Uhambo lokuqala luzoba ka izelamani zakwaWright: ekuqaleni komlando zezindiza

Kungani abantu Zindiza njengokhozi izinyoni? Lo mbuzo kubonisa osekukade iphupho komuntu isibhakabhaka phezu indiza. Ukuze ngilifeze abantu benza ukuba ngokwabo amaphiko futhi wazama ukundiza, ukubhakuzisa kubo. Eziningi zalezi ucwaningo yaphela ngemva kokufa abanesibindi. Asikhumbule kuphela legend of Icarus lasendulo ...

Udaba lokuhlolwa kwesifo yokundiza umculi nesithakazelo kakhulu futhi ohlakaniphile futhi umsunguli uLeonardo da Vinci, owayefundelwa isakhiwo izinyoni, amaphiko azo. Wazama ukusungula izici indiza yabo. Waze wenza imidwebo indiza - prototype endizeni yesimanje.

Kusukela umlando ekunqotshweni esibhakabhakeni

Ekuqaleni umuntu ephethwe ekhuphukela amafu ibhaluni. Kwaba Novemba 21, 1783. Balloon-air balloon kusungulwe abazalwane Montgolfier, wacosha abantu ababili kumuntu ukuphakama 1 km futhi kamuva cishe isigamu sehora befika ngokuphepha at ibanga 9 km.

Ngo 1853, D. Keighley esakhile glider lokuqala elula ukuthi ongakwazi ukuyiphakamisa umuntu emoyeni. Njengoba ukwakhiwa Awama-Glider njalo ngcono. Nokho, indiza ububanzi nobude anda. Kwakuyisikhathi impumelelo enkulu, ngoba idalwe ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni. Kodwa iphupho khulula, ezimele intando imimoya, kulawulwa indiza ngabanye ingakamiswa baqaphela.

Lokhu kungase sifinyelele kuphela Bratya Rayt (1903), ukudala izindiza zayo zokuqala. Ukunqoba kwabo yokuthumela inqunywe ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise nobuntu.

Bratya Rayt: A Biography

Izelamani, uWilbur no Orvill Rayt wazalelwa e-United States ngo-umndeni yemfundisi. Amanani esonto lamaProthestani, wafaka ekuqaleni kwazo nampumelelo umsebenzi onzima, baye zigonywe kusukela ebuntwaneni. Lokho ukusebenza wabasiza ukuba bafinyelele imigomo yabo kanye nokwakha wokuqala emhlabeni izindiza nge injini. Ngokushesha kwalandela, kanye iphuzu inkanyezi - ukundiza lokuqala izelamani zakwaWright. Nokho babenemibuzo kodwa bengazitholi imfundo ephakeme hhayi kuphela, ngisho esikoleni esiphakeme babengakwazi uqede ngenxa yezimo zokuphila. Wilbur ulimalile ayengenakukwazi ukuya Yale University. Kwakufanele isebenze ebhizinisini ukushicilela, Orville. Kwabe sekufika okusungulile ngowokuqala Wright yabazalwane - yokunyathelisa ye umklamo wawo siqu.

Ngo 1892, abazalwane bevula umsebenzi wezandla ibhayisikili esitolo ngesikhathi esifushane wadala uwuyise lapho uzolungiswa khona, futhi sekuvela ukukhululwa kwabo. Kodwa zonke ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula banayo izindiza azinikele. Ekugcineni, it evela ukudayiswa amabhayisekili amabili futhi wabanika imali ucwaningo eziningi kudalwa ibhanoyi lokuqala.

Amalungiselelo ngendiza yokuqala: inqubo brilliant

Abazalwane njengokubaluleke kakhulu nesithakazelo umqondo oqukethwe Ballooning. Babetadisha zonke izincwadi etholakalayo ngesikhathi indiza, eziningi ukuzama. Sakha Awama-Glider eziningana futhi zadlula kubo, ekufinyeleleni imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Ukuze andise bephakamisa amandla iphiko, ukucwaninga engapheli kwenziwe mathupha ezidalwe emgudwini womoya. Ihlolwe ukucupha ezahlukene iphiko kanye izindwani bendiza.

Ngenxa ukuhluzwa enziwa ifomula sokunquma lift.

Futhi ekugcineni, ilula likaphethiloli injini nomthamo 12 amahhashi for kundiza, futhi, abaye bazenza Bratya Rayt. Njengoba lokhu futhi awuzange usikhumbule Velikogo Leonardo, ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe!

Indiza yokuqala izelamani zakwaWright

Eminyakeni emine ukuthi selokhu kwanikezelwa ekuqaleni ucwaningo nge-kite futhi Awama-Glider, abafowethu sezivuthiwe ukwakhiwa izindiza ephethwe. Indiza yokuqala izelamani zakwaWright ngokuthi "Flyer". airframe wawenziwa ngesihlahla sonwele le bendiza ukuthi futhi ezibaziweyo ngokhuni. Nge isisindo wamaphiko 283 kg ashanele apharathasi engu-12 m.

Uma sicabangela lokhu injini, vesivshego 77 kg futhi baphakame kahle kuyatholakala ngenkathi analogue, ibhanoyi lokuqala abiza Abadali zayo ngaphansi kuka- $ 1,000!

Uhambo lokuqala luzoba ka izelamani '

Ukuhlolwa ngokuyisisekelo izindiza ezintsha kwakuhlelwe Disemba 1903. Bobabili babebuye Yiqiniso, kungaba kuqala. Inkinga, banquma silula - flip uhlamvu lwemali. Ukuba umshayeli emhlabeni wokuqala Wilbur wawa. Kodwa 'sasingacebile lucky. Indiza wayengakwazi ukwenza indiza, kusukela ngokushesha ngemva kokukhamba yaphahlazeka walimala.

