Izinsuku eziyinhloko zomlando waseRussia. Izinsuku ezibalulekile emlandweni waseRussia

Russian Federation - ezweni lapho lifaka lokuqala endaweni zensimu nangelesishiyagalolunye - labantu elikhulu kunawo wonke. Kuyinto ezweni lapho isidlulile indlela kusuka principalities disparate ukuba nembangi ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu. aphethwe lokhu kumiswa sondo ezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye ezempi kanjani?

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola nezinsuku ukhiye yomlando Russian. Sizobona ukuthuthukiswa yezwe kusukela kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

IX - X leminyaka

Ngokokuqala ngqá igama elithi "Russia" ezishiwo 860 ngokuqondene kweConstantinople (waseConstantinople) kanye kwempahla izindawo zako ezizungezile. Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi ngesikhathi kugaselwa okuhilela abantu abangaphezu kuka nesishiyagalombili. Abantu baseByzantium babekholelwa ukuthi akazange alindele ukuhlasela woLwandle Olumnyama, ngakho abakwazanga ukunikeza wenqaba efanelekayo. "Rus gone ungajeziswa," - uthi umlobi wezenzakalo.

Usuku ebalulekile elandelayo kwaba ngonyaka 862. Emlandweni IRussia ingelinye lamazwe izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwe- "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", kwaba ngaleso abameleli isikhathi abamenyiwe sezizwe zakwa lwamaSlavic wokubusa Rurik.

Umlando uthi bakhathele Ukuxabana njalo nombango, okuyinto kwafika umphathi kuphela owayengenza abuqede.

Njengomhlaba 862, emlandweni Russian kwaba obalulekile olandelayo - 863rd. Kulo nyaka, ngokwemibiko ye-mlando, wadala zamagama Slavic - zamagama zesiCyrillic. Kuyinto kusukela kulesi sikhathi iqala umlando esemthethweni ebhalwe Russia.

Ngo 882, Prince Oleg, owalandela Rurik sika, wathandwa Kiev futhi kwenza kube "inhloko-dolobha." Lo mbusi kuye kwafeza lukhulu ukuze sisetshenziswe umbuso. Waqala ukuhlanganisa izizwe waya Khazars, kwawona emazweni amaningi. Manje northerners drevlyans, radzimichy pay inkokhiso hhayi Kaganate kanye Kiev kokwesikhulu.

Sicabanga kuphela izinsuku ayisihluthulelo umlando Russian. Ngakho-ke sihlala kuphela ezinye izenzakalo ezivelele.

Ngakho, X leminyaka kwaphawulwa ukwanda enamandla Russ emazweni angomakhelwane nezinhlanga. Ngakho, Igor waya Pechenegs (920) naseConstantinople (ngonyaka 944). Sviatoslav wabhubhisa Khazar Khanate e 965, ngaleyo ndlela kakhulu waqinisa isikhundla Kievan Rus e aseningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga.

Ngo 970 Kievan Prince uVladimir Elikhulu kuba. Sikanye umalume wakhe Dobrynya, ogama image kamuva saboniswa e hero amaqhawe, kuzoba sengathi baseBulgaria. Wakwazi ukunqoba izizwe amaSerbia kanye baseBulgaria eDanube, ukuze umfelandawonye kuphothuliwe.

Prince Landelayo Kiev abathintekayo emkhankasweni we baseBulgaria ngokumelene baseByzantium. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni Ukunqotshwa kwe yokugcina kanye nokuqinisa baseBulgaria endaweni.

Nokho, ngesikhathi okukhulunywa imikhankaso isikhulu benamandla ubuKristu. Ngaphambili, ugogo wakhe, Princess Olga, owokuqala owaba nale nkolelo le nkolelo futhi awuzange kuqondwe imvelo. Manje uVladimir Veliky wanquma ukuba ngibhapathize lonke isimo.

Ngakho, eziningi emikhosini yakhelwe ukuba ngibhapathize izizwe eziningi owaqhutshelwa e 988. Labo ababenqaba ukushintsha ukholo ngokuzithandela, baphoqwa ukuba la mandla.

I last usuku olubalulekile ngekhulu leshumi kubhekwa ukwakhiwa okweshumi isonto. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lesi sakhiwo ekhatsi Kiev ekugcineni wanamathela ubuKristu ezingeni wombuso.

XI leminyaka

Ikhulu nanye kwaphawulwa inani elikhulu ezimpini phakathi kokwesikhulu. Ngokushesha ngemva kokufa Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha uqale sokulwa okukhona ngaphakathi eqenjini.

Lokhu kubhujiswa kwaqhubeka waze 1019, lapho isihlalo sobukhosi Prince Yaroslav ihlala e Kiev, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wethiwa the Hlakaniphile. Wabusa iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engu-wokubusa kwakhe, Kievan Rus cishe ifinyelela izinga aseYurophu.

