Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuqedwa kwe-serfdom eRussia

Ngemva kweMpi YaseCrimea yaphela ngo-1856 , izazi-mlando eziningi zithi inkathi yokukhululwa nokuguqulwa kwaqala eRussia. Ngisho ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ososayensi abaningi, abacabangi kanye nabantu basesidlangalaleni bathola izizathu zokuqedwa kwe-serfdom. Futhi lezi zindawo kwakungokoqobo, okungenani, izikhulu zalezo zikhathi zazikholelwa ukuthi insipho yayingenani okungcolile. Ngisho nemiphakathi eyimfihlo yadalwa elwa nesitfombe, kodwa konke lokhu kwaba yize.

Ngo-1855 kwavela inkosi entsha. U-Alexander II uye wafundiswa kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya ekuphatheni abantu ngokuziphatha, kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo senhlalo. Noma kunjalo, umbusi omusha wayengasheshe akhiphe ukwenza noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa, nakuba ayeqonda ngokucacile ukuthi ukubuyisa ubuchwepheshe beRussia, kanye nesitfombe, kwakuyizizathu eziyinhloko zokulahlekelwa kwempi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakunjani, kodwa ekugcineni, u-Alexander II wayesesifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi izinguquko ziyadingeka ngempela, futhi kudingeka zenziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngakho-ke, izidingo eziyisisekelo zokuqedwa kwe- serfdom zimi kanje: lokhu kwavimbela ukukhula kwemboni kakhulu, imali enkulu yayihamba kancane, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi iRussia yayizoba umbuso wesibili.

Isizathu esilandelayo yukuthi, ngaphandle kokunye, amapulazi asebalimi akakwazanga ukuma futhi ahlehliswa, kodwa lokhu kwenzeka ngoba abanikazi bezomhlaba bavame ukukhuphula ama-corvee, kanti abalimi abangekho ukhetho ngaphandle kokusebenza emafrijini.

Okwesithathu okudingekayo ukuthi kwakuyi- serfdom eyayiyisizathu esiyinhloko esenza ukuthi iMpi YaseCrimea ilahleke. Ebusweni kwakuyiqiniso lokuthi iRussia inobuthakathaka obukhulu kakhulu bezempi-lobuchwepheshe obuqhathaniswa namanye amandla amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi basheshe bacekelwa phansi ngenxa yemisebenzi ehlukahlukene kanye nokudliwa kwempahla, abalimi abaningi bavele babalekela kubanikazi bendawo.

Esinye isizathu ukukhula kwemikhiqizo yezilwane. Empeleni, babengenalutho lokulahlekelwa, ngakho-ke ukuxokozela kwaqala. Uhulumeni wayesaba kakhulu ukuthi lesibili "Pugachevshchina" ngeke siqale.

Isizathu sesihlanu sokuqedwa kwe-serfdom wukuthi isinqumo esivumelanayo sasiqonda kahle ukuthi sisezindabeni ezinjalo njengokungathi ziyi-powder keg, futhi sidinga ngempela ukwenza izinguquko, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke kuphele nganoma yini enhle.

Okokugcina, isizathu sesithupha sokuthi isisetshenziswa kumele sichithwe futhi ukuthi kwakubonakala kabanzi njengegqila langempela futhi cishe zonke izingxenye zomphakathi zilahla lesi simo.

Lokhu akuzona zonke izizathu zokuqedwa kwe-serfdom, kodwa yilezi zinto eziyisithupha ezidinga kakhulu uhulumeni.

Kwakuyiminyaka yokuqala yokubusa kwenkosi entsha ukuthi umthetho usayinwe umthetho. Ngokwemibandela yalolu dokhumenti, abaningi abakwaC decembrists, kanye nalabo ababambiqhaza kwamanye ama-insurrections, bathola inkululeko, ezinye izindawo zokuhlala zamasosha zaqothulwa , nakuba ukugcinwa kwemali kwasala, kodwa kwabonakala kunzima, futhi ukuhamba kwamanye amazwe kwaba mahhala.

Uhulumeni omusha, nakuba ebona zonke izizathu zokuqedwa kwe-serfdom, kodwa babengenalo uhlelo olucacile lokusebenza. Kodwa emphakathini ngaleso sikhathi kwakunezibalo ezihlukahlukene ngamasiko, amasiko nezombhalo ezihlukahlukene ezazinikeza amaphrojekthi abo ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko ezintsha. Okudumile kunazo zonke kwakungumlando wesazi-mlando uKavelin, owayekholelwa ukuthi lapho kwenziwa izinguquko ezizimele, kubalulekile ukucabangela izithakazelo hhayi kuphela ngabanikazi bendawo, kodwa nakwabalimi. Ngokombono wakhe, laba bantu bekufanele bathole umhlaba wokusetshenziswa, nabanikazi bezindlu - umvuzo wawo.

Kwakungumuntu lo owachaza ngokucacile zonke izimbangela zokuqedwa kwe-serfdom, futhi abantu balalela ngempela amazwi akhe. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhulumeni akazange ajabule ikakhulukazi nalabo abashaqisayo, waze waxoshwa emsebenzini wakhe, kodwa ngenxa yobulungiswa, kubalulekile ukucabangela iqiniso lokuthi kwakuyimibono yakhe esinqume ukuhlinzekwa okuyinhloko kwezinguquko ezizayo.