UMkhandlu WaseTrent futhi imiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe

XIX WamaSonto eMkhandlwini WaseTrent iminyaka 1545-1563 waba enye ingqopha-mlando ebalulekile kakhulu ubuKatolika. Iningi wamukela nezimfundiso kwesigamu yeminyaka kamuva, ayohlala esemthethweni. Lomhlangano High wabaholi ezingokomoya of the Catholic Church babuthana ukuphakama kweNkathi Yezinguquko, lapho ukuhlukunyezwa abakhonondayo nokuphila yabaholi benkolo okunethezeka enyakatho baseYurophu wenqaba ukuqaphela igunya uPapa. UMkhandlu WaseTrent futhi imiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi lakhe ibingamashumi juqu "zihlasela" ukuze nabashisekeli bezinguquko, kwaba ukuqala isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando Ukuphikisa INkathi Yezinguquko yekhulu XVI.

Ingemuva obungokomoya balabo ukungqubuzana

ISonto LamaKatolika kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu xv, bagxila ezandleni zayo eziningi ezweni futhi waqongelela ingcebo eningi. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani yokwanda kwaba okweshumi - okweshumi iqoqo inzuzo esivunweni noma imali engenayo. Isonto wahlala ihlotshiswe, ngesikhathi lapho ingxenye enkulu ethembekileyo yayihlupheka. Leli qiniso kubukela phansi izisekelo zokholo, le igunya lesonto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, opapa kabanzi efakwe yokuhweba nokuzitika - ". I-ngukuthethelelwa kwezono" diploma ekhethekile Ukuze ethile nokuzitika womuntu, naphezu sina icala kuyakuba ekhululiwe kuso sonke isono. yokuthengisa okunjalo kubi kakhulu amakholwa. YeziNguquko Centre eJalimane, elalilisha ngalesosikhathi wahlukana futhi yayibukeka njengesikhonyane "zezindwangu Quilt". Ngenxa yalokhu okungekuhle, futhi kwanqunywa ukuba umhlangano lomkhulu webantfu i eMkhandlwini WaseTrent.

umonakalo Kwini ukuthembeka iSonto LamaKatolika asebenzelana zobuntu. Umholi wayo kwaba Erazm Rotterdamsky. Ngo leli pheshana, "uDumo Ubuwula" sezifundo ngokucijile walahla amaphutha kanye nokungazi abefundisi. Enye sibalo zobuntu German kwaba Ulrich von Hutten, ababethi le sobupapa eRoma abaphikisi kwenzeke lokhu German. Mina kufanele engeza oholele ukucasuka phakathi kwabakhulekeli nokuthi ulimi yesonto kwaba Latin, amalungu esonto abavamile kabaqedisisanga.

iNguquko

INkathi Yezinguquko isibe inselele global eziyisisekelo iSonto LamaKatolika. Ngokwengxenye enkulu ke sibhekiswe kweNkathi Yezinguquko babe izinqumo kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent. Umqondo sokuqala kwaba ubambela umhlangano ngokuhlanganyela woMkhandlu Usihlalo Pope kanye nabaholi beziNguquko. Nokho, inkulumo mpendulwano ingxabano esikhundleni zesikole kuhlulekile.

October 31, 1517 Martin Lyuter abethelwe umnyango of Wittenberg iBandla lakhe "sokuphrinta 95" ezazilahla kakhulu ukuhweba nokuzitika. Ngesikhashana nje, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu zaba abalandeli imibono kaLuther. Ngo-1520, uPapa wakhipha inkunzi esontweni nesonto monk. ULuther wayishisa wakhe esidlangalaleni, okwakusho le azihlukanisa unomphela eRoma. UMartin Luther akhenge aphikisane nesonto, wayefuna ukwenza kube lula. Abashisekeli bezinguquko postulates zicacile bonke:

• Abapristi ashade, egqoke izingubo abavamile, kufanele silalele imithetho iyefana kithi sonke.
• Ibandla lamaLuthela wenqaba imifanekiso kanye eziqoshiwe kaKristu kanye Virgin.
• IBhayibheli - kuphela umthombo ukholo lwamaKristu.

ukuvela EsengamaProthestani

UMbusi uCharles V wanquma ingenelele ecaleni. Ngo-1521, uLuther bafike endaweni Reichstag e Izikelemu. Elapho wacelwa ukuba balahle imibono yakhe, kodwa uLuther wenqaba. Ithukuthele, umbusi kwesokunxele umhlangano. Endleleni ekhaya Luther ehlaselwa, kodwa Saxon Elector UFrederick Hlakaniphile uye wasikhulula ukufihla enqabeni yaso. Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana Martina Lyutera Yezinguquko akazange ayeke.

