Superstring theory ulimi idume ngokudla Dummies

Superstring ithiyori, ngolimi ethandwa, iyona yonke njengoba iqoqo imicu isixwayisi energy - izintambo. Ziyakwazi ngesisekelo nemvelo. Hypothesis uchaza ezinye izici - branes. Zonke izinto ezweni lethu liqukethe kunyakaza kochungechunge futhi branes. A umphumela yemvelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela iyona incazelo gravity. Yingakho ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi iqukethe isihluthulelo ubunye gravity nabanye ekuhlanganyeleni.

Umqondo ithuthukiswe

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela emkhakheni enobunye, superstring ithiyori - luyingxenye zezibalo. Njengazo zonke imiqondo ngokomzimba, it is esekelwe zibalo ukuthi kungahunyushwa ngendlela ethile.

Namuhla, akukho muntu owaziyo ngempela ukuthi siyoba yini version yokugcina mbono. Ososayensi abe nomqondo kunalokho ezingacacile izakhi zawo ezivamile, kodwa akekho oye okwamanje beveza kwesibalo yokugcina liyokhungathwa konke superstring theory kanye ukuhlolwa azikakwazi ukwazi ukuqinisekisa ke (nakuba ekuphikiseni kakhulu). Izazi zesayensi ziye wadala inguqulo lula we equation, kodwa kuze kube manje awusebenzi ngempela ukuchaza yonke.

Superstring theory Wabasaqalayo

Ngo umbono imibono ezinhlanu eziyinhloko.

1. Superstring theory iqagula ukuthi zonke izinto zezwe lethu akhiwe isixwayisi zingu amandla nemisipha.
2. Uyazama ukuvumelanisa kwezinto jikelele (gravity) ne-quantum physics.
3. Superstring theory ngeke ukuhlanganisa yonke namandla ayisisekelo yonke.
4. Lo mbono ubikezela uxhumano olusha, supersymmetry, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili bahluke izinhlayiya, bosons futhi fermions.
5. Umqondo uchaza eziningana ezengeziwe, Ubukhulu ngokuvamile unobservable universe.

Strings futhi branes

Nekuvela theory in the 1970, imicu amandla kuwo zazibhekwa njengeziyigugu 1 ntathu - izintambo. Igama elithi "umuntu ntathu" ibonisa ukuthi string has ubukhulu kuphela eyodwa, ubude, njengoba kuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, isikwele, okuyinto has a nobude.

Lezi theory superstring ihlukane izinhlobo ezimbili - levalekile. Vula string sinamathiphu angekho ukuxhumana nomunye, kuyilapho string avaliwe kuyinto iluphu kungekho imikhawulo evulekile. Ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi lezi strings, amayunithi wezinhlamvu ngokuthi uhlobo lokuqala, wadalula 5 izinhlobo eziyisisekelo ekuhlanganyeleni.

Ukusebenzisana zisekelwe amayunithi wezinhlamvu ikhono ukuxhuma nokwabelana amathiphu zabo. Njengoba imikhawulo kochungechunge evulekile kungavela ndawonye ukuze zakhe ubuzalwane avaliwe, akunakwenzeka ukwakha umbono superstrings, hhayi kuhlanganise yezinhlamvu looped.

Lokhu kwakubaluleke njengoba amayunithi wezinhlamvu avaliwe babe izakhiwo okukholelwa physics ezingase ukuchaza amandla adonsela phansi. Ngamanye amazwi, ososayensi waqaphela ukuthi imfundiso superstring, esikhundleni echaza izinhlayiya ndaba angachaza ukuziphatha kwabo futhi amandla adonsela phansi.

Eminyakeni ethile kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi, ngaphezu strings, kanye nezinye izakhi ezibalulekile kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela. Abakwazi kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele amashidi noma brane. Strings kungenziwa bufakwe kubo eyodwa noma zombili.

amandla adonsela phansi quantum

physics Modern has umthetho ezimbili eziyinhloko yesayensi: imfundiso yokuziphendukela jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto (GR) kanye quantum. Zimelela inkambu ohluke ngokuphelele isayensi. Quantum physics amadili nge izinhlayiya oluyimbewu encane kunazo yemvelo kanye GTR, njengoba umthetho, uchaza ubunjalo isikali amaplanethi, imithala yonke iyonke. Imicabango ukuthi uzame ukuhlanganisa kubo, ibizwa ngokuthi inkolelo-mbono ye-gravity quantum. I ethembisayo lezi manje yezinhlamvu.

