Isakhiwo Tectonic. Bokuqala isakhiwo zomhlaba

isakhiwo Tectonic - a ezindaweni eziningi igobolondo kanzima elingaphandle iplanethi. Enqindwa amaphutha ezijulile. Movement begodu nesakhiwo uqweqwe kufundvwe kohlaka eyala ezifana ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba.

Uhlolojikelele

isakhiwo Tectonic uphenyo usebenzisa yangokwesiko womhlaba, izindlela Geophysical (zokuzamazama komhlaba, ikakhulukazi) kanye imishini. Lolu cwaningo lemikhakha Kwenziwa ngokuhambisana ngezigaba yamukelwe. Ihlola medium komhlaba kanye nosayizi esincane esime-10 km esigabeni cross, ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba - kumiswa ezinkulu, km kuka-100. Eyokuqala libizwa dislocations ezinhlobo ezahlukene (discontinuous, injective nokunye.). Iqembu lesibili libhekisela synclinoria futhi anticlinoria e eligoqiwe izindawo aulacogens, syncline, anticline ngaphakathi amapuleti, izihlangu, subsidence perikratornyh. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa kwamanzi yekwentiwa kanye asebenzayo eziseceleni Continental, platform, ibhande geosynclinal, izilwandle, orogenes, maphakathi no-ocean emikhulu, ukwahlukana, nokunye. Lezi kakhulu emikhulu izakhiwo zomhlaba embozwe igobolondo kanzima, wabiza lithosphere futhi ijulile.

ngezigaba

Superglobals endala isakhiwo zomhlaba ukufinyelela amashumi ezigidi square metres. km endaweni nezinkulungwane amakhilomitha ubude bayo. Batfutfukisa kuwo wonke umlando Geological planethi esiteji. Global isakhiwo zomhlaba - ukwakheka ukuthi kuthathe 10 million sq. km. Ubude yabo ifinyelela amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana. Isikhathi khona kwabo uhambisane iziza odlule. Ukuhlinzekwa has futhi subglobal isakhiwo zomhlaba we koqweqwe. Akulesi endaweni esinabantu abayizigidi eziningana square metres. km kanye elula wezinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Isikhathi yentuthuko yabo - iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi 1 ubudala.

Main isakhiwo zomhlaba

Isekelwe ubunye ukufuduka isihlobo Monolithic angawodwa amapuleti lithospheric. Kuze kube manje, ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezaziwayo 7 futhi 11-13 iziza ezincane. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa Eurasia, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika abaye, Afrika, Indo-Australia, i-Pacific, isakhiwo Antarctic zomhlaba. Ukuze izinhlangano ezincane zihlanganisa Philippine, neminyezane, ipuleti Caribbean, kakhukhunathi, kanjalonjalo Nazca.

kumiswa Waphuka

Lezi isakhiwo zomhlaba ahlukaniswe amapuleti lithospheric. Phakathi kwabo, okokuqala ukuhlukanisa bano. Basuke ihlukaniswe yezwekazi naphakathi no-ulwandle. ifomu kwakamuva uhlelo global, ubude baso ingaphezu 64 eziyinkulungwane. Km. Izibonelo izingosi ezinjalo ongakhonza East Afrika (i-esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni), Baikalsky. Olunye uhlobo iphutha nezakhiwo Guqula amasayithi sokuhlaziya bano perpendicular. Ngo abazokusho uya shift izindawo ovundlile izingqimba lithospheric, eduze kubo.

platform

Basuke ezihamba kancane ngesandla esiqinile crustal amabhlogo. Lawa masayithi bebelokhu isigaba ngokwanele eside yentuthuko. Platform zihlukile isakhiwo ezintathu-tiered. Labo isakhiwo crystal uqoba lwakhe uyisisekelo samanje kwakhiwa basalt futhi egwadle gneiss izingqimba okuyinto. Isiteji futhi isehlane ikhava sedimentary. Crystalline isisekelo izingqimba kwakhiwa rocks metamorphic, e emphethweni ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa. Konke lokhu kunzima ukuze ifohle ukushuba we nsada dislocated (ikakhulukazi esidi nokuba Ukwakheka isilinganiso). Kuye yobudala kumiswa isisekelo, yesikhulumi sehlukaniswe abasha lasendulo izakhiwo zomhlaba. Isenzo sokugcina njengoba-nucleus ye-amazwekazi, ukuthatha mhlobiso yabo. imfundo Omncane ibekwe azungeze yabo. Ngo sedimentary ikhava izingqimba aqukethe ichibi ogxile nedislotsirovannye, sogu lolwandle futhi ezimweni ezingavamile kwezulu leli zwekazi.

