Umlando we-Chechnya kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo

I-Chechen yokuqala yavela eNkathini Ephakathi. Ekhulwini le-XIX, ngemva kwempi ende yaseCaucasus, leli zwe laba yingxenye yoMbuso WaseRussia. Kodwa esikhathini esizayo umlando weChechnya wawugcwele amakhasi aphikisanayo nezinhlekelele.

I-ethnogenesis

Abantu baseTchchen baye bahlala isikhathi eside. ICaucasus ibilokhu ihlukene ngokobuzwe, ngakho-ke, ngisho nasemphakathini wesayense, kusengabikho inkolelo ehlangene mayelana nemvelaphi yalesi sizwe. Ulimi lwesiTchchen lusegatsheni leNakh lomndeni wolimi lwesiNakh-Daghestani. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-East Caucasian, ngokuvumelana nokuhlala kwezizwe zasendulo, okwaba yizikhulu zokuqala zalezi zilimi.

Umlando weChechnya waqala ngokubonakala kwamaVainakhs (namuhla leli gama libhekisela okhokho bama-Ingush namaCherchen). E-ethnogenesis yayo yahlanganyela nabantu abahlukahlukene abahlala emadolobheni: amaSkithe, ama-Indo-Iranians, amaSarmati, njll. Abavubukuli babonisa okhokho baseChechens abathwali bamaColchis noKoban amasiko. Amathrekhi abo ahlakazekile kulo lonke elaseCaucasus.

Umlando Wasendulo

Ngenxa yokuthi umlando we-Chechnya yasendulo wadlula ngokungabikho kombuso ophakathi, kunzima kakhulu ukukwahlulela izenzakalo kuze kube seNkathini Ephakathi. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye amaVainakhs ayengaphansi komakhelwane bawo owadala umbuso wase-Alanian, kanye ne-Avars yezintaba. Ukugcina emakhulwini e-VI-XI ahlala esifundeni saseSarira nenhloko yalo eTanusi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kokubili amaSulumane nobuKristu babesakazeke lapho. Kodwa-ke, umlando weChechnya wakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi amaCherchen abe amaSulumane (ngokungafani, isibonelo, omakhelwane bawo baseGeorgia).

Ngekhulu leshumi nantathu, ukuhlasela kweMongol kwaqala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amaTchchens awashiyanga izintaba, esaba izinqwaba eziningi. Ngokwezinye zezinkolelo (nakho kuneziphikisi), khona-ke isimo sokuqala sama-feudal sama-Vainakhs sidalwe. Le mfundo yahlala isikhathi esifushane futhi yabhujiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kukaTamerlane ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIV.

Amathebhu

Kwaphela isikhathi eside izindawo ezihlala phansi ngaphansi kwezintaba zaseCaucasus zazilawulwa izinhlanga ezikhuluma isiTurkey. Ngakho-ke, umlando weChechnya ubelokhu uhlotshaniswa nezintaba. Indlela yokuphila yabakhileyo bayo nayo yakhiwa ngokuhambisana nezimo zezwe. Emadolobheni angakodwa, lapho ngezinye izikhathi kudlula khona idlule eyodwa kuphela, kwavela amathanga. Lawa kwakunguzinhlangano zendawo ezidalwe ngokuhambisana nomphakathi.

Kusungulwe eNkathini Ephakathi, amathiyipu akhona kuze kube manje futhi ahlale engumsebenzi obalulekile kuwo wonke umphakathi waseTchchen. Lezi zinyunyana zakhiwe ukuvikela omakhelwane abanobudlova. Umlando weChechnya ugcwele izimpi nezingxabano. Emathinini, isiko lokuphindisela kwegazi lazalwa. Lesi siko silethe izici zayo ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwezicubu. Uma ingxabano phakathi kwabantu abaningana yavutha, yakhula yaba yimpi yezwe waze isitha saqedwa ngokuphelele. Lona kwakuwumlando we-Chechnya kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Impindiselo yegazi yaba khona isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngoba uhlelo lwe-teip lwathatha indawo enkulu esikhundleni sombuso ngendlela ejwayelekile yegama.