ngentambo Kuvaliwe zivumelana ukuziphatha adonsela phansi. Ikakhulukazi, they possess izakhiwo Graviton kuyizinhlayiyana ahambisa amandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwezinto.

amabutho Ukujoyina

String theory ezama ukuhlanganisa Kunamandla ayizinhlobo ezine - Amasosha kagesi, namandla enuzi amakhulu namancane, futhi amandla adonsela phansi - zibe munye. Ezweni lethu, babonisa ngokwawo njengoba izenzakalo ezine ezihlukene, kodwa theorists string bakholelwa ukuthi zomkhathi lapho usaqala, lapho kwakukhona amazinga emangalisayo eliphezulu amandla, zonke lezi amabutho bachazwa ngu strings, uxhumana nomunye.

supersymmetry

Zonke izinhlayiya endaweni yonke zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: bosons futhi fermions. String theory iqagula ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo, eyaziwa ngokuthi supersymmetry. Uma supersymmetry ngoba Boson ngamunye futhi fermion akhona kubantu base-fermion ngamunye - Boson. Ngeshwa Ucwaningo khona izinhlayiya ezinjalo is hhayi ukuqinisekisile.

Supersymmetry siwukuba nobuhlobo zezibalo emkhatsini wetincenye teluhlaka of zibalo ngokomzimba. Watholakala endaweni ezahlukene physics kanye nokusebenza kwayo kwaholela ekubeni ukuqanjwa kabusha inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela supersymmetry string (noma superstring ithiyori, ngolimi ethandwa) maphakathi nawo-1970.

Omunye izinzuzo supersymmetry ukuthi lula kakhulu ezothando, okuvumela uhlukane eziguquguqukayo. Ngaphandle supersymmetry zibalo kuholele ukuphikisana somzimba, njengokushaya isisindo esingapheliyo futhi ngengqondo amazinga energy.

Njengoba ososayensi ungazange ukubone nezinhlayiya babebikezele supersymmetry, kusenzima umbono ocatshangelwayo. zesayensi Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu salokhu - isidingo esibalulekile energy, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa isisindo eyaziwayo kwesibalo Einstein uE = mc ^2. Lezi zinhlayiya kungaba khona zomkhathi lapho usaqala, kodwa njengoba selehlile igwebu, futhi ngemuva kwe-Big Bang, amandla ukusabalala, lalezi zinhlobo sishukumiseleka ukuba amazinga aphansi amandla.

Ngamanye amazwi, izintambo dlidliza njengoba okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla izinhlayiya walahlekelwa amandla, okuyinto wabenza izakhi vibration aphansi.

Abacwaningi Kwethenjwa ukuthi okwashiwo yezinkanyezi noma linga ngamasu ahlukahlukene ngenhloso kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators uqinisekise theory, ekuboneni ezinye izakhi supersymmetric amandla aphezulu.

izilinganiso ezengeziwe

Okunye umphumela zezibalo yezinhlamvu umbono uwukuthi kunengqondo emhlabeni, isibalo izilinganiso mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ezintathu. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo izincazelo ezimbili eziholela kulesi:

1. izilinganiso engeziwe (abayisithupha kubona) baye eligoqiwe, noma, ku amagama yezinhlamvu theory compactified usayizi incane ngendlela emangalisayo, ukuze abone ukuthi ubani ngeke ziphumelele.
2. Sasingavunyelwe ubambeke ku-brane 3-ntathu, futhi ezinye izinhlangothi lukwazi futhi awatholakali kithi.

Indawo ebalulekile ucwaningo phakathi theorists iyona ukumodeliswa zezibalo ukuthi kungenzeka lezi zikhundla ezengeziwe exhumene kwezethu. Imiphumela yakamuva ukubikezela ukuthi maduze ososayensi bazokwazi ukuthola lezi Ubukhulu owengeziwe (uma ngabe zikhona) ku ucwaningo oluzayo, njengoba kungase kube ngaphezu kwamaminithi ngaphambilini kulindeleke.

ukuqonda inhloso

Inhloso wafuna ososayensi aphenya superstrings - "inkolelo-mbono yayo yonke into,", ie umbono ocatshangelwayo olulodwa ngokomzimba ukuthi ezingeni eliyisisekelo Lichaza zonke ngokoqobo ngokomzimba ... Uma uphumelele, kwakungase ukucacisa imibuzo eminingi mayelana nesakhiwo womkhathi.

