Geography: ezikhangiso - kungcono ... Aldan Shield. isihlangu Ukrainian

koqweqwe womhlaba heterogeneous futhi inezigaba ezihlukahlukene zesakhiwo. Ukutadisha nokwakheka lithosphere (Umhlaba okuqinile) liphakathi Izinjongo bezingelwa isayensi nokuma kwezwe. Solid - ingenye izakhi enjalo. Kuyinto ngazo kuzoxoxwa kule iphepha elimhlophe.

ungqimba lomhlaba futhi oyiyo

Izakhi eziyinhloko isakhi uqweqwe kodwa amapuleti lithospheric ukuthi kungaba ezwekazini noma wasolwandle. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili kuhluke isakhiwo (cross-section): ungqimba egwadle elikhona amapuleti zwekazi.

Ubizwa ngokuthi umsunguli ezisekelweni esitebeleni kunazo (tectonically) ingxenye amapuleti lithospheric Earth. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bayizithunywa nuclei (isisekelo) ngenxa amazwekazi. Ngaphandle kwabo ngaphakathi amapuleti lithospheric futhi abelwe orogenic (eligoqiwe) ibhande - futhi epiplatform epigeosynclinal.

Platform - isakhiwo esitebeleni kakhulu uqweqwe ukuthi ubumbe lapho amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka edlule, kwakunoFakazi anamandla entabeni uhlelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, benza ziwile, ebusweni angabekwa off kule ndawo. kwakhiwa Ngakho is aqinile futhi uzinzile - isisekelo. Kamuva-ke baqale buthelela inzika kancane kancane ukudala ungqimba obukhulu (ikhava).

Zonke platform ekhona emhlabeni zihlukaniswe lasendulo (e ezincwadini nasemasikweni amaNgisi ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi cratons) futhi abasha. Ibalazwe elandelayo ikhombisa main (ubudala) platform kule planethi yethu. Bona ziphawulwe tinge ngokubomvu.

isakhiwo Ungqimba olungaphandle lomhlaba etadisha isayensi lwesifundo (Ibanga 7). Okulandelayo sibheka ukwakheka yesikhulumi kabanzi.

timphawu tesakhiwo yesikhulumi (geography, Ibanga 7)

Isiteji siqukethe izingqimba ezimbili: base crystal (kwenzeka ngezansi) kanye nekhava sedimentary (ukumboza isisekelo).

Ngo isayensi Geological ukwaba izakhiwo oda ezine ezakha iyiphi yesikhulumi. Isihlangu, ipuleti, anticline futhi syncline - lena iyilabo main. Ngokulandelayo, sizoxoxa ngayo yabo. Ngalezi izakhiwo kuyinto ngempela anele ukuthuthukiswa egcwele inkambo esikoleni "Geography".

Izivikelo - ke akube kusakhulunywa surface eMhlabeni engaphansi kwesakhiwo crystalline yesikhulumi. Inani Imiphumela enjalo angase afinyelela amakhilomitha 1,000 noma ngaphezulu ubude. Ngokuvamile, panel zibhekene ngqo platform lasendulo izakhiwo.

Plates - lokhu kwenza izindawo eziningi yesikhulumi, okuyinto ngokugcwele imbozwe ikhava sedimentary. Isikhathi esining impela abasha yobudala ezisekelweni wamboza le khava ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke nazo ngokuthi amapuleti.

Anticline futhi syncline - kuba isakhiwo oda 2nd. ANTECLISE ngokuthi ukukhuliswa mnene plate. Syneclise - indishi elingajulile phezu kwesitofu noma, kancane ngokuvamile, ngaphakathi isihlangu crystalline.

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izihlangu ezisekelweni ezintaba zase-Eurasia lasendulo - the eSiberia futhi East European. Nokho, sihlolisise ngaphambi endabeni "lokho uyisihlangu."

Geography: ezikhangiso - kungcono ...

Igama elithi "yisihlangu" kabanzi lisetshenziswe isayensi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli gama usebenzisa i-e-Germany Eduard Suess (1903).

Isihlangu - a outcrop crystalline engaphansi ngaphakathi platform lasendulo. Ngakho, ubuso bomhlaba zitholakala rocks Precambrian, ubudala angase afinyelele eminyakeni 3,5-4 bhiliyoni. Zivame emelelwa granites, quartzites, gneisses, okuyinto bavezwa izindawo elikhulu.

Izici isakhiwo amabhodi

Amabhodi kukhona izakhiwo eziyinhloko oqine kakhulu amazwekazi. Ngokuvamile, zizungezwe amabhande yamadwala eligoqiwe ubudala eCambria. I panel kuvele inhlekelele bavame liphinyiselwe kancane emathafeni ayizindunduma namagquma encane.

