Hetman - uphawu Ukraine

I zomlando isiko hetman - umkhuzi wempi owayehola iqembu elithile amabutho onke amadoda empi. Ngokokuqala ngqá e imithombo igama elithi "Hetman" kukhulunywa mayelana nesigameko yamaHussite ukuvukela eCzech Republic. EPoland, le nkulumo isetshenziswa ne 1503, kwaba induna yenkosi amabutho ahlomile.

Hetmans njengoba abaholi bezombusazwe

Nge iningi hetman Ukrainian kubangelwa into efana "womzabalazo wenkululeko kazwelonke abantu Ukraine" ngokumelene Commonwealth. Umlando ukwabiwa kwezimali lesi sihloko ku-Ukraine ithakazelisa kakhulu. Ngokuphambene kugxilile inhlangano zomlando ukuthi Hetman - lokhu kwenzelwe nje umbusi Cossacks futhi Hetman isimo, okokuqala isihloko kwaba ngokusemthethweni Bogdan Khmelnitsky e-1648.

Ngemva Union of Lublin e 1596 ePoland, izinguquko kuhulumeni lohulumeni basekhaya lwenzeka, owawuthi ngamunye izifunda yokubusa kwamakhosi kwadingeka umbusi ayo, ebizwa ngokuthi hetman. Lena indaba ukuvela isihloko "hetman Ukraine."

I impumelelo lempi Zaporozhian

Khuluma mayelana ezinye umsebenzi ewusizo Hetman olusemthethweni simiselwe iNkosi yase-Poland e-Ukraine, hhayi zinkulu. Phakathi abanegama sezombusazwe, sezempi nezamasiko 16-17 eminyaka Awekho Hetman olusemthethweni. Cossack Hetman samuntu ingxenye lezihlakaniphi abazibheka khulula kusukela Commonwealth. I Cossacks sizibeka imisebenzi eziningana:

• alwe gentry Polish, kusukela ezincike a abalimi izindleko (panschina, imisebenzi elindeleke, njll ...);
• emzabalazweni wokulwa izitha yangaphandle (Krymskoe Hanstvo kanye uMbuso WaseTurkey).

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke hetman Cossack 16 sekwephuzile futhi babe Krzysztof Kosinski, Severin Nalivaiko futhi uPetru Konashevych-Sahaidachny. Laba bantu kubonakala ukuthuthukiswa ithuba Cossacks yangempela ukuqaphela isifiso abantu Ukraine ukuzibusa, futhi ngenxa yalokho, esimweni sazo siqu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqonda ngokucacile yinkimbinkimbi yale nqubo. Izindlela eziyinhloko emzabalazweni babe nomkhankaso wempi nokuvukela. Luhlelo lolukhulu lwa kakhulu kwaba ukuvukela zeminyaka 1591-1596. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwezibaya Cossack babeba nesibindi kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo hhayi ifakwe izikhali, ngakho wahlupheka ukunqotshwa eziningana ezimpini ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wohlanga olukhulu umonakalo ukuthi lokho kungakwenza eside. Kwaba ngemva kwalezi nokuvukela Rzeczpospolita ngilunge UHLELO LUKAHULUMENI WASEKHAYA, ethula nezikhulu Hetman. Kwangaphandle uhambo Cossacks uzinake eMoscow ngo-1602, kanye eziningana ukuhlaselwa obukhulu abaseTurkey, Ukraine baye babonisa ukuba nabaphikisi enamandla kakhulu.

hetman Khmelnitsky

Bogdan Zinovy Khmelnitsky wazalwa ngo 1596. Wathola imfundo enhle ngesikhathi Kiev udade esikoleni. Patrimony ungaphakathi Khmelnitskiy Subotove, eduze kwedolobha Chigirin (yesimanje Cherkassy esifundeni Ukraine). Wakhonza ekamu lama-Cossacks obhalisiwe, bahlanganyela nempi yaseSpain, wathatha inqaba Dunkirk eFrance. Kodwa umgomo wayo oyinhloko ekuphileni Khmelnitsky kwenziwe esikhathini kusuka 1648 kuya 1654 ngesikhathi wenkululeko impi kazwelonke ngokumelene Commonwealth. Kwakuphakathi nale minyaka engu-Hetman - wezempi futhi nomholi wezombusazwe the amabutho ukuthi walwa Commonwealth. Impi yezwe isimo Polish ephumelele nge impumelelo obuhlukahlukene. impi eyimpumelelo kwaba entwasahlobo ka-1648 e-Yellow Waters futhi Korsun.

abaholi Polish kwaba sobala ukuthi abanayo Umphikisi eqinile. Phakathi nehlobo lango-1648 amabutho Ukraine ehlaselwa izigodi Polish. Isibalo amasosha e amabutho Khmelnitsky anda kubantu abangu-30 000. Entwasahlobo ka-1648 kwaba impi yokuphumelela pyliavtsi. Eminyakeni eyalandela, wayelwa at Zbarazh futhi Berestechko. Umphumela eyinhloko imisebenzi Bogdana Hmelnitskogo ukuthi ngokujoyina amazwe Ukraine silibangise eRussia ngo-1654 Pereyaslav.

Ivan Mazepa - Hetman

Phakathi nokubusa Mazepa kusuka 1687 kuya 1709 ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye 2. Ngaphambi ekuqaleni Northern neMpi Hetman ukuthi banobuhlobo obuhle kakhulu nge uPeter Omkhulu. Umsebenzi oyinhloko Mazepa kule nkathi, ukuze kusizakale abantu, ebonakaliswa ukuthuthukiswa isiko nengokomoya (isakhiwo sesonto). Isikhathi sesibili (1700 kuya 1709) lwabonisa ukuthi Mazepa - Hetman, ecabanga ukuzimela wezwe. I apogee yokucwaswa ezinjalo sivumelwano hetman Ukrainian IsiSwidi King Karl XII. Ukubonakaliswa kwalesi sibopho kwaba iqhaza amabutho ahlangene Mazepa naseSweden ku Poltava impi nendikimba uPetru wehlelwe yini.

hetman Ukrainian, yebo, lalingeke likwazi ukukuxazulula umbuzo ukuzibusa ngokugcwele yezwe, kodwa kwakungekho ubunye nabantu lezihlotsheni - baseRussia Belarusians. Hetman - umuntu emelela nezifiso kazwelonke abantu Ukraine. Ngangithandaza ngokuqondene obhekwe Hetman yaqinisa yavelonkhe yenkhululeko endaweni ye-Ukraine yesimanje.