Air ezokuthutha. Izinhlobo air zokuthutha. Ukuthuthukiswa air zokuthutha

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bonke iplanethi, indima ebalulekile wabelwa ezokuthutha. Njengoba esigabeni wesimanje, ukubaluleka izimoto selikhule kwanikela. Kuze kube manje, ukuba khona kunoma yiliphi izwe kuyinto akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange ngaphandle ezokuthutha eqinile.

Intuthuko entsha isayensi nobuchwepheshe

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili wabona kugucuka omkhulu eziye zenzeka kuwo wonke amazinga womsebenzi womuntu. Kwakungesona ngaphandle futhi air zokuthutha. Ukuthuthukiswa Its uphromothiwe ukukhula yomphakathi jikelele, ukwanda inani imithombo consumable impahla, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe kanye eziningi nezinye izinto.

Yenzeka inguquko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe esenze sakwazi ukushintsha ezokuthutha emoyeni hhayi quantitatively kuphela kodwa futhi qualitatively. Kuthiwa ngaso sonke isikhathi indlela ukunyakaza kwabantu ohlelweni ashukumisayo ikakhulukazi. It ukhonza njengelungu esisebenzayo sezokuthutha esiyinkimbinkimbi umthengi wokuqala okutholakele ahlukahlukene kanye nemiklomelo emkhakheni ngokwesayensi. Ezimweni eziningi, wenziwa ngqo ezakamuva ikhasimende isihambile.

Kunzima igama kunoma iyiphi indawo yocwaningo ezazingathandi wayevela ngcono indlela yokuthutha. imiphumela ekuthuthukiseni ngokomzimba thermodynamic asetshenziswa ngokuqhubeka kwabo. A ingxenye enkulu ekuthuthukiseni zokuthutha ukuthatha physics kanye mathematics. Sasihilela ukuxazulula izinkinga Mechanics kanye bamakhemikhali, ama-astronomer kanye zokwakheka komhlaba, izazi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nabanye abacwaningi abaningi. Kutfutfukiswa ezokuthutha, okuhlanganisa umoya, laba kanjani nesandla imiphumela yocwaningo isicelo olwenziwa emkhakheni isiqoqi sama-softwe nelesimbi, omakhenikha kwesakhiwo ezishintshayo, Astronautics nangezinto zobuchwepheshe.

Isidingo kuzokwenzekani

Ezimweni zanamuhla air ezokuthutha ingenye izindlela ezanda yezokuthutha. Izikhombisi eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa komnotho civil aviation uyobhekwa njengonokuqonda indima ebalulekile. Ukuthuthukiswa air zokuthutha yezwe uyisidingo. Umgomo oyinhloko, okuphishekelwayo kuleli cala, ukukhulisa ivolumu ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla kanye nabagibeli olude futhi ezindaweni ezikude. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kunyuke izimfuneko air zokuthutha. Kumelwe abe izindleko xaxa ngempumelelo futhi njalo, ukhululekile futhi ephephile. Ukuze afeze lezi zinhloso kuzodinga Ukulifunda ngijule entsha emikhakheni ehlukene kwezesayensi, kanye nemisebenzi lubucayi kakhudlwana ukuthuthukiswa.

Ikakhulukazi air zokuthutha

Aviation - iyona omncane kanye line high-speed, yakhelwe ukusebenzisa izixhumanisi ukuxhumana phakathi izifunda ezahlukene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo umkhakha eqolo.

Russian air zokuthutha - lena kuyingxenye ebalulekile emkhakheni emnothweni kazwelonke. Ngalo zilethwe nemithi kanye mail, izimboni kanye nemikhiqizo ukudla emagumbini akude kakhulu.

Kuthiwa zezindiza kuyinto ifomu ephelele kakhulu zokuhamba. Akudingi imigwaqo kanye akesabi ezihlukahlukene izithiyo. Kuyinto ngenxa emoyeni isintu siye sazama ukuba spacewalk.

Air ezokuthutha has eziningi eziwusizo. Okokuqala, kuphakeme. Lapho lokhu kufinyelelwa kungekho lobubhalo encane enhlanganweni tekutfutsa bagibeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkampani yesimanje inikeza izindiza eziningi olude.

Yini izindiza asetshenziswa zezindiza zanamuhla?

Izinhlobo air zokuthutha, ezisetshenziswa emnothweni kazwelonke, hhayi ahlukahlukene ngakho. Ngo izindiza wasebenzisa izindiza yesimanje ukuthi banikezwe onobuhle ezahlukene izindiza nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane. Bonke kabanzi imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.

Umnotho kazwelonke kunikezwa omningi ezinophephela emhlane. Yona futhi le ndiza abavuka esikhaleni emoyeni esebenzisa ujikelezisa izindwani wahlela umgodi mpo. Helicopter esetshenziswa:

- ngesikhathi kwakhiwa kanye ukufakwa kwemisebenzi;
- enkonzweni sanitary yezokwelapha;
- kwezolimo;
- ukwakhiwa amapayipi;
- ukubhekana ne abasafufusa ihlathi imililo;
- I-ukuthutha lensimbi;
- ukusiza ukuhlola umonakalo;
- njengendlela yokuthola nokuqapha yomgwaqo;
- ukuxhumana iziteshi sezulu ukuthi kukhona abantu abahlala enkangala.

Freight air zokuthutha, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ethulwa epaki esenzelwe amafushane.