Iphaneli netindishi

Lezi zinhlobo izakhiwo zomhlaba ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka imininingwane isakhiwo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Isihlangu ngokuthi platform ingxenye ku ngalo Bedrock ezisebusweni bawo wonke, ngamafuphi abanakho inzika. Esikhathini impumuzo panel ethulwa, njengoba umthetho, Amathafa namagquma. Plates amapulatifomu noma izigaba zabo, sibonisa sedimentary ungqimba enamandla. kumiswa yabo kubangelwa subsidence neseqo zasolwandle. Ukuma kwendawo yendlela plate izingxenye ngokuvamile luhambisane elisezansi futhi upland.

anteclise

Zimelela kumiswa ngobukhulu omuhle plate izingxenye. Ebusweni kuyinto elisekela convex. Ikhava sedimentary akuyona libhekene obunamandla. Ukwakhiwa anteclises kwenziwe ngenxa zomhlaba ukuphakamisa ndawo. Kule ndaba, khathizwe eziningi ekhona ezindaweni ezakhelene esingaqondile esingase ngeke itholwe kuzo.

Afanayo kanye emisebenzi

Ziyakwazi lesifunda izakhiwo anteclises. Afanayo amelwa izingxenye ephakeme kuzo. Ziyakwazi isisekelo noma ngaphezulu, noma imbozwe zokwakheka sedimentary we eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni. Izinhlelo shayela we afanayo. Basuke emelelwa side noma icwecwe eliqophayo engaphansi highs, ukufinyelela ububanzi km 100. Izimali nazo wangcwatshwa projection. Ngaphezu kwazo, ikhava sedimentary umelwe ngesimo ahlabayo ziyancipha kakhulu.

syneclise

Ziyakwazi negative izakhiwo super-zesifunda elikhulu ipuleti izakhiwo. ezindaweni zawo uqoba lwakhe uyisisekelo ngilugweda. Basuke izimpawu phansi flat nama-engeli engajulile kakhulu cwilisa phezu nasemithambekeni. Syncline ezakhiwe endaweni subsidence. Kule ndaba, sedimentary ikhava amandla abo okusezingeni eliphezulu lihlukile.

monocline

Letakhi kuhluke zomhlaba zokwakheka emthambekeni Emaceleni. engela kwabo legciwane kuyaqabukela ezingaphezu kuka 1 degree. Kuye isikhundla izakhiwo emihle nemibi, esemgwaqweni phakathi kwemingcele Monocline isigaba yakhe ingase futhi ibe khona ehlukile. zokwakheka Regional ka sedimentary ikhava isithakazelo grabens, nedlanzana, futhi isihlalo sehhashi. Kwakamuva hlala isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini ukuphakama kwamanzi. Saddle ngehla izakhiwo ezimbi ezazibazungezile, kodwa ngaphansi omuhle.

orogen

Basuke izimpawu waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ukushuba we koqweqwe. izifunda Intaba-eligoqiwe akhiwa ngesikhathi convergence izindawo lithospheric. Iningi lazo, ikakhulukazi abasebasha, zinezikhathi seismicity okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngenxa nesimiso esiyisisekelo Ukwahlukaniswa yasezintabeni-eligoqiwe engu ukhonza zokwakheka. It efakwe kwezakhi omncane engenathi ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa. Intaba amabanga abahlukene, ngakho ngaso:

1. IBaikal.
2. Hercynian.
3. Caledonian.
4. Alpine.
5. Cimmerian.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa ubhekwa kunalokho kabi amandla akhe, njengoba ososayensi abaningi bayaqaphela ukuthi ukuqhubeka ukusonga.

