Le ndiza "TU-204": ukubuyekezwa. izindiza Civil

"U-Tu-204" yizindiza zokugibela umgibeli wendiza. Leli yunithi lakhiwa eminyakeni engama-80 eMnyangweni weDevelopment Bureau Tupolev. Ngosizo lwaso, abadali bahlose ukufaka esikhundleni se-"T-154" engasebenzi manje ngaleso sikhathi. Kukhona ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kule ndiza: i-VIP version, umgibeli, umthwalo wempahla nokukhethekile. Indiza ye-Tu-204 ihlangabezana nazo zonke izindinganiso zokuphepha, ukuthutha nezomsindo, ngakho-ke lezi zithombe zingasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke. Mayelana nalokhu ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukwakhiwa

I-Tu-204 iyi-monoplane ephethe mahhala yesikimu esivamile. Amaphiko akhe avuliwe aphansi kakhulu. Izinjini ezimbili ze- turbojet zifakwe kuma-pylons akhethekile. Izindawo zendawo yazo zingaphansi kwamaphiko. Lokhu kunikeza imodeli isitayela esihlukile. Ekupheleni kwephiko ngalinye kunamaphiko. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukumelana okukhulayo futhi ukwandise ukuphakama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlonyelwe amaphuzu amabili okuqhakazile. Lezi zici ezibalulekile. Futhi nangu ama-slats. Zilawula izindawo eziphethe kule ndege. Zitholakala eceleni komphetho oholela phambili wephiko. I-chassis inemilenze emithathu kanye ne-pitch rack. Isitshalo samandla sihlanganisa RB211-535E4 noma 2 TRDD "PS-90A"

Umlando

Ngemuva kwezindiza zomphakathi zaseRussia "U-Tu-154" zase zivele zisebenze iminyaka emibili, ngo-1973 i-Design Bureau yaqala ukusebenza ngokususwa kwalesi simodeli. Okokuqala, isiphakamiso sithuthukile ekuthuthukiseni ngokujulile iTu-154 nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo eziningi namacebo amasha ahlukahlukene. Ekugcineni, ososayensi bakhetha imodeli emithathu injini nge-fuselage ebanzi, abayibiza ngokuthi i-TU-204 indiza.

Le phrojekthi yamukelwa nguhulumeni ngo-1981. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nale nqubo, abaklami banquma ukushiya injini yomsila. Emva kwalokho iphrojekthi yavuselelwa kabusha. Ngenxa yalokho, isithombe sangempela sezindiza ezihleliwe sivele.

Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa, ososayensi basebenzise izindlela ezintsha zokuklama, ngenkathi besebenzisa amakhompiyutha e-elektroniki. Ukuze uthole ukulungiswa okuhle kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni yamapayipi athile akhethekile, kwakudingeka bahlole eziningi zezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunciphisa isisindo futhi ukwandise amandla kule unit, ukusebenzisa izinto ezihlanganisiwe. Isabelo sabo esilinganisweni salesi simodeli okungenani ngu-14%.

Lapho lo mklamo usuphelile, i-TU-204 yaqaliswa ngokusemthethweni e-Ulyanovsk Aircraft Complex egama layo lingu- Ustinov DF . Futhi indiza yokuqala ye-Tu-204, eyayinezibuyekezo ezinhle, yakhiwe eMoscow emphakathini onokukhiqizwa okukhulu kwe-ANTK. A. N. Tupolev no-UAOC.

Ukuhlola

Kule nqubo, ama-prototypes angu-2 abambe iqhaza. Amasistimu akhethekile asebhodi lalo modeli ayenziwa ezindaweni eziningi.

Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 1989, ukuhamba kwezindiza okokuqala kwenzeka. Indiza ye-Tu-204 isuka enkundleni yezindiza eRamenskoye. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa, ezinye izinguquko zenziwe ekwakhiweni. Ngokufanayo, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buye buphuthukisiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunakekelwa okukhulu kwaholelwa ekusebenzeni izinhlelo ezintsha zedijithali. Ukuziqhenya kule ndaba kuye kwaba nomphumela omuhle. Izazi zakha izinhlobo ezingu-23 ze-on-board control system ngokuzenzekelayo ngosizo lwesondo. Ngamunye wabo wahlolelwa ukuthembeka nokuhlolwa okuningi kwezindiza. Konke lokhu kuthathe isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi ezinkingeni zomnotho zombuso zaqala. Lokhu kwaholela ekunciphiseni ukuxhaswa kohlelo. Ngenxa yalokho, isikhathi sokuthola imiqulu kanye nezivivinyo ezidingekayo kwandiswa.

