Likaphethiloli leaded

uphethiloli Leaded iqukethe tetraethyl phambili, okuyinto enobuthi organometallic kwakwakhe uhlamvu. Ngaphambili, lalisetshenziswa njengenhlangano okufakiwe anti-oshaya i zokubasa, futhi injongo yokusetshenziswa kwawo kwaba ukwandisa isibalo octane.

Antiknock umphumela enkompolo wavulwa «General Motors» ososayensi American inkampani ngo-1921. Inventor Thomas Midgley, kahle izakhiwo oluyingozi phambili ngokufaka uphethiloli leaded, ehlongoza ukuba esikhundleni igama elithi "abaholayo" phezu kancane abantu abaningi, elithi "methyl". Akuzange kwaphela isikhathi eside, futhi imiphumela esabekayo yale okusungulile waqala kuthinta abantu abavamile abasebenzayo kule nkampani "Motors Jikelele". yezifo zengqondo kanye nezifo ezihlobene bawuthwala kude izimpilo zabantu iphinde irrevocably ukubhubhisa impilo yabasebenzi. Noma kunjalo, ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi enziwa uphethiloli US equkethwe phambili.

Esikhathini forties sekwephuzile - zamashumi amahlanu okuqala kanjani yingozi uphethiloli leaded sina bakhuluma okuvela zonke platform, kodwa ngenxa kuqala ekuhlanganiseni enamandla abakhiqizi awo ayengakwazi ukuphatha ukunqabela ukukhiqizwa ushevu. Kuphela 1972 kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa tetraethyl phambili, kodwa kwathatha eziningana eminyakeni engaphezu ngaphambi wakwazi esikhundleni ngokuphelele emakethe. Ngo-1986, ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela, equkethe ukubunjwa tetraethyl yayo phambili ukuthi ikhishiwe. Waqala nokuvulwa isizwe American: amazinga egazi phambili sabantu kwehle ngo-78% ngo-1994 uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka ka-1978. Kwaba ukunqoba ingqondo phezu imali saga.

uphethiloli Leaded nayo kabanzi eSoviet Union. In the 80s of leminyaka elidlule eqala ukwenqaba ukusetshenziswa tetraethyl phambili, nokuyinto eyaphela ngo-2003. January 1, 2000 on ensimini lamazwe ngaphandle EU, uvinjelwe ngokuphelele uphethiloli leaded. China belahla ukusetshenziswa tetraethyl phambili ngo-2001. Okwamanje, iningi emhlabeni asisho ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa. E-UK, uqhubeke ukukhulula esincane, sisetshenziswe njengesigungu sokufaka okufakiwe uphethiloli ngoba racing izimoto, kodwa ukukhiqizwa yayo kanye nokusetshenziswa akuyona inzuzo ngenxa izintela eliphezulu kakhulu onikezwe abakhiqizi. Tetraethyl siqhubeke ingasetshenziswa emazweni amaningana ampofu ngenxa cheapness ukukhiqizwa yayo. Phakathi kwala mazwe kubalwa Afghanistan, Yemen, North Korea nakwamanye amazwe amaningana.

Namuhla e nomhlaba ophucukile ozama ukuyisebenzisa uphethiloli unleaded, equkethe tetraethyl phambili, akuphazamisi impilo kubantu, futhi akwephuli imvelo. Ukuze uthuthukise izinga uphethiloli, iqondiswa ku izithasiselo ehlukahlukene, futhi unciphise okuqukethwe iphesenti kwekhabhoni eziyingozi (sulphur, Aromatics , nokunye. P.). uphethiloli unleaded kufanele libe langempela osekuyisikhathi lokuhlushwa inhlaka (hhayi ningi than 5 mg 100 cm3 ngayinye). Futhi, uphethiloli kufanele sihlukaniswe yi elihlale umusi ingcindezi kanye nokusungulwa wamaqhuzu. I engcono kunazo engabizi uhlobo lwayo ngoba izimoto wabhekwa njengongento A-98.

I uphethiloli siqukethe izingxenye, okuyinto akhiqizwa ngenxa ezihlukahlukene yokukhiqiza izinqubo. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, oqondile ziphuzo zazihluzwa lamafutha, lo kwemifantu okhanda amanye amathuba okhanda amanye amathuba kokushintsha, hydrocracking cleaner uwoyela negesi, nezinye izindlela namasu.

Ukwakheka uphethiloli akuxhomekile kuphela indlela ukukhiqizwa yayo, kodwa futhi off uphawu. Ayanda inombolo octane, ayanda izinga uphethiloli. Gasoline A-95 has ukusebenza ephakeme kunaleyo uphethiloli A-92. Woyela linenani octane ephakeme kunaleyo komgwaqo, ngenxa yokuthi izidingo ngabo ziphakeme.