Umzamo esilandelayo senziwa kakade Orville. Disemba 17 nomoya inhloko 43 km / h wakwazi ukuthi siphakamise iyunithi emoyeni ukuze ukuphakama ngamamitha ama-3, bese ubamba 12 amasekhondi. Ukuvala ibanga indiza kwaba 36,5 m.

Ngalolusuku abazalwane ithuba wenza 4 izindiza. Owokugcina kubo, lapho indiza ukuthi okuzoqondiswa by Wilbur, yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu umzuzu. A kude abangaphezu kuka-250 m.

Okuxakayo nje indiza yokuqala izelamani zakwaWright akazange sidonse amehlo omphakathi, yize ke wayefakaze abantu abahlanu.

Ingabe kukhona indiza?

Ngosuku olulandelayo, ngemuva flying kuphela amaphephandaba eziyingcosana imibiko eshicilelwe ngalo, ukungalungi wona futhi wadlulisela engabonwa. Futhi Dayton, umuzi ka-the aviators lokuqala, lo mcimbi ukuthusa eqinisweni ngokuvamile enganakwa.

Kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza yokuthi akekho waphawula ukuthi indiza "Flyer II" in the kakade 105 izindiza benziwa onyakeni olandelayo! I wesithathu "Flyer" lapho abazalwane futhi flying bezungeza Daytona, futhi akuzange wathola ukunakwa kwezixuku.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1906, iphephandaba olwanyatheliswa eyayinesihloko esithi "Flyer noma ungumqambimanga?", Yikuphi ephonsa ukungabaza ipumelelo izelamani zakwaWright.

It kwaba isizathu sokugcina ezaholela isinqumo ukukhombisa izwe ikhono lokuphatha izindiza iyunithi, okuyinto ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni. Futhi ngo-1908, indiza ka izelamani zakwaWright ziphuthunyiswe ulwandle i-Atlantic Ocean. Bona abaqalise izindiza ukuboniswa: Wilbur - eParis no-Orville - e-United States.

Abafowethu bahlela ngisho imicimbi ukuthengisa wakhe wokusungula, waphumelela ngempela. Ngaphandle udumo Ballooning amaphayona, bawamukele nokwaneliseka impahla. Uhambo lokuqala luzoba ka izelamani zakwaWright ezilalelini kwaba obukholisayo ukuze uhulumeni wase-US usayine isivumelwano nabo, lapho isihloko isimo isabelomali supply izindiza iye kufakwe 1909 empini. Linikeza ukwenziwa amashumi amaningana ezindizeni.

Le ngozi lokuqala

Ngeshwa, indiza kuboniswe umphakathi kuqala ku kundiza, futhi kwasho kuqala umlando zezindiza inhlekelele.

Lokho kwenzeka ngo-September 1908. Orville Wright "Flyer III", okuyinto wamiswa esihlalweni ezengeziwe, wakhumula kusukela enkanjini yaseFort Myer. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwehluleka ilungelo injini indiza ngakwesokunxele isiqongo, ke ayikwazanga nokulinganisa. Passenger - ULieutenant Thomas Selfridge - wafa ngenxa ukuhlukumezeka cranial wathola uma ishaya phansi. Orville yena waphunyuka waphuka of the hip kanye nezimbambo.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, inkontileka kwaphethwa ngokuthi nezempi. Futhi ukuhlonipha Wright abazalwane Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lena ingozi kuphela sina ukuthi kwenzeka eminyakeni nabo.

Nokho, ngo-1909, ngo-indiza Isivivinyo Paris nedlelo ngesikhathi kwehla ingozi yomgwaqo wabulala French aviator Lefebvre, umfundi izelamani zakwaWright. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-isizathu esenza Russia isivele ukulungele usayine inkontileka nokulethwa ndiza, wawanikela.

Ukuthuthukiswa zezindiza

Thanda bathole okuningi ezinkulu zesintu, izindiza aqalwa isetshenziselwe izinjongo wezempi. Indiza yokuqala zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngesimo kwesimo endaweni zasemoyeni. Phakathi ke, kwaba sobala ukuthi izindiza siguqulelwa ibutho esesabekayo uma kumelwe bathwale izikhali namabhomu.

Inqama emoyeni yokuqala kwakukhona futhi ekhiqizwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, umshayeli Russian Petrom Nesterovym.

Ngemva kwempi, ezindizeni zaqala ukusetshenziswa ukuthuthwa izinto zosizo oluphuthumayo, ngokuyinhloko usithumela. Ngemva kwalokho, kwakukhona ezindizeni ezithwala. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, futhi esimweni esikhululekile kakhudlwana emhlabeni ziye zaholela izindiza zabahamba.

Ekugcineni, ngcono air zokuthutha uye bancishwa miningi kangakanani imisebenzi zasolwandle kanye nojantshi bezitimela. isivinini kwaba inzuzo enkulu zezindiza, ikakhulukazi nge obhekwe izindiza leSupersonic.

Orvill Rayt, ngubani ushone eneminyaka engu 77 ngo-1948, wakwazi ukubona ukuthi indiza iye kabanzi emhlabeni. Uilbur Rayt baba yisisulu typhus ngo-1912.

Indiza yokuqala izelamani zakwaWright manje unendima udumo eNational Aviation Museum kanye US Uhlelo isikhala. Ubizwa kangcono ayaziwa ngokuthi "Flyer mina", kanye "Kitty Hawk" - isihloko endaweni lapho, owokuqala wathatha emoyeni, futhi ngaleyo ndlela wavula ngenkathi kunqotshwa emoyeni ulwandle.