Kule minyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, ukuxhaswa kwesabelomali sale phrojekthi kwaqedwa ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwaholela ekumisweni kokuhlolwa kwesitifiketi, kanti iTu-204, okwakudingeka iqhube ukucwaninga okusebenzayo, ilinde isikhathi sayo.

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, ngenxa yokuthi eminyakeni engu-90 isimo sezomnotho esifundazweni siphume kakhulu, isabelomali sokuhlolwa kwezindiza sasisuswe. Ukuze agcwalise lo msebenzi, ososayensi kwakudingeka bathathe izinyathelo ezingavamile. Isibonelo, bavuma ukuthutha imithwalo yemali. Kulokhu, izivivinyo zenziwa ngokuhambisana nezindiza zokuhweba. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuqedela ukuxhasa imali. Ngemva kokuzikhandla, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola isitifiketi esifanele ngo-1994.

Ukusebenza

Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1996, ukushayela kokuqala kwendiza entsha kwenziwa ngezohwebo. Indiza ye-Tu-204 yahamba "iVnukovo Airlines" kusukela enhloko-dolobha eya eMineralnye Vody.

Kwacatshangwa ukuthi iTu-204 kufanele ithathe indawo ye-Tu-154. Kodwa-ke, ukwehla okungazelelwe kwemali yemboni yezindiza kwaholela ekuphazamiseni ekufezeni izindiza, futhi lokhu kwanciphisa izinga lokukhiqiza. Umphumela uba yinani elincane lezinkampani zezinkampani zezindiza, izindleko eziphezulu zezingxenye ezithintekayo nokugcinwa, isikhathi esiningi sokuphumula. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekwenzeni ukuncintisana kwalesi sezindiza, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Airbus-320 ne-Boeing-737 entshonalanga, okwenzeke ngokweqile ekusebenzeni futhi eshibhile.

Ngama-2000, okungenani amamodeli ayi-10 akhiqizwa ngonyaka. Njengomthetho, abathengi babo babezakhiwo zombuso.

Kusukela ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi kwaqala, okungukuthi kusukela ngo-1990, izindiza eziyi-75 ezingama-Tu-204 ezahlukahluka zibone ukukhanya. Ngo-Febhuwari 2013, ama-air unit angama-50 kuphela alo mndeni asetshenziselwa ukusebenza.

Amathemba

Ekuqaleni, kule ndaba, iTu-204 yayingenangqondo kakhulu. Ngokusho komklamo wangaphambili wabakhi, kwakudingeka kwenziwe inqwaba, futhi kwakungenxa yokukhiqizwa kwayo ukuthi kwakhiwa isitshalo ngokuphelele eNlyanovsk. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kukhulunywe ngenhla, ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR, imali encane yabelwe izidingo zemboni yezindiza. Umnotho wemakethe ushintshile ohleliwe. Ngenxa yalokho, indiza ye-Tu-204 yafaka indawo yemishini yesandla yomkhiqizi wesentshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isibonelo sezinkomba eziningi asiphelelwe yisikhathi. Esinye sezizathu ezingasetshenziswanga ukuthi abasebenzi baseTu-204 banabantu abangu-3, kanti izindiza eziningi zanamuhla zidinga kuphela 2. Lokhu kufaka ukuba khona kwezindleko ezengeziwe zokugcinwa kwabashayeli bezindiza.

