London Stock Exchange: umlando ekudalweni

I-London Stock Exchange iyona endala Europe ekhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena idume internationality yayo ngoba kuhlanganisa izinkampani 340 ezivela emazweni angu-60, 2004 idatha. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kukhona 21 ngaphezulu UK emakethe, ethandwa kakhulu namanje uhlala eLondon. On ke sizokutshela kulesi sihloko.

isakhiwo

London Stock Exchange has izimakethe ezintathu eziyinhloko: esemthethweni, izibambiso engabhalisiwe kanye nokutshalwa okunye.

• Market Esemthethweni. Ingxenye enkulu yakhelwe izinkampani elinomlando ethile futhi ukuba khona imali eningi. It has ezimbili: izinkampani zomhlaba wonke kanye ezifuywayo.
• Okungekho ohlwini izibambiso emakethe. Yavela 1980 ukunikezela imisebenzi amafemu amancane. Ngeshwa, ukuhlola khona ukuhluleka, futhi ngenxa zezimali ongaphakeme ekuqaleni 90s emakethe kukhanselwe.
• Alternative Investment Market. Yasungulwa maphakathi no-1995 ukuze kugcinwe amafemu amancane. Phakathi abazobhapathizwa entsha awekho ngaphansi nezimfuneko ekhethekile ngokohlelo lokuhlelwa umlando ubuncane inkampani kanye nenani lamasheya kakade ayifake kwegazi. Kwathiwa encishisiwe izimfuneko usayizi inhlokodolobha ubuncane. Kodwa ukuxegiswa ngo-1997 kuye kwasho ukuthi kumelwe London Stock Exchange some imithetho umnikelo.

indaba

Kusukela ekuqaleni 16 abathengisa leminyaka in izibambiso kwenziwe izitolo ikhofi noma emigwaqweni. Ngo-1566 weza waseHolland Thomas Gresham, ehlongoza ukuba kwakhiwe ekamelweni elihlukile ngalezi zinhloso. Wathi wayengeke ukukwenza ngezindleko zabo, kodwa bafuna ukuba i-abantu bendawo nekahulumeni ukuthola indawo efanelekayo. On the nemali eqoqwe 3500 Usayizi iphawundi yathengwa ucezu kwesokudla umhlaba. Ngo 1570, kuvulwa Royal Exchange.

Exchange entsha

Ngeshwa, Omkhulu Fire yaseLondon wamqeda, futhi isakhiwo esisha kabusha kuphela 1669. Futhi, igalari elalihlelwe ehlanganisa izihlalo 200 ukuze iqashwe. Esikhathini esakhiweni walethwa izimpahla agcinwe. Ngo 1698, wabathengi zaxoshwa isakhiwo wokuziphatha stock exchange abakhanukayo (ekunukubezweni futhi umsindo). ikhofi endlini "Jonathan" obukhethelwe ukuxoxisana kanye bargaining. Kwakukhona amanani uhlu lokuqala izibambiso. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-50, esitolo ikhofi, "Jonathan," kuphinda isiphetho stock exchange sokuqala ngqa - ke yashiswa. Nokho, izivakashi abuyiselwe wokwakha yabo. Ngo 1773, eduze ikhofi wabathengi baye bakha isakhiwo esisha, eyathengwa ubuthaphuthaphu zisuka nje-ke "okusha Jonathan" (kamuva igama mazwi ashintshwa athi "Stock Exchange").

Exchange ekhulwini lama-20

IMpi Yezwe I kakhulu babungonakala European izimakethe isitokwe. London Stock Exchange ivaliwe zinyanga kakhulu, futhi ngemva konyaka (1915) waqala umsebenzi walo. Battalion abacibishelayo lezisebenzi zokuzithandela kwamiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha. Sekukonke, kwakukhona abantu abangaba ngu-400. Oyedwa ezine zafa empini. Ukuze iminyaka engu-60-th inani imisebenzi kanye nabasebenzi enwetshiwe ukuze isiqondiso exchange, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe amasha wokwakha 26-storey. Ukwakhiwa eyathatha iminyaka engu-12, futhi ngo-1972 isikhungo amasha yena Queen of England.