Umgomo we indiza afakwe nokuxhumana yenjini kanye traction amandla zamaphiko lift.

Umehluko ukusetshenziswa

Ngo izindiza yesimanje lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo air zokuthutha:

- I-zokuthutha abagibeli;
- I-ukuhamba kwezimpahla;
- Umfelandawonye (kuhlanganisiwe):
- ukufundisa nokuqeqesha;
- injongo ekhethekile (sanitary, imfuyo, umlilo, njll).

Lokhu ukushiyana kwezidalwa sisetshenziswa kuncike wemboni kwesicelo, kanye injongo izindiza.

Umehluko nemingcele lobuchwepheshe nokusebenza

Ukuze air ezokuthutha isetshenziswa ngesikhathi, isici ezifana amandla. Ukuze wezimpahla bezindiza wekhono abalulekile. Ukuze air zokuthutha kuhlanganiswe lobuchwepheshe kanye ipharamitha zokusebenza kuyinto uhla indiza ngaphandle lihlala okhululayo, kanye nesivinini. Ngokwe-sibalo zakamuva futhi ukwehlukanisa phakathi ngabanye izinhlobo izindiza. isivinini Aircraft kungahle kungasheshi kuka ijubane umsindo. Kukhona futhi izindiza leSupersonic.

ukuphathwa umzimba

Ezokuthutha ngendiza of abagibeli kanye imoto eRussia ngaphansi kwesandla sayo ngokuqondile isimo. Ezweni kukhona ukwahlukana komugqa nokuphathwa, iqondisa umsebenzi embonini. Kulokhu, inkampani ngayinye ukukhokha izintela mayelana nabaphathi inkonzo.

The main isigungu okuyinto yengamela emoyeni zokuhamba Federal Agency zezindiza Russian. imisebenzi yayo esemqoka:

- ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo ukuqinisekisa ekusebenzeni air zokuthutha;
- the nokunikezwa kwezimvume yokwamukelwa ukundiza kolayini ngamazwe lasezindlini;
- Izinkampani Certification ukuhlinzeka imisebenzi izindiza;
- nokuqondisa umsebenzi zezikhungo zemfundo ye umkhakha zezindiza.

Aircrew

Air traffic isilawuli - akulula. Amatilosi indiza kuhlanganisiwe pilot namatilosi futhi indiza amasosha yokuphatha izikhungo zemfundo, okuyizinto zafanelwa lo msebenzi kube isiphelo sesimiso Abezokwelapha, futhi nikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo yabo yemfanelo.

Ilungu ngalinye iqembu ngesikhathi indiza ubophekile ukuba ngokungenamibandela ukuhambisana nayo yonke imiyalelo inikezwa Izilawuli indiza. Ukuze bachezuke umzila kungenzeka kuphela uma izinsongo ukuphepha kanye nezimpilo zabantu abaku- ndiza.

Amatilosi nabashayeli kufanele ikhishwe kwezimvume:

- indiza ukuqeqeshwa, okwenziwa emini noma ebusuku;
- ukundiza phezu ukuguqulwa entsha izindiza;
- kuya izindiza ethize.

Kulokhu, kufanele zonke tolerances afakwe logbook. Kungakhathaliseki isikhundla, ilungu iqembu ngalinye kwakudingeka alandele uhlelo isheke yonyaka phezu izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuqeqeshwa indiza. Kulokhu, imiphumela kufanele futhi afakwe logbook.

Kukhona imithetho ethile kanye nokungcebeleka nezisebenzi flying indiza. Ngakho, ngosuku emoyeni kungaba yini kubaluleke ngaphezu kwamahora amaningi nambili. umthetho okunjalo isethelwe amatilosi uzibona izindiza. indiza nabasebenza kwakufanele nsuku kuphelile yini amahora kweziyisishiyagalombili.

ukuphepha

Zonke izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi indiza akazange ukumela ingozi for the ezokuthutha emoyeni abagibeli okumele zithathwe. Kule ndaba, Federal Air Transport Agency waqalwa kuvinjelwe ngokuletha uketshezi endizeni. Iphinde isebenza kubo bonke zezindiza kuleli zwe.

Ukuphathwa Air Transport - Aviation Russian - uphawula ukuthi usongo lobuphekula emoyeni ezokuthutha ingaxazululwa. Mayelana nalesi simo zonke izinhlangano ezihlobene civil aviation, kanye nhlobo zezindiza yayihloselwe Directive, okubonisa isidingo ukusebenzisa konke ukungenelela izinyathelo ukuphepha kwendiza. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, umgibeli unelungelo ukuba baphathe esandleni sakho umthwalo yiluphi uhlobo okusamanzi. Lo mthetho futhi kusebenza inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu. Bona kufanele inikelwe emthwalweni ukuthi ulithola ukusetshenziswa imishini yezobuchwepheshe ukuze ihlolwe. Kuphela ngemva kwalokho ketshezi zingafakwa ibhodi endizeni.

Esimweni lapho umgibeli ngesikhathi indiza, kumelwe nezidakamizwa, bona kungaba kwenziwe njengengxenye gumbi wemithwalo kuphela ngemva kokuhlola abophiko lwezokuphepha kwesikhumulo sezindiza.

Okunjalo abagibeli izinyathelo okufanele aphathe ngokuqonda, ngoba kuthathwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha indiza.