Njengamanje, cishe okuyi-10 yalezi zithombe zikhiqizwa ngonyaka. Kulesi simo, njengomthetho, zithandwa eSLO "Russia" ne-Air Force. Ngenxa yokuthi izitshalo zezindiza ze-Ulyanovsk neKazan azikwazi ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kanye nezinsizakalo ezikhethekile, izindiza ze-Tu-204 azidingi izinkampani eziningi. Noma kunjalo, ngokusho kochwepheshe, imodeli yakamuva ye "MS-21" iyakwazi ukuncintisana nesitsha sangaphandle "Boeing-737". Ngokusho kolwazi lwakamuva, abathwali abakhulu abanjengoRed Wings noTransero bavame ukubika ukuthi banesithakazelo ekuthengeni izinyathelo zomoya zolu hlobo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi iTu-204 iyadingeka kakhulu, ubufakazi bochwepheshe obonisa ukuthi kusencane kakhulu ukuyibeka esimweni sokudlula kwendiza yendiza. I-KLA ne-Minpromtorg isitshala imali ebanzi kulezi ziprojekthi, ezikhona kuphela ephepheni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i- "MS-21", okulindelwe ukufaka umugqa kuphela ngo-2020.

Incazelo yezici zobuchwepheshe zezindiza "Tu-204"

Kulesi simo, okulandelayo kubhekwe:

• Abadlali - abantu abangu-3.
• Izinjini ezimbili TRDD - "PS-90A."
• I-span / indawo yamaphiko yi-42.0 m / 184.17 m 2.
• Ubude / ukuphakama kwendiza yi-46,0 / 13,9 m.
• Isisindo: susa (esiphezulu) / esingenalutho - 94 600 kg / 58 300 kg.
• Ukukhokhwa okungu-21 000 kg.
• Isivinini sokuhamba ngesivinini sinama-830 km / h.
• I-plailing iyasebenza - 12 100 m.
• Ibanga eliphezulu liyi-2900 km.
• Ukuba khona kwe-traction ku-16 140 kgf.
• Isisindo: ukukhishwa okuphezulu / ukufika - 94,6 t / 47 t; Imodeli enezikhali-58.3 amathani.
• Umthwalo ovunyelwe ukuhweba ungamathani angu-21.
• Ubude bezindiza kufika ku-3700 km.

Ukuguqulwa

Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningana zale nhlanganisela emoyeni. Ngamunye wabo wayefundiswa ngokucophelela ngabadali ukuze athole umphumela oyifunayo. Okulandelayo, cabangisisa ngokunye okunye.

I-Tu-204

Njengoba sekukhulunywe ngenhla, ubuningi bokuthatha lokhu kwalolu hlobo oluyisisekelo luyizingamamitha angu-94.6. Ngesikhathi sokuqala le Tu-204, isithombe esanikezwa kulo mbhalo, sasihanjiswe ngo-Agasti 17, 1990 (indiza ehleliwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-model yempahla yemodeli yasungulwa. Uhlelo lwe-TU-204 yizona eziklanyelwe kakhulu. Umthwalo wokuhweba walo mishini awudluli amathani angu-30.

I-Tu-204-100

Lolu khetho lunezinjini ze-PS-90A ne-avionics yaseRussia. Ukusebenza kwayo kuphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso elibalulekile. Indlu yendiza ye-Tu-204-100 inika abagibeli abangu-210. Ukuqinisekiswa kwalesi sezindiza kwenzeka ebusika ka-1995.

«Tu-204-200»

Le model imelela ukuguqulwa kwe-Tu-204-100. Ehlomele le ndiza eminye amathangi okhethiloli, okudingekayo ekuhambeni okukhulu kwendiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe bezitshalo ze-Ulyanovsk "Aviastar" bakhela eyodwa yalezi zunithi ngenombolo e-RA-64036. Manje le modeli ikhiqizwa eKazzan.

