West (East) umugqa ke kanye ngosuku ukaputeni womkhumbi okufanele usithumele wokuPhathwa koMhlaba uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho ulwazi olusemqoka mayelana umkhumbi wakhe.

Phakathi kwabo - izixhumanisi ezindawo emkhunjini, isikhathi okuhleliwe ayichitha amanzi SMP, inkambo ngqo, isivinini, kanye nolwazi mayelana nokuba khona ice emzileni ngaphandle komkhumbi. Ukaputeni we-umkhumbi kufanele ngokushesha azise Administration NSR ku imithombo Kutholwe yokungcola. Labo zezinhlobo zemikhumbi ukuthi awukwazi ukuhambisa ngendlela lokuhlushwa aminyene ice, kumele silawule izenzo zabo ngoxhaxha ophihliza iqhwa futhi ibe ekukhulumisaneni njalo ekuphathweni SMP ukuba ulandele imiyalo ukunyakaza oluthuthukile uma kudingeka.

NSR

Amatilosi athile ukungatholi bahlinza lafana oluseNyakatho Umzila, esikhundleni salo kube nokuthile igama elithi "indawo". Ubukhulu SME, ngaleyo ndlela kuyoshaya ngaphakathi kobubanzi ulwandle sendawo 12 amamayela kanye zone kwezomnotho ukunyakaza khulula imithambo ingamamitha angu-200 ubude. Area SMP - kusukela eSangweni Kara ukuze iBering Strait.

OluseNyakatho Umzila, ngenani ezinqala - a eziyinkimbinkimbi imizila eziningana lokuthumela. Ubude yabo ngqo akuyona njalo futhi luncike izinguquko kwesizini ukujiya kanye indawo iqhwa lase-Arctic. UMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho - kuyinto izimbobo ezinkulu ezingaphezu kuka-70 futhi amaphuzu. Kunezinhlobo eziningana izifunda Russian (Chukotka, Yakutia ugu izifunda ezisondele) okuyiwona NSR - nomendo kuphela yokuxhuma kubo nalo lonke izwe.

icebreakers Nuclear ku SMP

Ngenxa izici yendawo zezulu ukuhamba izitsha ku uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho akunakwenzeka ngaphandle iqhaza ngoxhaxha ophihliza iqhwa. Manje ukudabula NSR 6 yenuzi-powered icebreakers. Lokhu imikhumbi kuqinisekisa operation esitebeleni of lonke indlela yasolwandle futhi ukuzixazulula izinkinga eziphathelene nokwenza ngcono ukufinyelela ezindaweni eNyakatho Ekude yeRussia futhi eshalofini Arctic. Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, Russian ophihliza iqhwa imikhumbi - yisiboniso ukulondeka kwezwe. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mkhumbi icebreaking ingamamitha angu phezu 8,000 - kusukela Murmansk, Vladivostok nesiphetho. Empeleni, ezimbili yezinkampani ezinkulu wahlanganyela lokuthumela ku NSR, bhalisiwe e kula madolobha amabili. Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, Russian ophihliza iqhwa imikhumbi kumele lenyuke. Lokhu kuzokwenza ngcono umnotho onguthelawayeka ekwakheni imisebenzi emisha ezindaweni SME, ukuthuthukisa isimo nge ukuthuthelwa labantu LaseNorth.

amathemba kwezomnotho

Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, SME kufanele kube umgogodla ngoba imbangi Suez Canal nezinye izinto ingqalasizinda zasolwandle esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngokusho abanye abahlaziyi, esiphezulu nomthamo SME - abangaba yizigidi ezingu-50 amathani wezimpahla ngonyaka. Seafarers ngokwabo bakholelwa ukuthi SMP kuyinto minyaka yonke ethandwa kakhudlwana - ikakhulukazi ngokumelene isizinda ukukhula umsebenzi ezinkampanini uwoyela negesi esifundeni Yamal futhi e-Arctic.