Ngo-1987, ku-exchange isitokwe kwavele kugucuka lokukhulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu yilezi: translation ngokomzimba yokuhweba electronic (SEAQ uhlelo), ukuqedwa esiphansi umngcele myalo, isitokwe amalungu exchange imvume sihlanganise imisebenzi nomdayisi kanye nomthengisi. Ngenxa lukagesi SEAQ wabathengi azange abe ukuya ejimini ngesikhathi endalini. Babekwazi ukwenza ehhovisi lakhe.

Ekupheleni kuka-1997, i-London Stock Exchange izingcaphuno switched ngokuphelele format electronic. Ikhompyutha yokuhweba uhlelo amasethi anda ijubane ukuthengiselana kanye nokusebenza bebonke.

izinsimbi LSE-ayoni

It yasungulwa ngesikhathi Industrial Revolution ngo-1877. Manje London Stock Exchange izinsimbi non-ayoni kuyinto European sezohwebo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Sesifikile ibanga elide kusukela elula kuya phambili (abese futhi ikusasa) zokukhokhelwa. Konke lokhu kuvumela abathengi kanye nabakhiqizi izinsimbi zezimboni wokukucima ukulahlekelwa futhi uthango nezingozi lapho intengo spikes. Ungenza ukuthengiselana nezinketho zokungena, ikusasa izinkontileka kanye cash izinto.

Exchange itholakala ku isakhiwo esidala Planteyshn House ingakafundiseki eziningi emasikweni esidlule. igumbi lokuhlinzela senziwa ukuma kumbuthano ichaza "ubulungu isiyingi" abadayisi. Naphezu obhekwe izinhlaba, kokwenziwe namanje ivalwe ukumemeza. Ngokufanayo, uzwakalise namanani metal. London Stock Exchange ku Planteyshn House has a "lolimi lwezandla" ekhethekile, okuyinto wabathengi zisebenzisa ngesikhathi rush azihlanganise ukunikeza futhi wamukele ama-oda.

igolide emakethe

Kukhona ensimbini eyigugu, okuyinto yezandla London Stock Exchange - igolide. Kuye njalo wema kule ndawo kuphela. Ukuze afeze imidanti yohwebo e ekamelweni elihlukile ndawonye abameleli izinkampani ezinhlanu. Oholela usihlalo we amabhidi, futhi "Five" uzimisele ukuphetha ukuthengiselana. Phela kwezimvume nezimvume yamemezela ngentengo fixed, okuyinto zizophothulwa futhi inkontileka. Ngu amacebo afanayo is futhi badayise zethusi. London Metal Exchange, ngokuqinisekile omunye izikhungo zezimali edume kunazo British. Kodwa zikhona izikhungo ezintathu ngaphezulu Kuhle kokusho ngokwehlukile.

London Amafutha Exchange

Ngaphambi 1970, emakethe amandla sengihluzekile ngempela. Kodwa ngenxa ye ukuvimbela uwoyela (1973-1974 GG.), Ukwakheka OPEC futhi empini Arab-Israeli, abakhiqizi uwoyela abalahlekelwe ukulawula amanani. Ngakho-ke, in the 80s ekuseni. International Petroleum Exchange yasungulwa ngo-London. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukubukeka kwayo - simo esishubile anda amanani kawoyela. Indawo angajwayelekile isizathu salokhu kwanda okungaka ivolumu umkhiqizo kawoyela eNorth Sea.

Exchange inikeza ongakhetha sendlela unleaded likaphethiloli, uwoyela negesi, uwoyela ongahluziwe, futhi ikusasa izinkontileka. Sici Its main - ikhono ukushintshanisa isimo sezimali emakethe e ikusasa isikhundla ngombandela wokuthi exchange senzeka amahora ezingekho ibhizinisi. Eyesibili sici - owayesenesikhathi eside (20:15). icebo olunjalo olwenza wabathengi ukuphetha izivumelwano ukulamula umbango USA.