Izivikelo sizungezwe izindawo beshesha kakhudlwana futhi ephathekayo, isakhiwo entabeni izinqubo abikwe esanda kutholakala (ngokuya Geological - eminyakeni million 100-200 edlule).

Izibonelo edume kunazo panel eplanethini yethu: Canadian, isi-Ukrainian, Aldan, iBaltic. Iinhlokwezi zihlukaniseke elihlobene ne ezifakwa enkulu ore amaminerali (insimbi lethusi, manganese, igolide, nickel, nokunye. P.). Ngakho, phakathi Aldan Isihlangu wathola ezifakwa ezinkulu zethusi insimbi apatite. Ngo Ukraine Isihlangu wathola izinqolobane of quartzite ferruginous (Krivoi rog umcengezi) esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Umlando ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo Platform eSiberia

platform laseSiberia - endaweni enkulu Geological, okuyinto oluthatha indawo enkulu engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga ye-Eurasia. Lona omunye ezisekelweni endala kunawo wonke emhlabeni, kwamiswa saliphi emuva Archean. Ngemva kwalokho, akazange kanye imbozwe amanzi ezilwandle, + ngakho elakhiwa lapho ikhava enamandla yamadwala sedimentary.

platform laseSiberia has imingcele ecacile phezu Earth: enyakatho - kuyinto emithambekeni eningizimu Byrranga ezintabeni entshonalanga - esigodini River Yenisei, umngcele oseningizimu egobhoza umgogodla, kanye empumalanga - ku sifinyelela engezansi eMfuleni ULena.

ESiberia platform engaphansi rocks eyinkimbinkimbi Archean futhi Proterozoic, okuyinto kakhulu ngayinyomfoza ngayiphosa ku emphethweni. It gneisses, amphibolites, schist, zemabula nabanye. yobudala wabo ngempela okuqinile: kusukela 2.3 iminyaka engu 3.7 bhiliyoni. ikhava Ipulatifomu sedimentary yakhiwa rocks bobudala obungefani. Ukuze ichopho enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe platform libhekene rocks awayiphazamisi, akha idayimane amapayipi.

platform laseSiberia unothile ngokungavamile imithombo ehlukahlukene amaminerali. Kukhona ezifakwa enkulu nsimbi, mica, apatite, graphite. Ukuze ikhava sedimentary angavalelwa izinqolobane ezinkulu uwoyela negesi, kanye amalahle, idayimane, ithusi, nickel negolide imikhando.

Isakhiwo Geological we Aldan Isihlangu

isihlangu Aldansky - isisekelo kwelivi crystal ngaphakathi Platform laseSiberia. Itholakala yayo ingxenye eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe impumuzo ofanayo nasendleleni ne Aldan Plateau the backbone. Esikhathini eningizimu nasentshonalanga ye isihlangu inomngcele indawo yokwakha entabeni ngokusebenzisa isimiso amaphutha ezijulile. Enyakatho-mpumalanga kuyahlanganiswa isiphuku obukhulu imali sedimentary ubudala eCambria.

Elihlehlisiwe (Iphansi), engaphansi endala Aldan Shield, ungakwazi ukulandela ukuvela ungqimba lomhlaba wonkana. Ngakho, ngo-tier aphansi bedded gneiss, schist, zemabula quartzite granulite. Edvute ugcwele amatshe sedimentary-mlilo, metamorphosed zonally. Phansi engenhla imelelwa ezifakwa obukhulu yamadwala clastic kanye mlilo, kanye intrusions ezinkulu.

Ezahlukahlukene kwezinkathi Geological izinqubo zomhlaba esikhathini Aldan avikele asebenzayo okuningi futhi. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka esikhathini Paleozoic, Mesozoic futhi ngokwesilinganiso Cenozoic. Lena ngenye yama-timphawu letehlukene samanje crystalline isihlangu.

Ensimini ka isihlangu Aldan elihlobene ne ezifakwa amaminerali amaningi. Ngakho, lapha kutholakala ukulihlola izinqolobane abalulekile lensimbi nelethusi imikhando, mica, apatite, kimberlites, amalahle, igolide, amatshe ahlukahlukene lulwimi eziyigugu.

Umlando ukwakheka begodu nesakhiwo East European Ipulatifomu

platform East-European - omunye platform oqine kakhulu ungqimba lomhlaba yesimanje sika. Lolo hide luqala ngo-Peninsula zaseScandinavia eziNtabeni Zase-Ural, bangazihluphi iningi North kanye East Europe.