Inkolo

Imininingwane mayelana nomlando wasendulo kakhulu we-Chechnya, ezinsukwini zethu cishe azigcini. Okunye okutholakala emvubukulweni kusikisela ukuthi amaVainakhs babengamaqaba kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanye. Babekhulekela inhlonipho yendawo yamadolobha. AmaCherchen ayenenkcubeko yemvelo nazo zonke izici zayo: izindawo ezingcwele, izintaba, izihlahla, njll Ubuqili, imilingo nezinye imikhuba esoteric yayivamile.

Ekhulwini le-XI-XII. Kule ndawo yaseCaucasus, ukusabalalisa kobuKristu kwaqala, okuvela eGeorgia naseByzantium. Nokho, ngokushesha umbuso waseConstantinople wawa. Endaweni yobuKristu kwafika uSunni Islam. AmaCherchen ayamukelwa emakhelwane aseKimyk ne-Golden Horde. I-Ingush yaba amaSulumane ngekhulu leshumi le-16, kanti izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni ezikude zangekhulu le-17. Kodwa isikhathi eside ama-Islam ayengenathonya amasiko ezenhlalakahle, asekelwe kakhulu kumasiko kazwelonke. Futhi kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVIII lamaSunnism e-Chechnya uthatha izikhundla ezifanayo njengamazwe ase-Arab. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi inkolo iye yaba ithuluzi elibalulekile lomzabalazo wokulwa nokungenelela kwe-Russian Orthodox. Inzondo yabantu abangabazi yavutha hhayi kuphela kuzwelonke, kodwa nasezikhungweni zokuvuma.

Ikhulu le-XVI

Ekhulwini lama-XVI lamaCherchen aqala ukuhlala ezigodini ezingasala esigodini saseTerek River. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaningi balaba bantu bahlala ezintabeni, bevumelana nezimo zabo zemvelo. Labo abaya enyakatho bafuna ukwabelana kangcono lapho. Isibalo sabantu sakhula ngokwemvelo, futhi izinsizakalo ezincane zahluleka. Ukuqina nokulamba kwaphoqelela amathebhu amaningi ukuhlala emazweni amasha. Amakholoni awakha amadolobhana amancane, ayewabiza ngomusa wawo. Ingxenye yalokhu i-toponymy isinda kuze kube yilolu suku.

Umlando we-Chechnya kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo wawuhlotshaniswa nengozi yamagama. Kodwa ngekhulu le-XVI baba namandla kakhulu. I-Golden Horde yaphuka. Ama-ulus amaningi ayelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, kungani engakwazi ukulawula phezu komakhelwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungaleso sikhathi ukuthi ukwanda kombuso waseRussia kwaqala. Ngawo-1560. I-Kazan ne-Astrakhan khanates zanqotshwa. U-Ivan the Terrible waqala ukulawula yonke inkambo yeVolga, ngaleyo ndlela efinyelela e-Caspian Sea naseCaucasus. I-Russia ezintabeni yayinezivumelwano eziqotho emphakathini wezikhulu zaseKabardian (Ivan the Terrible ngisho noMaria Temryukovna oshadile - indodakazi kabusi waseTabardian Temryuk).

Oxhumana nabo bokuqala neRussia

Ngo-1567, amaRussia asekela ijele laseTersky. Lona kwakungu-Ivan the Terrible owacelwa nguTemukuk, owayethemba usizo lukaTsar ekuxabaneni neCrimean Khan, owase-Ottoman Sultan. Indawo yokwakhiwa kwenqaba yayiwumlomo womfula i-Sunzhi - i-tributary ye-Terek. Lona kwakuyisiqalo sokuqala saseRussia esasisondela eduze kwamazwe aseTchchens. Kwase kuyisikhathi eside kwakuyiTersky Ostrog eyayisungulwa ukukhuliswa eMoscow eCaucasus.

Amakholoni ayeyiGranksky Cossacks, abengesabi ukuphila ezweni elikude futhi evikela izithakazelo zenkosi ngenkonzo yabo. Yilabo abasungula ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nabantu basekhaya. Umlando wabantu baseChechnya wawunentshisekelo eGrozny, futhi wamukela embassy wokuqala waseChenchen, owathunyelwa yiNkosana Shikh-Murza Okotsky onamandla. Ucele ukuvikelwa eMoscow. Imvume yalokhu yanikezwa kakade yindodana ka-Ivan the Terrible Fedor Ioannovich. Nokho, lo mbambano awuzange uhlale isikhathi eside. Ngo-1610 uShih-murza wabulawa, indlalifa yakhe yaqothulwa, futhi ubuholi babanjwa yizwe elingumakhelwane wase Kumyk.