«Tu-204-120»

"U-Tu-204-120" no- "Tu-204-220" ziguqulwe ngokulandelana "Tu-204-100" no- "Tu-204-200". Bahlome nge-avionics entshonalanga nezinjini RB211-535E4 (2 × 19,500 kgf) - i-Rolls-Royce eyenziwe ngesiNgisi. Lokhu kwakhiwa kabusha ukuze kwenziwe ukwandisa izakhiwo zabathengi, okuqale ukuphuma ngo-Agasti 1992. Ukudilizwa kwamazwe angaphandle kwe-charter airline eCairo Aviaton eya eGibithe kuye kwaqhutshwa kule ndege kusukela ngo-1998. Emva kwalokho, lezi ndege zeTupolev, izithombe zazo ezikulo mbhalo, zithunyelwa eChina. I-cockpit ye-model ye-model imenziwa ngesiNgisi. Lokhu kusiza ukunikezwa kwamanye amazwe. Leyunithi yomoya yaqinisekiswa okokuqala emlandweni wokwakhiwa kwezindiza zaseRussia ngokuhambisana namazinga athile aseYurophu.

Tu-204-300

Lo modeli (ngaphambili - "U-Tu-234") unciphise ngamamitha angu-6 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-fuselage eqondile. Le ndege ingabamba abagibeli abangaba ngu-162, kodwa okokuqala kwakuhlelwe ukuthi ikwazi ukuhlala 142. Izihlalo ezisezindizeni ze-TU-204-300 zihlukaniswe kanje: 8 ekilasini lamabhizinisi kanye nesigaba somnotho we-134. Lesi singeniso sibalulekile. Lokhu kugcizelela isitayela esikhethekile salokhu kuguqulwa kwe-Tu-204. Izindawo ezinhle kunazo zonke, yiqiniso, zizoba ekilasini lebhizinisi. Leli yunithi lakhiwe ngezigaba ezintathu. Uhambo lwawo lokuhamba luyi-9250, 7500 no-3400 km. Ngenxa yalokho, iTu-204-300 yaziwa njengendiza yokuqala enezinjini ezimbili, ezingasuka enhlokodolobha yaseRussia eya eVladivostok ngaphandle kokuyeka. Isisindo esiphezulu sokususwa kwalesi siza singamathani ayi-107.5. Ekuqondiseni lesi simodeli kukhona: i-avionics yasekhaya yase-KSPNO-204 nama-motor amabili PS-90A. Ngokokuqala ngqa, iTu-204-300 yavela emoyeni ngo-Agasti 2003, emva kwalokho yaboniswa embonisweni we-MAKS-2003 we-aerospace. Yayiqinisekiswa ngo-May 14, 2005. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial kwenziwa ekwakheni u-Ulyanovsk Aviastar.

«Tu-204-300A»

Lezi zindiza zomphakathi zisetshenziselwa ukuthutha okuphathayo ibanga elingadluli 9600 km. Isibonelo sibamba abagibeli abangu-26. Ukugcwaliswa kwamafutha - amathani angu-42.

I-Tu-206

Le indiza isakhuliswa ochwepheshe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kule divaysi igesi yemvelo ephuziziwe isetshenziswe njengamafutha. Lezi zindiza zaqala ukukhiqizwa ngesisekelo sezindiza ezinjengeTu-204-100. Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko kuleli cala ukubekwa kwemikhumbi enefutha eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okudinga ivolumu enkulu.

I-Tu-214

Lo mfanekiso ukuguqulwa kwe-Tu-204. Isisindo esiphezulu sokuthatha isisindo salesi sikhungo sanyuka sibe ngamathani angu-110.75 nomthwalo wezentengiselwano waba amathani angu-25.2. Izindiza zokuguqula izimpahla zaqinisekiswa ngokuhambisana namazinga aseRussia "AP-25", ahambisana nentshonalanga ye-FAR-25 ne-JAR -252. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial kumiswa e-Kazan Air Association. S. P. Gorbunov. Ukuqedwa kokuqala kwalesi simodeli kwenzeka ngo-1989. Baqala lezi zindiza zezindiza zomphakathi e-USSR kuphela ngo-1997. Okusho ukuthi, ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. Ngo-Ephreli 2010, le ndiza yaqala ukukhiqizwa kuphela kwimishini ekhethekile. Noma kunjalo, ukuyidala kunguqulo yezohwebo ivaliwe, ngoba bekungeyona inzuzo. Nakuba ukuthengwa kwalesi sunithi kwakunesithakazelo kumphathi omkhulu - u-Transaero.