Incazelo ndaba futhi mass

Munye walemisebenti eyinhloko nocwaningo lwanamuhla - ukufuna amakhambi ukuze izinhlayiya yangempela.

String theory waqala njengoba umqondo echaza izinhlayiya ezifana hadrons, ephakeme ezifundazweni ezihlukahlukene vibrational ka izintambo. Ngo ukwakhiwa eziningi zalezi zinsuku, ndaba, ebonwe umkhathi wethu umphumela vibration kochungechunge futhi branes ne energy aphansi. Kunyakaza ukhiqize ephezulu amandla izinhlayiya, okuyinto manje ezweni lethu abekho.

Ungqimba yalezi izinhlayiya aphansi siwukubonakaliswa indlela intambo bese branes compactified zihambisana Ubukhulu ezengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-lula lapho basuke eligoqiwe esime Ungalokothi, ngokuthi zezibalo zesayensi Torus string ungakwazi bopha leli fomu ngezindlela ezimbili:

• iluphu iDemo ngokusebenzisa maphakathi Torus;
• iluphu eside emhlabeni wonke selilonke elingaphandle Torus.

Lo mjikelezo emfushane nezinhlayiya ukukhanya, futhi iningi - ezinzima. Uma mpahla intambo toroidal compactified yokulinganisa kumiswa izakhi ezintsha nge uquqaba ezahlukene.

Superstring theory kafushane futhi ngokucacile, umane futhi enhle uchaza ubude shintsho mass. nesilinganiso efihliwe kuyinto Torus nzinyana, kodwa isimiso sawo ukusebenza.

Ngisho, nakuba kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi intambo ezisonga le Torus ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuzoba nomphumela omunye kuyizinhlayiyana ngongqimba ezahlukene. Branes Ungase futhi mpahla Ubukhulu extra, ukudala amathuba nakakhulu.

Definition of space kanye nesikhathi

Ezinguqulweni eziningi superstring imfundiso yokuziphendukela nesilinganiso eMpumalanga, abenze unobservable ezingeni lamanje lwentuthuko yobuchwepheshe.

Okwamanje akukacaci ukuthi string theory wakwazi ukuchaza isimo esiyisisekelo space kanye nesikhathi ukwedlula u-Einstein. It Ubukhulu kukhona okwenza ekuhlobaneni kochungechunge nezizimele mqondo ongokoqobo musa.

Sinikeza incazelo, kwezikweleti ngokuphelele, eziphathelene ukuhanjiswa isikhala esigcwele njengephayona esuselwe isamba konke ukuhlanganyela yezinhlamvu.

Le ndlela singahlangabezani ukubukwa kwezinye izazi zesayensi okuye kwabangela ukugxekwa umbono. ithiyori ukuncintisana iluphu quantum adonsela phansi njengoba iphuzu starting usebenzisa quantization space kanye nesikhathi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ekugcineni kuzoba kuphela indlela ehlukile kuwo wonke umbono oyisisekelo ofanayo.

Quantization gravity

Impumelelo eyinhloko lo mbono, uma kuqinisekisiwe, kuyoba umbono quantum gravity. incazelo yamanje gravity e kwezinto jikelele engahambisani quantum physics. Kugcine, ngokugcizelela kakhulu imikhawulo ukuziphatha izinhlayiya ezincane, ngenkathi kuzanywa ukuhlola yonke e ngezinga elincane kakhulu kuholela ukuphikisana.

Ubunye amabutho

Okwamanje, izazi zesayensi zaziwa kwamandla emvelo amane ayisisekelo: amandla adonsela phansi, kagesi, ekuxhumaneni ababuthakathaka futhi amakhulu enuzi. Kusukela string theory usikisela ukuthi konke ababekwazi Zaziwukubonakaliswa okufanayo.

Ngokusho lo mbono, njengoba zomkhathi lapho usaqala selehlile emva big bang, kuba nokuxhumana olulodwa wahlukaniswa waba ingxenye yokusebenza ehlukile namuhla.

Ukuhlolwa nge amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu wake asivumela ukuthola inyunyana la mandla, nakuba lezi ukucwaningwa ngalé ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe bamuva.

ezinhlanu ongakhetha

Ngemva superstring revolution 1984, ukuthuthukiswa senzeka ngejubane okunomkhuhlane. Ngenxa yalokho, umqondo esikhundleni esisodwa waphenduka emihlanu, ngokuthi hlobo mina, IIA, IIB, HO, YENA, ngasinye sazo uchaza cishe ngokuphelele umhlaba wethu, kodwa hhayi kuze kube sekupheleni.