British Exchange Izinketho futhi Futures

Ekuqaleni, kwadingeka isihloko esihlukile kakhulu: I-London Mercantile Exchange. Lesi sikhungo kuyinto nemikhiqizo emakethe lezimpahla kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo e-United Kingdom. Yiqiniso, ngokuya ivolumu kanye nosayizi, kuba kakhulu kunabayeni nozakwabo angaphandle (isib, Chicago Stock Exchange), kodwa akuvimbeli lokufeza ingxenye enkulu ukuthengiselana eYurophu.

Lokhu exchange weza nekhulu lama-20 ngesisekelo "ukuphela izinhlangano", okuyinto lwenziwe ikusasa ukuthengiselana yonkana amaningi umkhiqizo imigqa. Ngemva kwesikhathi, waba matasa cishe zonke izimakethe zendawo, ngisho ezimpini ezimakethe nozakwethu Baltic (derivatives ngomkhumbi yizimpahla futhi amazambane). Amanani on London Stock Exchange Izinketho futhi Futures ngempela inzuzo. Ungakwazi ukungena ukuthengiselana kokubili ezivamile (ibhali, ukolweni, ingulube nokunye.), Futhi imikhiqizo wamakoloni (kabhontshisi, ushukela, ikhofi).

International Exchange Izinketho futhi Futures

EBrithani, kukhona ongakhetha ehlukile emakethe, kodwa isebenza ngokuyinhloko Sweden. Ukuthengiselana on ezahlukene kwempahla ebibanjelwe International Exchange Izinketho futhi Futures.

Ngaphambi kuka-1992, la ukuthengiselana ehilelekile egumbini lokuhlinza of London Stock Exchange. Khona-ke wathuthelwa esakhiweni Cannon Street. Iningi imikhiqizo yalesi exchange ezihlobene yizibopho credit amathuluzi, ngokuqondene athile ukuthengiselana of ikusasa izivumelwano phezu nokwabelana.

Ngesikhathi International Exchange ngenkuthalo adayiswa British isitokwe Inkomba FTSE 100 Sici Its esibaluleke yikhono ukusebenza kokubili ongakhetha European futhi American. Kuze kube muva nje, kwakudingeka isimo best ezimakethe European ekhatsi imigomo lobuchwepheshe imishini.

International ongakhetha exchange futhi ikusasa yilona mhlobiso of UK emakethe amathuluzi esuselwe futhi inikeza ezingeni lelisetulu zezimali ngoba izibopho Japanese, US, eJalimane nase-Italy. Kodwa, ngokungafani kuya izikhungo American, awusebenzi ukubhekana izinkontileka lwemali nemikhiqizo.

Uma exchange waqala ngemihlangano lolungakahleleki ezindaweni yeziboshwa ukuthengiselana. Manje ziye zaba semthethweni izikhungo zezimali, ukunikela amakhasimende anhlobonhlobo amasevisi ezahlukene. Njengoba uhlelo zokuhlala uvele imithetho eqinile kanye esiqinile ukuthi ukunciphisa izingozi iqhaza.

Ukuhwebelana Iningi British namanje Ungasingenisi inzuzo eningi. isibopho sezomthetho yabo kunomkhawulo yesiqinisekiso okujwayelekile (ngezinye izikhathi ngesimo izibambiso). Ukuhlanza imisebenzi yezikhungo bekwi-Clearinghouse London. Kuyinto lokhu futhi ihlinzeka isiqinisekiso Isikhwama umshwalense. Ekupheleni kuka-2000, usayizi waso kwaba amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-150.

isiphetho

Manje London Stock Exchange liphakathi izikhungo ezinhlanu kunayo yonke eyake emhlabeni. Kukhona sika ukwabelana adayiswa izinkampani 300 ezivela emazweni angu-60. Uma sicabangela izinkampani Russian, isidingo esikhulu kunazo for the yephepha "Lukoil", "Gazprom" futhi "Rosneft". Kusukela ngo-2005, ku-exchange isitokwe uzoqala ngidayisa ongakhetha futhi ikusasa ku le RTS Inkomba.