«Tu-204SM»

Lena yindiza ethuthukisiwe kakhulu "Tu-204". Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Tu-204-100, isisindo sayo esiphezulu sokuthatha isisindo sande kakhulu. Futhi kule model, i-avionics ebuyekeziwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani labadobi liye lalinganiselwa kumbili, kunciphisa izihlalo ezindizeni ze-TU-204 futhi zishiya umkhumbi ngaphandle kwenjini. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nomkhuba womhlaba wamamodeli kuleli klasi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindiza ze-Tu-204SM zenze izinguquko ezithile.

1. Ukumiswa kwe-TRDD "PS-90A2". Lokhu kwahambisana nokunciphisa izindleko zemjikelezo wokuphila kanye nokunyuka kwemithombo ephakathi kokulungisa nokunikezwa kwemiklomelo kanye nezakhi eziyisisekelo (okuyingxenye eshisa kakhulu - imijikelezo engu-10 000, kanye nobanda - kufika ku-20 000).
2. I-APU ebuyekeziwe "TA-18-200". Kulokhu, ukuqala nokugijima kokuphakama kwanda. Imishini emisha yasungulwa, eyenza imisebenzi edingekayo ehambelanayo nezidingo ezithile ezizayo nezanamuhla ze-ICAO nokulawula kweYurophu.
3. I-chassis iye yenziwa yamuva. Ukuklama kwalesi sigaba kucatshangelwe zonke izici ezihambelana nemithombo ye-airframe.
4. Ikamelo lendiza lathuthukiswa.
5. Iqembu liyancipha laba 2 abashayeli bezindiza.
6. Uhlelo lokulawula lwamayunithi emoyeni kuya emoyeni (EMSOS) seluvele selungisiwe futhi ulindele ukufakwa. Ukugcinwa nokuxilonga nakho kuthuthukisiwe.
7. Izinqubo ezilungisiwe: ukulondolozwa kwamandla, ukwenziwa kwamanzi, ukufakelwa kwamapayipi kanye nesimo sezulu.

Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2010, ukuhlolwa kwezindiza "TU-204SM" kwawa. Lenziwa ngumqhubi wokuhlolwa okufanelekayo uViktor Minashkin. Le nqubo iphumelele. Noma kunjalo, zonke izivivinyo zale ndege ebuyekeziwe zenziwa ngokubambezeleka okuncane. Ngenkomfa yabezindaba, umqondisi jikelele wesitshalo sezindiza uSergey Dementiev utshele izilaleli ukuthi indiza yokuhlolwa yalesi simodeli ihlelwe ngoDisemba 17, 2010. Noma kunjalo, wagcizelela ukuthi umsebenzi emhlanganweni wezindiza zalolu hlobo ulandela isimiso esimisiwe.

Le nkampani ethi "Aviastar-SP" kakade ngo-2016 ihlela ukukhiqiza izindiza ezingu-44 "iTu-204SM", ezihloselwe ibhizinisi elikhulu i-Red Wings Airlines. Ngokusho kolwazi lokuqala, akukho mali engaphansi kuka-1.8 billion zamaRandi abelwe ukuxhasa le phrojekthi.

Maphakathi noJanuwari 2012 ngesikhathi abadumile Ulyanovsk inkampani yokwakha izindiza ngaphansi kwegama "Aviastar-SP" wenza yiPhini Undunankulu wase Russia. Ngokusho Dmitry Rogozin, izitifiketi entsha izindiza "Tu-204SM" umgibeli uhlobo kuzophela ngo-June, futhi kusukela maphakathi ngonyaka sikwazi ukukhuluma ukukhiqizwa yayo ye-serial.

yi

Ngemva kokufunda ngenhla, umuntu angabona ncamashi unombono lokho indiza uchazwa, futhi ezinye zayo ezihlukahlukene ezikhona. Sekukonke Tupolev izindiza bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile ngokugcwele. Okwamanje, emoyeni amayunithi umndeni ukujabulela funa eside. izici zobuchwepheshe ukusebenza amadivayisi zaloluhlobo zinzima ezingeni elifanele. Nokho, onjiniyela abayeki futhi siqhubeke sithuthukisa lolu hlobo izindiza.