Physics, inguqulo ye-string theory ngokuthinta ethembeni lokuthola ifomula kweqiniso jikelele, wadala 5 ezahlukeneyo ezahlukene oludonsa. Ezinye izakhiwo yabo sibonisa ngokoqobo ngokomzimba zezwe, abanye iqiniso.

M-theory

Engqungqutheleni ngo-1995, isazi sesayensi yemvelo Edward Witten ezihlongozwayo isixazululo ngokugqamile kuya imicabango ezinhlanu. Ngokusekelwe etholakale muva nje webumbacambili, bonke baba ezimweni ezikhethekile umqondo owodwa opheleleko ngokuthi Witten M imfundiso yokuziphendukela superstrings. Omunye imiqondo esemqoka kwaba brane (isifinyezo ulwelwesi), izinto eziyisisekelo nokuba ezingaphezu kweyodwa ubukhulu. Nakuba umlobi hhayi ahlinzekwa okufushane umnyuziki, engesiyo kuze kube manje, i-M imfundiso yokuziphendukela superstrings kafushane siqukethe izici ezilandelayo:

• 11-nobukhulu (10 plus 1 ngekwendzawo ubukhulu yesikhashana);
• webumbacambili, okuyizinto ezibangela eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezinhlanu uchaze ngokoqobo efanayo ngokomzimba;
• branes - strings, njengoba kungabantu abangaphezulu kuka-1 ukulinganisa.

uphenyo

Ngenxa yalokho, esikhundleni muntu owayelapho izinqumo 10 ^500. Kwamanye zesayensi kwaba imbangela esibucayi, kuyilapho abanye wathatha isimiso Anthropic, echaza property yonke nge ukuba khona kwethu kuwo. It uhlala kufanele kulindelwe, lapho theorists uzothola enye indlela ukuze uzulazule imfundiso yokuziphendukela superstring.

Ezinye ukutolika bathi izwe lethu hhayi oyedwa kuphela. Izinguqulo eziningi olukhulu avumele ukuba khona i isibalo esingapheliyo universes ngaphakathi, ezinye zazo ziqukethe amakhophi ngqo kwezethu.

theory ka-Einstein ye ubikezela khona isikhala incishisiwe, okuthiwa i-wormhole noma Einstein-Rosen ibhuloho. Kulokhu isayithi amabili kude ezihambisana ndima iDemo. Superstring theory ivumela Kungekhona lokho kuphela, kodwa futhi uxhumano amaphuzu ezikude imihlaba ngokulinganisa. Ungakwazi shift ngisho phakathi kwamanye ama-universe nemithetho ezahlukene physics. Nokho, inketho Cishe, lapho inkolelo-mbono ye-quantum gravity uzokwenza ukuba khona kwazo engenakwenzeka.

zesayensi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi isimiso holographic, lapho lonke ulwazi oluqukethwe esikhaleni ivolumu, kulingana Imininingwane eqoshiwe phezu, kuzovumela Ukukuqonda kahle umqondo wamandla imicu.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi imfundiso superstring ivumela izilinganiso eziningi isikhathi, okuholela kungaba inqamule kubo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo kohlaka umbono kukhona elinye ithuba imodeli Big Bang, ngokuvumelana ngazo umkhathi wethu kwaba umphumela ukushayisana phakathi branes ezimbili futhi uya yonke imijikelezo okuphindiwe ukudalwa nokubhujiswa.

Isiphetho oyinhloko yonke anazo zesayensi njalo, kanye version yokugcina string theory kungasiza ukucacisa kwabantu ndaba futhi njalo Cosmological. Ukwazi lezi zimiso, cosmologists uzokwazi ukucacisa ukuthi ingabe yonke ngeke oluhlehlela kuze, lize Kuqhuma, zonke futhi uqalise.

Akekho owaziyo ngemiphumela umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa, inqobo nje ngeke futhi yahlolwa. Einstein, ngokubhala ezothando uE = mc ^2, besingalindele ukuthi lokho kuyoholela ukuvela izikhali zenuzi. Abadali quantum physics wayengazi ukuthi kuyoba isisekelo sokuthethelelwa laser kanye Transistor. Futhi nakuba ayikaziwa uyosho umqondo luyingxenye theory ezinjalo, umlando ubonisa ukuthi surely thola okuthile okungavamile.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana lo mbono zingatholakala encwadini Endryu Tsimmermana "Super String Theory ngoba Dummies."