Songa-block afanayo

Letakhi akhiwa ngenxa nalomsebenzi evundla mpo ukunyakaza zomhlaba ngaphakathi kwemingcele izinhlelo ngaphambilini ihlangabezane futhi ngokuvamile sele atjhabalalise. Kule ndaba, ukugoqa-block isakhiwo esivamile ngaphezulu Paleozoic nangaphambili izigaba izifunda. Relief afanayo, ngokuvamile efana ukucushwa kwe zokwakheka egoba idwala. Nokho, lokhu njalo Kutholwe ezindaweni eligoqiwe-block. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-abasha izintaba luhambisane anticlinoria izakhiwo kanye synclinoria - emikhombeni intermountain. Ngaphakathi izigaba eligoqiwe, kanye azungeze yabo abelwe, ngokulandelana, onqenqemeni futhi agcwalise eziphambili nezigodi. Uma uyikha phezulu le lezi zokwakheka ahlelwe imikhiqizo indawo fragmental ezisuka kusukela idwala zokwakheka ukwa - Molasses. kumiswa Foredeep kuwumphumela we subduction izindawo lithospheric.

indawo Russian Central

Ngasinye eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinkulu zemvelo uvezwa njengoMahluleli olulodwa endaweni enkulu esifundeni geostructural. Kungaba yesikhulumi noma phinda system of a yobudala ethile ezithinta ukuma komhlaba. Ibhizinisi ngalinye has a inkulumo okuhambisanayo impumuzo. Bonke bangabangasokile izimo ezahlukene zezulu, osbenno ikhava umhlaba. Inzalo kuyinto isakhiwo ngokuyinhloko zomhlaba Ural. Esikhathi samanje kuba meganticlinorium, esakhiwa anticlinoria eziningana side meridional futhi synclinoria ahlukaniswe. umdlalo Kugcine izigodi longitudinal, owokuqala - lamagquma. Ukhiye Uraltausky anticline ligijima yonke imfundo. Ngokusho ukwakheka imali Riphean kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi kwakukhona subsidence olunzulu ngesikhathi ekuqongeleleni yabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wakhushulelwa esikhundleni ukuphakamisa yesikhashana. Ngu ekupheleni Riphean umsuka iBaikal eligoqiwe. Baphakamisa, imizamo ku eCambria. Phakathi nale nkathi, cishe yonke indawo yaphenduka owomileyo. Lokhu kuboniswa ukusatshalaliswa elinganiselwe kakhulu inhlabathi, okuyinto amelwa schists oluhlaza Lower eCambria ekwakhekeni, zemabula quartzite. ngaleyo ndlela isakhiwo Tectonic ka Ural e tier aphansi igcwaliswe ekubumbeni Baikalian yayo ukusonga. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka izindawo ngaphandle kwalezo esadaleka esikhathini sakamuva. Zabo imfundo okuqhubekayo isisekelo Timan-Pechora wekhasi ngaphakathi platform East European.

ESiberia isakhiwo zomhlaba: Aldanskoye Highlands

Imfundo kule ndawo yakhiwa nezakudala Proterozoic gneisses futhi schists. Basonta Precambrian yesikhulumi laseSiberia. Nokho, kumelwe kushiwo mayelana ezinye izici ukuthi ine isakhiwo zomhlaba. Aldan Plateau zenzelwe Meso-Cenozoic umlando phakathi izindawo aseningizimu eNyakatho iBaikal futhi emsamo. Ezingxenyeni eziningi emadwaleni crystalline engaphansi kukhona phezulu. Basuke emelelwa granites okuncane, quartzite lasendulo, izimabuli gneisses. On emthambekeni osenyakatho kukhona endaweni lapho isisekelo okusezinhliziyweni aphakame cishe 1.5 km ukujula. rocks bakhona intruded ngu intrusions granitic at zokukhula ezihlukene umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

European okuyingxenye

Lapha isithakazelo ezintabeni Khibiny. isakhiwo Tectonic is dissected denudation aphakeme emathafeni. Akulesi endaweni yeNhlonhlo Kola futhi Karelia. Kwakheka ezintabeni Khibiny isakhiwo zomhlaba umsuka ngesimo intrusions futhi dislocations. Bazimisele isimo sezwe. Ane-alikhali afanayo endaweni imelelwa omunye eziyinkimbinkimbi intrusions multiphase. Itholakala kwi umngcele gneyskogo Archaean futhi Proterozoic zokwakheka Ukwakhiwa Varzuga-Imandra futhi transverse ukwa ukhiye zone okuyinto sidlula umugqa p. Cola - k. Niva.