Colima (umfula) lapho?

Manje-ke kwenzeka ukuthi igama Kolyma selisho indawo ehlanganisa Magadan isifunda Yakutia, fated ukuba abe maphakathi amathiphu uhlelo lokujeziswa wezwe. Nangu emakamu esibi kakhulu, futhi igama lalo emfuleni omkhulu enhle enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia namanje elihlobene ne-yokucindezelwa enobudlova. Kodwa sizoxoxa mayelana hydronyms emangalisayo - ezinamandla abami Kolyma emfuleni athwala lonke ekuphileni - nezizwana babe selivshimsya eside kanye usebe lwawo, futhi namhlanje ucabanga khona ngaphandle evulekile la mazwe abahambi Russian.

Umlando omncane

Okokuqala Kolyma River (Halyma yakut) ohlala kuso kuyakhulunywa ngaso umbiko Pomor-wamazwe Mihayly Staduhina, ikhanda bomkhankaso ezaholela ekumiseni kokutholakala emazweni amasha nemicengezi Indigirka Alazeya (1639), kanye base e 1644 e sifinyelela engezansi Kolyma amakota ebusika. Wabuye uchaza abomdabu esiwugwadule - amaChukchi abangophakimpi, ivikela ngendlela yalo yokuphila futhi uzinike isikhathi ukunikeza izihambi kunoma ubani. Yukagirs, Tungus, amaChukchi, Evenki, sehlela emngceleni lezi osogwini olusenyakatho futhi obzhivshie izindawo esiwugwadule, bahlanganyele ngokudoba, ukuzingela inja Sledding kamuva.

Nizhnekolymskiy ekamu ebiyelweyo ebusika kwaba ukuqala uhambo esikhathini esizayo futhi Trekking e ucinge esindayo ezindaweni ezingakaze zifinyelelwe. Kusukela eminyakeni 1647-1648 kuthathwe bemhlaba nemanti eviyweni, ugcwalise endaweni isithombe elihambisana izincazelo.

Adume wamazwe polar Dmitry Laptev, owafika njengengxenye Omkhulu Northern Expedition, e 1741 echazwe sifinyelela ongenhla emfuleni, futhi salethwa umlomo River Kolyma, ngokuqondile Amapayipi salo esifanele Stone Kolyma, isakhiwo ekhethekile - i beacon ukuhlonza, kamuva elaba kuwumgogodla yamaphrojekthi eziningi ucwaningo. Kusukela lapha izintaba abadumile Wrangell, Billings nezinye wabahloli abadumile ngokulinganayo. Lena indaba kokutholakala kwalezi zindawo, engamili lutho nesihluku, kodwa ekhangayo futhi ubuhle obuthandekayo okungavamile kakhulu zenyakatho. Ake sihlole lapho uMfula Kolyma okuzelwe, ethwala amanzi awo, okuyinto indlela yenzani nokuthi ihlangana ke.

Umsuka kwegama

Ososayensi baye asikafiki ukuze ukuvumelana ngemvelaphi igama (Colima). Evens - abakhileyo zomdabu kweziningi zalezi zindawo, ngokuthi Kullu wakhe, okuyinto elihunyushwe esuka Turkish izindlela emfuleni. Namuhla leli gama walondoloza kuphela umthombo kwesokudla eMfuleni Kolyma. Michael liwubiza Stadukhin Yakov futhi kamuva ajwayelekile umuntu wanamuhla - Kolyma. Fakazela uxhumano etymological phakathi Kullu futhi Kolyma akunakwenzeka ubani, nemibono impikiswano mayelana umsuka wegama le Yukagir futhi ngaphandle ubufakazi. Mhlawumbe kuze kube phakade kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo igama okumangalisayo - Kolyma River. Likuphi ekuqaleni kwayo, sifunda ku.

yizimbaxa

Kolyma kwakheka kwi amabili ahlanganisa Okhotsk- Kolyma upland umthombo: umfula Ayan Yuriakh, yehla phakathi kwamadwala Lapha bulala emfuleni Kullu sekukhona emifuleni emibili egwadle iqhubezela Suntar-Hayata. Kuyinto lapha ukuthi traffic emfuleni enyakatho e-Arctic Ocean.