Njengoba sikhuluma kafushane ngomlando Russia, abaluleke kakhulu kulelo khulu leminyaka leshumi nanye, usuku elihlobene ne wokubusa Yaroslav (engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu) kanye inkathi yezinxushunxushu (engxenyeni kwekhulu lesibili).

Ngakho kusukela 1019 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1054 Prince Yaroslav Mudry ingenye nemengamo edume kunazo - "Iqiniso Yaroslav". Kuyinto ingxenye omdala "Iqiniso Russian".

Kule minyaka emihlanu kusukela 1030, akhela e Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral.

Enhloko-dolobha, i-ofanayo 1037 iqala ukwakha ibandla abadumile - St Sophia. Laqedwa 1041.

Ngemva umkhankaso wokulwa eByzantium, e 1043, uJaroslav kwaqanjwa efanayo Cathedral Novgorod.

Ukufa isikhulu Kiev kwaphawula ukuqala umzabalazo inhlokodolobha zamadodana akhe. Kusukela 1054 kuya 1068 Izyaslav imithetho. Ngemva kwalokho, kusetshenziswa kwavukelwa indawo Polotsk Vseslav. Esikhathini epics, kukhulunywa ngaso njengoba iVolga.

Ngenxa yokuthi umbusi oye ebanjwa ukubukwa ezingamaqaba ngezindaba zokholo, wayesemsebenzini yezinganekwane abantu abalelwa ku izakhiwo werewolf. Esikhathini epics, uba impisi, ukhozi. Indaba olusemthethweni ngemuva kokuthi ngelika Iseluleki.

Bala izinsuku main emlandweni we-Russia ngekhulu nanye, kuyafaneleka kokukhuluma ukudalwa "Iqiniso Yaroslav" e 1072 kanye "Izbornik Svyatoslav" e 1073. Lesi sakamuva iqukethe incazelo kosanta, kanye nezimfundiso zabo ezibalulekile.

idokhumenti Okuningi ezithakazelisayo iyona "Russian Iqiniso". It liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili. Eyokuqala ebhaliwe phakathi nokubusa Yaroslava Mudrogo, kanti eyesibili - in 1072. Leli qoqo liqukethe imithetho lobugebengu, nenqubo, nomthetho commercial futhi ifa.

Isenzakalo sokugcina, okuyinto Kuhle kokusho kohlaka ekhulwini leshumi nanye, kwaba oPhethe Liubech izikhulu. Waqalisa nokwehlukaniswa Old isimo Russian. Kukhona-ke Kwavunyelwana ukuthi wonke umuntu kufanele uphathe kuphela fiefdom yabo.

ekhulwini XII

Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa indima ebalulekile asize ngokuhlanganisa wezikhulu asendulo ayedlala Polovtsy. Ukukhuluma mayelana nezinsuku main emlandweni ekhulwini weshumi nambili Russia, ingasaphathwa uhambo kulezi abayimizulane ku 1103, 1107 kanye 1111, ngokulandelana. Lezi imikhankaso emithathu lempi basekela Eastern lwamaSlav futhi wadala izimfanelo for voknyazheniya uVladimir Monomakh e 1113. Wayelethwa ulandelwa indodana yakhe Mstislav.

Phakathi nokubusa lezi zikhulu ekugcineni esizohlelwa "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", futhi kukhona ukunganeliseki okhula phakathi kwabantu, okwaphumela nokuvukela e 1113 kanye 1127 sika.

Ngemva kokufa Yaroslava Mudrogo kancane kancane ekuhambeni umlando nezombangazwe zaseYurophu futhi umlando Russia. Izinsuku kanye nemicimbi kwekhulu weshumi nambili, kuqinisekiswa ngokugcwele.

Nakuba kwakukhona ababethanda i-amandla, kubangelwa Ngokuwa Kievan isimo, eNtshonalanga Yurophu, Spain futhi inyunyana labetibambile zenkolo eziningana.

ERussia, okulandelayo iphutha. Ngo 1136 ngenxa yokuvukela futhi ukuxoshwa Vsevolod Mstislavovich esungulwe Republic Novgorod.

Ngo 1147 ke kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ngegama eMoscow. Kuyinto kusukela kulesi sikhathi iqala emqansweni kancane kancane edolobheni, okuyinto imiselwe kamuva baba inhloko-dolobha united states.

I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nambili kwaphawulwa i kwehlukana nakakhulu amandla futhi principalities buthaka. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba iqiniso lokuthi iRussia besaboshiwe, engene kwejoka amaMongol AmaTatar.

Njengoba lezi zenzakalo zenzeka ekhulwini nantathu, sizobe ukukhuluma nabo ku.