Ngo 1529 uMbusi uCharles V zezihlubuki program avumelane enkolweni yamaKatolika kuphela ensimini ka njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma (eqinisweni - Germany). Kodwa 5 principalities, ngokusekelwa emadolobheni 14 wakhononda. Kusukela kuleso sikhathi nabasekeli beziNguquko, amaKatolika baqala ukubizwa ngokuthi amaProthestani.

Ukuhlaselwa kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni

Phakathi nomlando wakhe omude iSonto LamaKatolika akazange azi sizi ezijulile, elaqala kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni ukuze alale naye. Njengoba sisekelwa emazweni bamaKatolika e sobupapa ababusi eRoma waqala ngenkuthalo ukulwa "lokuhlubuka kwamaProthestani ngokwawo." Uhlelo izinyathelo ezihlose ubambeke nokuqeda Yezinguquko imibono nokunyakaza, ngokuthi neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko. I-trigger zalezi zenzakalo kwaba kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent ngo-1545.

Lahlasela kweNkathi Yezinguquko kwaphawulwa ukuvuselelwa iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi, e kokugqashuka ukuthi abulala khona amakhulu "namambuka kwamaProthestani ngokwawo." Ezihlubuki olawule ukushicilela. Ngaphandle kwemvume yabo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba uzitholele umsebenzi owodwa, nezincwadi "okubi" kuletha "Uhlu lwezincwadi ezingavunyelwe futhi sinqatshiwe" ekhethekile okuyizinto ashiswe.

ISonto kabusha

Le Nguquko yahlukanisa emhlabeni zamaKatolika nesigamu, kodwa phakathi baseYurophu XVI ekhulwini babenethemba lokuthi isimo usengakwazi ukulungiswa. Kuyinto kudingekile kuphela ukuthi ukufunwa nokubuyisana, zombili wathatha isinyathelo maqondana nomunye. Ngakho, kwakucatshangwa amakholwa avamile hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ingxenye Cardinals kanye Bishops. Kusukela phakathi kwawo, amazwi waphikelela ngaphezulu labo wabiza Holy See ekuqhubeni kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni.

Wopapa mathintanyawo isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuvuma ukuba ukuguqulwa. Ekugcineni, ngo-1545, uPapa Paul IV obize le WamaSonto Council. Indawo ka kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent libhekisela emzini Trento (Italy). Yenzeka ngezikhathi kuze 1563, okusho ukuthi engu-18.

Ukunqoba nabashisekeli bezinguquko of the Catholic Church

Zisuka nje, abahlanganyeli emkhandlwini baba ngamaqembu amabili - abasekeli ekutjhugululweni bamaKatolika izimbangi zawo. Esikhathini impikiswano enkulu yokugcina iwine. Ngaphansi ukucindezela kwazo, sayiswa izinqumo ezisemqoka kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent, ukulungisa isikhundla enkolweni yamaKatolika eminyaka.

Lopapa kwadingeka ukukhansela kwentethelelo, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ikusasa iSonto LamaKatolika ukwakha inethiwekhi ezikoleni. Kufanele ukulungiselela izindonga zabapristi bamaKatolika of uhlobo olusha ukuthi imfundo yabo akuyona wawungaphansi abashumayeli bamaProthestani.

Trent: incazelo yalo kanye nemithelela

Leli thempeli kwaba impendulo Katolika EsengamaProthestani. Kwakuthinta ibizwe uPapa Paul III 1542, kodwa ngenxa yempi Franco-isiJalimane, umhlangano sokuqala senzeka kuphela ngo-1945. Cathedral kwenziwe yi opapa ezintathu. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange emihlanganweni 25, kodwa kuphela 13 amaseshini ukuthatha izinqumo ezibalulekile ezithinta okholweni, amasiko noma imithetho kwezigwegwe.