AmaChechens kanye ne-Terek Cossacks

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1577, kwakhiwa ama-Cossacks eTerek, ngokusekelwe kumaCosacks asuka emifuleni yaseDon, Khopra naseVolga, kanye nama-Orthodox Circassians, ama-Ossetians, aseGeorgians nama-Armenia. Lezi zinsuku zabalekela ukwanda kwePheresiya neTurkey. Abaningi babo baba yiRussified. Ukukhula kwe-Cossack mass kwakubalulekile. Lokhu akukwazi ukusiza kodwa uqaphele i-Chechnya. Umlando wemvelaphi yezingxabano zokuqala phakathi kwabagibeli bezintaba kanye neCocsacks ayilungiswanga, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuxabana kwanda kakhulu futhi kuvamile.

AmaCherchen nezinye izakhamuzi zaseCaucasus zenza ukuhlasela izinkomo nezinye izilwane eziwusizo. Ngokuvamile izakhamuzi zathunjwa futhi kamuva zabuyiselwa isihlengo noma zenza izigqila. Ephendula, ama-Cossacks nawo ahlasela izintaba futhi aphanga ama-auls. Noma kunjalo amacala anjalo ayehlukile ngaphandle kokubusa. Ngokuvamile kwakukhona isikhathi eside sokuthula, lapho omakhelwane bethengisa phakathi kwabo futhi bezuza izibopho ezihlobene. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaTchchens atholakala ngisho naseCossacks ezinye zezici zokugcinwa kwezindlu, futhi amaCosacks aqala ukugqoka izingubo ezifana kakhulu nentaba.

Ikhulu le-XVIII

Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XVIII eNyakatho Caucasus yabhalwa ukwakhiwa komugqa omusha waseRussia oqinile. Kwakukhona izinqaba eziningana, lapho bonke abakholoni abasha beza khona. Ngo-1763, uMookdok wasungulwa, wabe ese-Ekaterinograd, iPavlovskaya, uMaryinskaya, uGeorgievskaya.

Lezi zinqaba zazifaka esikhundleni setilongweni laseTersky, lapho amaCherchen aphinde akwazi ukuphanga. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eminyakeni yama-80, ukunyakaza kweSharia kwaqala ukusakazeka e-Chechnya. Okudumile kwaba yizikhombisi ze-gazavate - impi yokholo lobuSulumane.

Impi yaseCaucasia

Ngo-1829 i-Imamat yaseNyakatho yeCaucasian yadalwa - umbuso wamaSulumane ongokwasezulwini ensimini yaseChechnya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, leli zwe linesiqhawe salo lonke lesizwe uShamil. Ngo-1834 waba i-imam. Wayengaphansi kweDagestan neChechnya. Umlando wokuvela nokusabalalisa kwamandla akhe kuhlangene nomzabalazo wokulwa nokwanda kweRussia eNyakatho Caucasus.

Umzabalazo wokulwa namaChechen wahlala iminyaka eminengi. Esikhathini esithile, impi yaseCaucasia yahlangana nempi elwa nePheresiya, kanye neMpi YaseCrimea, lapho amazwe aseYurophu aseYurophu ephuma elwa neRussia. Ubani usizo lwe-Chechnya olungabani? Umlando wesifunda saseNokhchia ekhulwini le-19 bekungeke kube yisikhathi eside uma bekungekho ukusekelwa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kokuthi i-sultan yasiza lezi zintaba, i-Chechnya ekugcineni yanqotshwa ngo-1859. U-Shamil wadutshulwa kuqala, wabe esehlala ekuthunjweni okuhloniphekile eKaluga.