Ngo oyiyo ezimbili ezinamandla okukhipha crystal base - Ukraine futhi isihlangu aseBaltic. Lapha phezu ezindaweni eziningi ezibheke rocks lasendulo - ikakhulukazi egwadle futhi quartzite. Isikhathi esiningi akha okusezingeni eliphezulu idwala outcrops futhi zigodi ebabazekayo kakhulu. Esikhaleni phakathi izihlangu ngokufanele Belarus anteklizy Voronezh.

platform Foundation igneous eziyinkimbinkimbi namadwala metamorphic ubudala Precambrian, okuyinto ezinabantu dissected ngamaphutha ezijulile zomhlaba. East-European platform kwakheka isisekelo salo ngasekupheleni Proterozoic. ikhava Ipulatifomu siqukethe sedimentary kancane zikhubazekile namadwala wentaba-mlilo bobudala obungefani umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Mineral izinsiza yesikhulumi East European

Esikhathini platform East European uhlole imali ezinonileyo namaminerali ahlukahlukene. Ezinye zazo yizinto ezihlobene isisekelo nesakhiwo Geological, elinye - ne esembozweni sawo sedimentary.

Ukuze uphume izindawo emsamo isisekelo ebusweni angavalelwa ezifakwa enkulu nsimbi (Krivbass, Kurskaia kazibuthe anomaly Kremenchugsky pool, njll), ithusi, titanium, nickel imikhando futhi apatites. Nge sedimentary ikhava platform elihlobene ne ezifakwa Igesi yemvelo (Volgouralskaya uwoyela sifundazwe, Dneprovsko-Donetskaya ukucindezeleka, njll), amalahle kanye lignite (Donbass, eMoscow nesifunda), idwala phosphate, bauxite nezinto zokwakha ezihlukahlukene (limestone, imifekethiso, dolomite nokunye okunjalo. D.) .

Isakhiwo Geological isihlangu Ukrainian

Ukrainian crystalline isihlangu - a protrusion kwesisekelo yesikhulumi East-European ku yayo emaphethelweni eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Welula amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane (ngaphakathi e-Ukraine futhi Belarus ngokwengxenye) kusukela eMfuleni Gorin enyakatho kuya ogwini loLwandle Azov eningizimu. Ibalazwe ngezansi lumakwe ziphuzi.

Ububanzi esiphezulu isihlangu Ukrainian 250 amakhilomitha. Inani indawo ebusweni - ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 135 amakhilomitha square.

isihlangu Ukrainian yakhiwa ikakhulukazi yamadwala igneous futhi metamorphic ubudala Archean (ke gneisses, granites, amphibolites, migmatites nabanye). Ezindaweni eziningi, la madwala crystalline bavezwa, ukwakha amatshe amahle, ohamba uba nezimpophoma ezincane asibekela phezu kwemifula emathafeni.

Minerals isihlangu Ukrainian

By projection izisekelo ezisekelweni lasendulo aziwa angavalelwa ore namaminerali. Futhi isihlangu Ukrainian lapha - hhayi ngaphandle.

Phakathi lesi sakhiwo Geological uhlole inothile nsimbi (Krivoi rog umcengezi), i-uranium-ore (Zheltovodsky futhi Ternovskii ensimini), zirconium imikhando (Vol'nogorskoe idiphozi), amatshe ayigugu kanye semiprecious, izinto zokwakha (ngokukhethekile, e Zhitomir nezinye izindawo egwadle Ukraine misela eliphezulu kakhulu). Kukhokonke amaminerali isisetshenziswa bezikhali isihlangu Ukrainian cishe ongenakuqhathaniswa eYurophu futhi izwe.

Found kule ibhodi namaminerali yohlobo sedimentary. ezifakwa yabo abavaleleke amandla amancane (amamitha akukho ngaphezu kuka-50) Izingxenye ukumboza. Okokuqala, kungcono lignite Dnieper nomcengezi Nikopol manganese ore umcengezi.

isiphetho

Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi crustal kuyingxenye uhla imisebenzi emiswe isayensi nokuma kwezwe. Izivikelo - kukhona timphawu tesakhiwo yesikhulumi Umhlaba lasendulo. Lezi ngokuvamile kuphelela esizweni ezifakwa enamandla ore amaminerali itshe semiprecious.

Aldan Isihlangu, nesi-Ukraine - iyona enkulu kunazo zonke crystalline ziboya lezisekelo kulelivekati ezintaba zase-Eurasia. Eyokuqala yalezi itholakala e-Russia, ngaphakathi platform laseSiberia, kanti eyesibili - ku Ukraine, emsamo East European.