Indima ebalulekile ukusetshenziswa kahle emikhulu kukholakala amatilosi kufanele wenze zimali abazimele. Dynamics nethemba lokuhle: ngo-2010, i-SMP kuphela kwaba 4 isitsha esikhulu, bese ngo-2011 - 34, futhi ngo-2012 - kakade 46. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi kukhona ezizwakalayo zokulindela okwanda kulezi umsebenzi izinkampani zemikhumbi emanzini NSR - kokubili Russian angaphandle.

indima isimo

Ngokusho abanye abahlaziyi, ngaphambi ekuqaleni kowezi-2000, iRussia ikhokhwe nomthelela omncane kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Arctic sisonke oluseNyakatho Umzila ngokukhethekile. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva isimo sehle kakhulu bhe kulezi zindawo. Baqala ukuvela imithetho emisha kuphakamisa izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene olufanele ukuthuthukiswa ezindaweni ezincikene SMP. Le mikhuba, ochwepheshe bathi, kubangelwe indima enkulu zomlando Russia e-Arctic, isifiso isimo ukuze uthole kabusha usithonye wangaphambili esifundeni. Ngo-2008, uMongameli ngemvume incwadi ebalulekile - "Kubaluleka inchubomgomo yembuso Russian e-Arctic kuze kufinyelele 2020". izindawo Northern Russian ke kwaziwa ngokuthi omunye zigcine kwezolimo yezwe. Eminye imithombo SMP uyinto ukuxhumana sezokuthutha sikazwelonke. Kukhona omunye umthombo umthetho - "Strategy yentuthuko kwezenhlalo nezomnotho eSiberia", esenziwa ngo-2010. Lo mbhalo uthi ekusetshenzisweni izinsiza SME - esiyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni komnotho esifundeni laseSiberia yimpumelelo.

Ukunakwa kusuka China

Omunye anabadlali abaningi bezinye izizwe mayelana navigation e amanzi SMP - China, a ukubambisana Russia okuyinto eminyakeni yamuva uyazicabangela efanele ikakhulukazi. Ekwindla ka-2013, abanye ochwepheshe baye baphawula i sandulela ezithakazelisayo, ehambisana ne-nokuwela kwawo isitsha Sea Northern Umzila Yong Sheng. Kwatholakala ukuthi lo mkhumbi, wakhetha ukuba balungise Russian sesitimela, iwine cishe amasonto amabili kuqhathaniswa uma wahlamba ngokusebenzisa umzila lukaKhisimusi amatilosi Chinese e-Indian Ocean ngo-Suez Canal. Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka kuthinte nokwandisa inzalo izinkampani lokuthumela Chinese ukusebenzisa njengenhlangano umzila ezikhangayo. Cooperation ngaphakathi kohlaka navigation e amanzi SMP ngenkuthalo okuxoxwe phakathi eChina naseRussia ezingeni zikahulumeni.

Owayengumongameli waseRussia phezu SMP

Inzalo ka isimo endaweni ukuthuthukiswa omkhulu emhloleni uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho kuhlehlela isibonelo isikhundla sikaMongameli. UVladimir Putin usiyale izidumbu esiphezulu ukuhoxisa ngo-2015 inzuzo on imigwaqo SMP amathani afinyelela ku-4 million. Ukuze le nqubo ukuba speeded up nokuthuma imikhumbi uyakwazi uya izimo ice, kanye ice-amadlambi - enuzi kanye diesel. UMongameli waphawula ukuthi kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ingqalasizinda nezokuxhumana, navigation zasolwandle, nokugcinwa lwemikhumbi. Umgomo global - ukuze ujike emendweni, wamyisa okhangayo izinkampani zangasese eRussia futhi isiqondiso phesheya. On yimpumelelo kangakanani kuyoba ukuthuthukiswa SME, inhloko yezwe, kuncike endleleni Russia esizayo uzokwazi ukuthuthukisa izithakazelo zabo kazwelonke e-Arctic.

Inani NSR Russia

Ama-oda Vladimira Putina ziyavumelana Yiqiniso uhulumeni jikelele sika maqondana kufanele kube indlela ukuthuthukisa uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho. Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho lezifunda eziningana Russia incike ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda kuyoba SME yimpumelelo kangakanani - ikakhulukazi Arkhangelsk Region, eSiberia. Ngokusho abanye abahlaziyi, ukubaluleka uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho eRussia kunzima overestimate. Ukuze wezwe lakithi, SMP - kuyinto onguthelawayeka hhayi kuphela ethembisa zasolwandle, kodwa futhi ithuluzi ukuthi kuyoyixazulula lukhulu esifundeni Arctic. Ngakho-ke, ngisho noma kwezomnotho uMzila oluseNyakatho ngeke engabizi njengoba kulindeleke kuziphathimandla, ochwepheshe, uhulumeni omusha kufanele zikholelwe uzoqhubeka izimali kwingqalasizinda port nokwakha icebreakers - ukuguqula, uma kunesidingo, SME e base lwamasu ukuzivikela kazwelonke.