Ukusungulwa kwamandla aseSoviet

Ngemuva kweNkombusazwe kaFebhuwari, amaqembu e-Chechen aqala ukuhlasela endaweni yaseSrozny naseVladikavkaz. Ekwindla ka-1917, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlukana komdabu" kwabuyela ekhaya kusukela ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kwakukhona amaTchchens. Lesi sigaba senza impi yangempela namaCosksacks eTerek.

Ngokushesha amaBolshevik aqala ukubusa ePetrograd. Abagadi Babo Abomvu bafika eGrozny kakade ngoJanuwari 1918. Amanye amaKchenchen asekela umbuso waseSoviet, abanye baya ezintabeni, kanti abanye basiza abamhlophe. Kusukela ngoFebruwari 1919, uGrozny wayelawulwa amabutho kaPeter Wrangel nabalingani bakhe baseBrithani. Futhi ngo-March 1920 kuphela i-Red Army yasungula inhloko - dolobha yaseChechnya.

Ukuxoshwa

Ngo-1936 kwakhiwa iRecchen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ezintabeni kwakukhona ababhikishi abaphikisa amaBolshevik. Amagundane okugcina aphelile ngo-1938. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izakhamuzi zase-republic ziye zahlala zihlukile.

Ngokushesha i-Great Patriotic War yaqala, okuvela kuwo wonke amaChechnya neRussia. Umlando womzabalazo wokulwa nokuhlaselwa eJalimane eCaucasus, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izingxenye, kwaba nzima kumabutho aseSoviet. Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kukhishwe ukubonakala kwama-Chechen, okwenziwe ngokumelene namasosha ase-Red Army noma ngisho nokuhlangana namaNazi.

Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ubuholi baseSoviet baqale ukucindezela abantu bonke. Ngo-February 23, 1944, wonke amaTchchens kanye no-Ingush obumakhelwane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babheka kanjani i-USSR, badluliselwa e-Central Asia.

Ichkeria

AmaCherchen akwazi ukubuyela ezweni lawo kuphela ngo-1957. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, imizwa ehlukene yaphinde yavuswa e-republic. Ngo-1991 iCzech Republic yase-Ichkeria yamemezelwa eGrozny. Kwaphela isikhathi esithile ukuphikisana kwakhe ne-federal centre kwakusebusweni obubandayo. Ngo-1994, uMongameli waseRussia uBoris Yeltsin wanquma ukuletha amasosha e-Chechnya ukubuyisela amandla eMoscow lapho. Ngokusemthethweni, lo msebenzi wawubizwa ngokuthi "izinyathelo zokugcina umyalelosisekelo".

Impi yokuqala yaseChechen yaphela ngo-Agasti 31, 1996, lapho izivumelwano zaseKhasavyurt zisayinwe. Eqinisweni, lesi sivumelwano sasho ukuhoxiswa kwamabutho aseFrance avela e-Ichkeria. Amaqembu avumile ukucacisa isimo seChechnya ngaphambi kukaDisemba 31, 2001. Lapho kuqala umhlaba, u-Ichkeria waba ozimele, nakuba kwakungavunyelwe ngokomthetho yiMoscow.

Isimanje

Ngisho nangemva kokusayina kwezivumelwane zaseKhasavyurt, isimo emngceleni neChechnya sahlala singaneliseki kakhulu. I-republic yaba yindawo yokucashela abaqedile, amaSulumane, ama-mercenaries kanye nezigebengu nje. Ngo-Agasti 7, isosha lamabutho uShamil Basayev noKhattab bahlasela umakhelwane waseDagestan. Ama-Extremists ayefuna ukwakha umbuso ozimele wamaSulumane ensimini yawo.

Umlando we-Chechnya ne-Dagestan ufana kakhulu, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokusondela kwezwe, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokufaniswa kobuhlanga nobuzwe bomphakathi. Amaphoyisa ase-federal aqala ukusebenza ngokumelene nobuphekula. Okokuqala, amasosha ayephonswa ngaphandle kweDagestan. Khona-ke ibutho laseRussia laphinde lafika e-Chechnya. Isigaba sokulwa salo mkhankaso saphela ehlobo lika-2000, lapho uGrozny esuliwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, umbuso we-anti-terrorist operation wawusungulwe ngokusemthethweni iminyaka engu-9. Namuhla, i-Chechnya ingenye yezihloko ezigcwele ze-Russian Federation.