XIII ekhulwini

Kuleli khulu, okwesikhashana iphazanyiswe umlando esizimele Russia. Usuku, itafula Batu Kuzonyuka, okuyinto laloku lokubhalwe lapha ngentasi, kanye amabalazwe belwa amaMongol ukhombe ukwehluleka izikhulu eziningi ezindabeni zempi.

Ama-Movie Batu Khan

OPhethe Mongol khans wanquma ukuqala umkhankaso yalahla iRussia, ibutho eholwa Batu Khan, umzukulu uGenghis Khan	1235
Ukunqotshwa kwe-amaMongol we Bulgaria iVolga	1236
Ukuhanjiswa Polovtsy nokuqala umkhankaso Russia	1237
Ukuvinjezelwa futhi ukuthunjwa Ryazan	Disemba 1237
Ukuwa kwe-Kolomna futhi eMoscow	Januwari 1238
Ukuthatha amaMongol uVladimir	3-7 Februwari 1238
Ukunqotshwa kwe-amasosha Russian eMfuleni City nokufa Prince uVladimir	Mashi 4, 1238
Fall of the City of Torzhok, ukubuya namaMongol asemaqeleni	Mashi 1238
Ukuqala ukuvinjezelwa Kozelsk	Mashi 25, 1238
Phumula yebutho baseMongolia Don emaqeleni	ehlobo 1238
Fall Murom, Nizhny Novgorod futhi Gorokhovets	ekwindla 1238
Ukuhlaselwa Batu eseningizimu principalities Russian iwe Putivel, Pereyaslavl futhi Chernigov	ehlobo 1239
Ukuvinjezelwa futhi bamba Kiev ngu amaMongol	5-6 Septhemba 1240

Kukhona izindaba ezimbalwa, lapho abantu basemadolobheni bakwazi ukunikeza ukumelana nobuqhawe ukuba abahlaseli (isib, Kozelsk). Kodwa awukhulumi Kunoma yikuphi, lapho izikhulu wahlulwa amaMongol ibutho.

Ngokulinganiswa Kozelsk - kungcono nje indaba eyingqayizivele. Hike ibutho esinganqobeki of Batu Khan, ngubani kusukela 1237 ku 1240 phansi North-Eastern Russia, samiswa eduze ezindongeni inqaba encane.

Leli dolobha laliyinhloko-dolobha i-ubukhulu phansi besizwe wangaphambili Vyatichi. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi abantu inani abazivikelayo akukho engaphezu kwamakhulu amane. Nokho, ukuthatha amaMongol inqaba ayengakwenza kuphela ngemva kwamasonto eziyisikhombisa wokuvimbezela nokubulala ekulahlekelweni amasosha engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuzivikela igcinwe umphakathi jikelele, futhi bengenaso isikhulu futhi umbusi. Ngalesi sikhathi e Kozelsk "imithetho" umzukulu Mstislav, nambili Basil. Noma kunjalo, izakhamuzi isinqumo sokuvikela kanye avikele umuzi.

Ngemva bamba le nqaba ngu amaMongol ke yadilizwa phansi, nabo bonke abakhileyo abulawe. Khenge futhi izinsana noma nabagulayo abadala.

Ngemva le mpi lonke izinsuku ezibalulekile emlandweni Russia, exhunywe ne amaMongol ahlasele, balandisa kuphela ababusi eningizimu.

Ngakho, ngo-1238, kancane phambi Ulwela Kozelsk, impi senzeka eduze Kolomna River. Ngo 1239, kwathiwa aphanga futhi Chernigov Pereyaslavl. Futhi 1240 wawa Kiev.

Ngo 1243 kwakhiwa isimo Mongol is - zolotaya Orda. Manje izikhulu Russian aphoqelelwe ukuba athathe "ukunqamulela ukubusa" kusukela khans.

Emazweni enyakatho ngaleso sikhathi isithombe ehluke ngokuphelele. Rus isondela wamabutho Swedish nesiJalimane. Basuke umelana isikhulu Novgorod Alexander saseNevsky.

Ngo 1240, yena linqoba abaseSweden ku uMfula iNeva, futhi 1242 ngokupheleleyo ephula zamaJalimane Knights (Battle lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi Ice).

Engxenyeni ngekhulu weshumi nantathu yesibili, zenzeka eziningana mikhankaso ingajezisa yamaMongol eRussia. Bakhandwa aqondiswe izikhulu engadingeki angazange anikwe ilebula ebhodini. Ngakho, ngo-1252 kwaba Nevryueva impi, futhi ngo-1293-m khan Duden wabhubhisa nane nemizana enkulu North-Eastern Russia.

Ngenxa yezenzakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kwathatha kancane kancane lokulawula namazwe enyakatho, e 1299 uMbhishobhi Omkhulu lisuswe kusuka Kiev uVladimir.