Trent liphakathi abalulekile kakhulu emlandweni weSonto LamaKatolika. Yokutholwa emihlanganweni nezimfundiso eziphathelene isethi imibuzo eyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, imithombo sokholo, evunyiwe uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zemiBhalo Engcwele amabhuku aye atholakala. Ngesikhathi Council okuxoxwe nezimfundiso ezithile amaProthestani sinqatshelwe. Ngesisekelo yezingxoxo ke yabukezwa isimo sengqondo nokuzitika.

Nezindaba kwamasakramente obhabhathizo Isiqinisekiso, Evrahistii futhi ukuphenduka, isakramente umhlatshelo St Inkonzo, umshado. Lolu chungechunge bagomele yaqedwa isixazululo sesihlanzo, abakhulumeli nokuhlonishwa kosanta nokunye.

UPapa Pius IX ivume izimiso conciliar ka 1564. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uPapa St Pius V wakhipha waqinisekisa Council Ikhathekizimu olusha futhi olusha missal breviary.

UMkhandlu WaseTrent: sezinqumo ezinkulu

• Bangasephula sabaphathi Church, iMisa kanye nekuvuma.
• Ukulondolozwa amasakramente ayisikhombisa, nikhuleke imifanekiso ongcwele.
• Ukuqinisekiswa indima kucocisana besonto njengegunya eliphakeme we uPapa ngaphakathi kuwo.

Trent kwabeka isisekelo sokuthethelelwa kubuyekezwa kanye nokuqinisa isiyalo iSonto LamaKatolika. Wabonisa ukuthi ikhefu nge EsengamaProthestani baba sokugcina.

Kufundziswa kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent ngo-uKwamukelisa

UMkhandlu WaseTrent (1545-1563) ziqondiswe udaba yoMthendeleko phakathi lonke isikhathi ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Basuke izimiso ezintathu ezibalulekile seyemukeliwe

• "Isinqumo ku uMthendeleko Ongcwele" (1551).
• "Isinqumo ku eyokuhlanganyela izinhlobo ezimbili nemihlatshelo bantwanyana» (16.VII.1562).
• "Isinqumo ku uMhlatshelo eNgcwelengcwele IMisa" (17 H.1562).

Trent ivikela, ngaphezu kwakho konke, khona ngempela kaKristu uKwamukelisa kanye nendlela elivela ngaphansi khona izithombe iwayini nesinkwa lapho kunikezelwa - «transubstantiatio». Yiqiniso, lokhu kwaba indlela evamile elucidation, ngoba emhlabeni uthole incazelo eningiliziwe yokuthi kwenzeka «transubstantiatio», izingxabano babephakathi zemfundiso yenkolo kahle indlela.

Kuqala kwakukholelwa bazitshela ukuthi uKristu ukhona e uKwamukelisa, ngemva izimfundiso, uma namanje ngayingcwelisa lomzimba negazi. UMkhandlu WaseTrent wakuqinisekisa lokhu. Futhi liye kuqinisekiswa ungubani eningi phakathi isisulu Isevisi oNgcwele, nangomhlatshelo nguJesu Kristu esiphambanweni.

Ngemva kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent zemfundiso yenkolo futhi wagxila nombono ewumngcingo yoMthendeleko e ebukhoneni bukaKristu futhi ngohlobo lomhlatshelo eMiseni. Le ndlela amaProthestani akhuthaza ilungelo. Ikakhulukazi eziningi wathi mayelana umhlatshelo eMiseni, futhi nakuba neze waphika ukuthi lokhu umhlatshelo okuwukuphela kwawo likaJesu Kristu, overemphasis umhlatshelo Izikhungo ngokwayo ngokwako kungase kunikeze umuzwa wokuthi le umhlatshelo ohlukanise ukuthi - mlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcizelela ngokweqile umpristi ngesikhathi inkonzo yoMthendeleko kuyinto "Kristu yesibili", uye kakhulu ziyancipha indima abantu abathembekile ezinkonzweni.

isiphetho

Evunywe uMkhandlu WaseTrent okuhlala ishintshe ngasinda. ISonto LamaKatolika uhlala ngokuvumelana nemithetho yokutholwa iminyaka engu-500 edlule. Yingakho kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent, abaningi ibhekwa njengomlando wesonto obaluleke kakhulu kusukela ukwehlukaniswa isonto elilodwa kuya bamaKatolika nabamaProthestani.