Kolyma River lapho ugeleza

Lo mgodi nge nemingenela yayo abaningi wakhothama phezu nsimu enkulu ye Magadan esifundeni, eKhabarovsk Krai, Yakutia, othinta ezindaweni ezithile Chukotka futhi eKamchatka. Kuvuleke isendleleni eya olwandle ngokusebenzisa eyiqhwa, skirting ezintabeni enamadwala, eMfuleni Kolyma uthululela phakathi East Sea laseSiberia nge 3 imilomo enamandla:

• Eastern - lokuthumela Stone Kolyma kokuba okuqinile 20-ikhilomitha ububanzi. umlomo Ubude km 50 kanye nokujula - mayelana 9 m.

• naphakathi - Pokhodsk Kolyma, emikhonweni obuphelele 25 km, ububanzi 0.5 2 km kanye ka 3.5-4.5 m ukujula.

• West - Kolyma amaChukchi, futhi unamahlangothi olubabazeka kakhulu: obuphelele 60 km, ububanzi 3-4 km nokujula - 8-9 m.

Delta ubude base imayelana 110 km, kanye endaweni yayo 3 ubabonisa ayizinkulungwane cishe isikwele. km.

Ubude kanye nezici

Kuyini ubude emfuleni? Colima has a ubude 2129 km, futhi uma sibala sisuka ku-umthombo Kenelichi - River, ngomfula owumthelela kwesokudla Kullu, it kwandisa kuze kufinyelele 2513 km. Cishe 1400 km Kolyma ageleza yonkana expanses we Magadan esifundeni, lonke indlela yayo ligijima Yakutia, futhi imithombo zitholakala eKhabarovsk Territory.

Le ndawo ezizungeze umfula ngempela umxhwele -. Ayizinkulungwane 643 sq M. km. On ibhange kwesokunxele itholakala Kolyma Valley, ngokwemvelo sokuhlukanisa imicengezi we Kolyma futhi Indigirka. Ukwakheka isakhi Highlands kuhlanganisa inclusions multiple of esitheni amatshe igneous okuqondene kwesikhathi Mesozoic, iqinisekisa khona igolide ezifakwa kulezi zindawo. Imvelo kuqhume entabeni yizimbaxa lomfula ohamba uba nezimpophoma ezincane eziyingozi kancane kancane usuthathelwa emathafeni we Kolyma elisezansi flow ngokuzethemba-izinze. Umbhede kakhulu Meander kuthathwa lenqwaba imikhono. Ezinye izindawo osebeni lomfula Ziyathakazelisa - the izona ngamanzi ukuze basuse amatshe lava, edalula okuthiwa "Tala", imali lasendulo okuxekethile - izindawo evundile izifundo bemivubukulo bokuthi batholé amathambo ka mammoth. Kwezinye izindawo ogwini exhaphozini noma sigcwele nodaka okunamathelayo ukuthi bangambulala izilwane ngisho nabantu.

Ngemva endleleni Kolyma River Highlands wabeka yonkana expanses of Yakutia - main emithanjeni igolide eziveza weRiphabhulikhi Russian. Lapha, ohlangothini lwesobunxele-osebeni Kolyma elisezansi kancane kancane sihamba emathafeni emathafeni ase enyakatho.

Kolyma River: ziyamaniswa nokungangeni

Ohlangothini lwesokunene lomfula ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga elula egwadle schist Kolyma izintaba zimbozwe emangalisayo izimila coniferous. Lapha iqala zonke nemingenela we Kolyma - Bahapcha, Buyunda, Balygychan, Sugoy, Korkodon, Berezovka, Kamenka, Omolon, Small futhi Anuy elikhulu. nemingenela Kwesobunxele -. Seimchan, ekuthwaleni, Yasachnaya, Popovka, Zyryanka, Ozhogina, Sededema River, njll Hhayi ize ngazo ezinganekwaneni zasendulo elabhalwa abantu bomdabu Eastern eSiberia, eMfuleni Kolyma uma ziqhathaniswa nezingane eziningi, baziswa, benikwa inakekelwe futhi bakhulisa izingane 35. Yilokho inombolo nemingenela - ezibaluleke kakhudlwana noma ngaphansi Kolyma emfuleni lapho. Ngokusho yetinsita esekhulile umama emfuleni ubudala wanika izingane igunya: ukuba nesandla esivulekile, ezijulile, ukudoba, ukunakekela abantu abahlala eduzane. Lilodwa inflow Omolon kwakufanele abe usekela wakhe. Ngempela, lokhu kutheleka kwabantu phambi zonke khulula ice entwasahlobo, ukusuthisa Kolyma.

