Mayor - ngabaholi edolobheni e Rus Lasendulo

Posadniki avele kanye isimo nedolobha eRussia lasendulo, injongo yabo eyinhloko kwaba lokufeza umgomo ezifana nalezi emadolobheni abo, okuyinto kuyohambisana ncamashi ehlangene nezithakazelo zoMbusi Grand Duke, kanye Izicukuthwane ezisemadolobheni.

Isidingo imisebenzi zokuphatha

isimo Old Russian owazalwa ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, ngenxa yesenzo yimpumelelo futhi oyingqabavu we Novgorod isikhulu Oleg kukhona isimo esisodwa - Kievan Rus. indawo State wakhula, futhi kukhona isidingo abantu akhethekile wayemelele Prince emadolobheni ezweni lonke. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, kubaluleke ngokukhethekile osendaweni asendulo ayedlala Novgorod, ngesinye isikhathi ngisho ukukhuluma Kiev imbangi phezu ingxenye ubuqhawe eRussia. Ngokungafani izincwadi kwamanye amadolobhana, akazange abe yisabelo umndeni kwesikhulu, wagcina ukuzimela futhi wama yedwa phakathi kwawo wonke nemfuyo Grand Prince Kiev. Ukuze ulawule edolobheni, Kiev ababusi wathumela namadodana abo, kodwa kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, ayikho inzalo grand ayikwazanga ukuthola ukusizakala khona, futhi nombuso omkhulu lapho ithole ukuphathwa posadnicheskoe futhi ezaziwa LoMhlangano. Kungenxa Novgorod futhi Pskov, lezi abantu babenenkululeko eyayingatholakali elalilikhulu kunawo futhi wayekwazi ngisho obala ezibhekene Grand Duke. Ngakho, posadniki - okungukuthi, ngolimi lwanamuhla, izimeya ka imizi lasendulo Russia.

Izici Old Russian indawo elawula uhlelo

Kungani kunzima kangaka eNovgorod kwadingeka posadniki. Kunezizathu eziningana. Esokuqala siwukuthi edolobheni ekuqaleni sekukhona njengoba ezohwebo kanye izikebhe isikhungo, futhi lokhu kwaba ngenxa yendawo yawo engokwemvelo womhlaba. emahlathini amakhulu wanika eziningi izimpahla bayindlala, nemifula luningi ukudayisa yebhizinisi inzuzo kakhulu, futhi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, Novgorod kusukela ukushaya amaViking futhi amabutho empi yenkolo Swedish-German akazange ukuzwa izingozi ezinkulu zangaphandle, ngakho amandla izikhulu, owasebenza njengomkhulumeli zamabutho abahluleli, abantu Novgorod kwakungafanele ngampela. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kuka kakhulu waba yiMeya Novgorod bakhethwa hlangana bendawo Yebo, ingxenye yokuchuma okukhulu ke emhlanganweni womphakathi - Chamber. Izithakazelo boyars enkulu lapha endaweni yokuqala, futhi esimweni yengcindezi Kiev zonke Novgorod babe phambi ahlanganisiwe. Ama-oda ezifanayo kwakhiwa nezinye izikhungo ebalulekile ezweni Novgorod.

I etymology kwegama elithi

Ngokuvamile, inkulumo ethi Yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi futhi butholakala "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka". izikhulu Okokuqala Kievan yathumela amanxusa yabo baya emzini, kubaluleke ngokukhethekile, futhi leli gama lisuselwa esenzweni esithi "ukubeka". igama elithi "Posazhennikov" ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka, okungukuthi, "posadniki", kabi izwi, egcizelela kwakuwukuthi isikhulu ezithile zabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, Posazhennikov Jaropolk - libhekisela imeya, esimisiwe Grand Prince Kiev Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich. Uma lapho besanda kuqala bokuba khona Kievan Rus ku Novgorod ngokukhethekile ithunyelwa abaholi grand, indima kamuva posadniks kwenziwe futhi amadodana ka-ababusi Russian. Kodwa kungenjongo umuzi isici Volkhov kugcizelelwe lalibizwa futhi Posadnik, nakuba ngokuzalwa wayengumuntu ngumholi, yonke indlela eya kwehlukana izinduna komuzi kuye kwabonisa isimo salo ekhethekile njalo, nababusi Kievan baphoqeleka ukuba nibhekane nalo.

Ukuzimela enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia nokuqeda yayo

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ka kwehlukana izinduna Novgorod kuhlukaniswa nakakhulu, futhi kusukela kulesi sikhathi, ngaphandle isimemo Aleksandra Nevskogo ukubonakalisa ayehlasela German-Swedish, imeya Novgorod - kuphela izikhulu zendawo. Ukushintsha abaholi edolobheni eRussia, kusukela Kiev uVladimir, kusukela Vladimir eMoscow, Novgorod kodwa aqhubeka silondoloze ukuzimela yayo sasivumela olunzulu, ngisho ayehlasela AmaTatar ayikwazanga ngokuyinhloko ukushintsha leli siko. Ngo ngekhulu nanhlanu imeya esikhundleni esisodwa akhethwe eziyisithupha, ngalinye elikwazi wayephethe ezindaweni ezithile umnotho edolobheni, kanye burgomaster abakhulu, owayehlangene ukudidiyela kanye umsebenzi bonke abasebenzi, eqinisweni, ngokuya yesimanje, kwaba ehhovisi lomphathi-dolobha nazo zonke amalungelo isikhonzi. izinguquko Konke nge kuyanda kancane kancane le ubukhulu eMoscow, izinqubomgomo wobunye esaba wajaha nezikhulu zakhe, ayikwazanga ukuthola azungeze leli lamabutho yokulwela inkululeko ephakathi. Ekupheleni Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka Novgorod inkululeko olwembiza Ivan III, ongazange afune ukuba isimo amayunithi ozibuse, zinyanga Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya kwaba nombuthano insimbi ayiswe eMoscow, futhi kusukela kulesi sikhathi isikhundla imeya uyekwa.

ezingokoqobo emlandweni okusha

Ngokuqondene neminye imizi, kwakukhona aphoyintimenti posadniki iziphathimandla emaphakathi kanye nanoma yimuphi ukuzimela okunenjongo ku ukuziphatha izindaba akazange ifa. Imisebenzi imeya engemikhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi, babephathwa le serviceable kokuthola kuqala ukuqinisekisa kwezintela, inkantolo futhi ukucekwa bendawo, ukuhlonishwa komthetho nokuhleleka ensimini eyabelwe kubo, Ukuvikelwa leli dolobha lalilihle futhi ngcono yayo. Yilokho lokhu posadnik eRussia lasendulo. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama kusebenza kakhulu maqondana Novgorod nezwe, ikakhulukazi Pskov. Nge nasekuqiniseni kuhulumeni, iposi uyekwa emikhawulweni yonke yakwa-Russia, endaweni yayo kwaba izimantshi nababusi.