Indlela tortuous olwandle

Writhing kuzo zonke izindawo, eMfuleni Kolyma Waqhubeka nendlela yakhe esuka eningizimu-ntshonalanga kuyofika ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu kokushiya emaceleni nokwenza idolo omkhulu. Ngakho, kuze kube owumthelela kwesokunxele Kolyma Shumikha esendleleni eya ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga, bese uya eningizimu-mpumalanga, kancane kancane siyamanisa isiqondiso enyakatho kuya confluence River yayo Zyryanka. Ngakho, ezimazombe kanye Ukugoqa, Kolyma ufinyelela Vyatkina Okwenziwe Ngayo Amaphetjhana, lapho waphinda ezisonga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga, abese eshintsha isiqondiso kuyofika ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga kusukela idolobha Srednekolymsk futhi futhi uphendukela enyakatho-mpumalanga. Lokhu isiqondiso inakekelwa futhi main Omolon ziyamaniswa nokungangeni, kodwa ngemva confluence emfuleni Anyuya, iyakunqanda ntshonalanga, ukugcina kakade lesi siqondiso Bay e-Arctic Ocean.

Lokhu Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-uhambahamba phakathi sebuningini ukugeleza. Ngokwesibonelo, ngezansi Verkhnekolymsk Shipanovskaya ukugeleza kudala endaweni ngokwanele ezinkulu Shipanovsky Isiqhingi e sifinyelela engezansi umlomo emfuleni Konyaeva ambalwa imbobo elincane elamiswa lonke kusakazeka iziqhingi, ngokuthi namuhla kulesi siqhingi. Usuke isiteshi esikhulu esifundeni ipheshana kweqa Zahrebetnaya imbobo ixhunywe ku-Kolyma Nizhnekolymsk, udala omkhulu side esiqhingini 110 km ubude nobubanzi ezisukela 10 kuya ku-km 20.

izici kwamanzi

Kolyma - ukusuthisa ekusakazeni okuxubile, okungcono iqhwa-imvula ukushiyana kwezidalwa 47% no-42%. 11% ewela umthamo wemvula komhlaba. Ehlobo izinga lamanzi lehla kakhulu, njengoba ephakama kuphela ngesikhathi izimvula ezinamandla. Wenzeka nezikhukhula yesikhashana. Amazinga amanzi emfuleni njalo ongaphakeme, ngokuvamile bengekho ngaphezu ekuphumeni 10-15 ° C, futhi kuphela ethule ogcwele Lilanga lasehlobo izindawo angajulile Julayi ekupheleni kungase ukuxoxa nabo 20-22 ° C. Kolyma buhlangene ngo-Okthoba, eminyakeni abandayo - ekupheleni September. Freeze obulandela drift ice, kanye nesenzakalo kodaka kumiswa uhlanganyela ice amadamu, isikhathi lapho kuhluka izinsuku 2 inyanga.

Mahhala ice Kolyma eMfuleni * kuze kufike phezulu ehlobo ikhalenda. Phula-up zingaba khona cishe usuku 2 18 izinsuku, it is ngokuvamile ehambisana nobutha ukuminyana umxhwele.

wemikhumbi

Kusukela emlonyeni Bahapchi emfuleni, Colima iba imikhumbi. Nokho, ukuhamba njalo imithambo Kwenziwa kusukela Seimchan port. Isikhathi asebenzayo navigation nkathi izinyanga 4-5. Emachwebeni esemqoka ye Kolyma - Seimchan, Zyryanka, Cherskii.

ukusetshenziswa abantu

Esikhathini sifinyelela engezansi emfuleni athuthukile ukudoba, isizinda amaminerali. Inamandla enhle emfuleni enyakatho namuhla umuntu, ukuhlinzeka kuye zinhlobo izinhlanzi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi kukagesi okukhiqizwa at Kolyma HPP. Lesi simila emifula kubo. Yi Frishter eyakhelwe eduze Sinegorye dolobhana futhi yakha ngobungako ugesi, okuyinto kwanele 95% esifundeni. Kolyma HPP - kuphela esigabeni engenhla iziteshi wendlale Hydropower Kolyma. Namuhla uphela ukwakhiwa kwalesi Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP, okuyinto qophelo wendlale yesibili. Ngo 2013, wathola iyunithi wokubacindezela lokuqala, futhi nokuthuma egcwele esiteshini izonikeza ukuvikeleka supply esifundeni kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngemphumelelo kwemboni okumba esifundeni.

Futhi manje abahlala indoda nesinamandla ngokugcwele esilazayo akuyona wafunda ngokugcwele River Kolyma. Izithombe okwethulwa salolu shicilelo ukubonisa ubuhle bayo namandla, ukusiza umfundi ukuba zibone ngeso lengqondo charm emangalisayo oluyimfihlakalo Northern Belle River.