XIV ekhulwini

Okuningi usuku olubalulekile emlandweni Russia basonta ekhulwini weshumi nane. Ngo-1325, wafika amandla Ivan Kalita. Useqala ingaqoqa wonke ubukhulu kwisimo esisodwa. Ngakho 1340 enamathiselwe eMoscow, ukuusiza, futhi 1328 baba Grand UMbusi Kalita.

Ngo 1326 uVladimir Metropolitan uPetru ehamba yokuhlala e Moscow njengoba yedolobha phambili.

Olwaqala e 1347 eNtshonalanga Yurophu, isifo ( "i-Black Death") iza 1352-m up eRussia. It phephetha eziningi abantu.

Ebhekisela izinsuku ezibalulekile emlandweni Russia, kuwufanele kakhulu stop on izenzakalo ezihambisana nokuba eMoscow. Ngo 1359 yena ubusa esikhundleni sayo Dmitriy Ivanovich Donskoy. Phakathi neminyaka emibili kusukela 1367-th, kukhona isakhiwo zamatshe ezibiyele eMoscow. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu kamuva ngokuthi "itshe elimhlophe".

Ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nane, Russia ekugcineni liyasuka khans kokubusa Golden. Ngakho, kulesi vein, izenzakalo ezibalulekile impi eduze Vozhi River (1378) kanye Battle of Kulikovo (1380). Zalokhu kunqoba baye babonisa amaMongol-AmaTatar enyakatho uqala ukwakha isimo ezinamandla, okuyinto ngeke ngaphansi kwegunya lothile.

Nokho, zolotaya Orda engafuni ukulahlekelwa nemingenela ukuthi elula. Ngo 1382 Khan Tokhtamysh ubutha impi enkulu futhi ekuchitheni eMoscow.

Kwakuwusuku nenhlekelele yokugcina ezihlobene amaMongol. Nakuba Russia ekugcineni wadedelwa uqobo ejokeni kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu. Kodwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi enye akekho ukhathazwa imingcele yakhe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1395 tamerlan ekugcineni ebhubhisa Golden zidlamlilo. Kodwa ijoka elaseRussia ayaqhubeka ekhona.

ekhulwini xv

Izinsuku main emlandweni eRussia ngekhulu nanhlanu ngokuyinhloko umhlaba ukuhlanganisa kwisimo esisodwa eMoscow.

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu aphethwe e feuds. Kuyo yonke le minyaka emandleni babe Vasily mina Vasily II Dark, Yuriy Zvenigorodsky futhi Dmitry Shemyaka.

Izenzakalo engxenyeni yokuqala ka ngekhulu nanhlanu, kancane okusikhumbuza 1917 emlandweni Russian. Kulandelwe inguquko, impi yombango futhi likhombise kweziphathimandla zempi eziningi othize, abaholi igenge, kamuva wabulawa ngu eMoscow.

Isizathu yisisusa sombango walala kukhethwa izindlela ukuqinisa isimo. Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga imisebenzi zezombusazwe kubabusi zesikhashana ehlangene AmaTatar, naseLithuania, labo ngezinye izikhathi atheleka. Ezinye izikhulu wencike ukwesekwa aseMpumalanga, ezinye sisathemba West.

I zokuziphatha emashumini wombango kwaba ukuthi iwine ababengamkhulekeli Ngethemba ukwesekwa lesinye isizwe, futhi uqinise lizwe kusuka ngaphakathi. Ngakho, umphumela waba sokuhlanganiswa abaningi emazweni encane umqhele ngaphansi kwegunya Grand UMbusi eMoscow.

Isinyathelo esibalulekile kwaba ukusungulwa the autocephaly ka Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Manje lapha wamemezela Metropolitan of Kiev ne All Russia. Okungukuthi, labhujiswa ukuncika eByzantium naseConstantinople Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto.

Phakathi nezimpi izinduna nokungezwani zenkolo zenzeka 1458 igatsha BaseMoscow Kiev Metropolia.

Ukuxabana phakathi izikhulu yaphela ukubusa John III. Wanqoba e 1471 eNovgorod Shelonskoy impi, futhi 1478th ekugcineni inamathela Novgorod ukuze ubukhulu eMoscow.

Ngo 1480 kwaba khona omunye izenzakalo eziphawulekayo kakhulu ngekhulu nanhlanu. It is emibhalweni yaminyaka ngokuthi eyaziwa Lelimile le Ugra. Lena indaba ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi abantu ababephila kubhekwe "intercession ezingaqondakali the Virgin." Han Ahmat bahlangana bayibutho elikhulu futhi umelana Ivan III, owayesesimweni umfelandawonye YaseCrimea khan.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba impi akazange afike. Ngemva eside ukuma wamabutho emelene nomunye, kokubili Army emuva. Abacwaningi namuhla yathola ukuthi lokhu kwakubangelwa ngobuthakathaka zidlamlilo Omkhulu, futhi izenzo amaqembu siphambukisa langemuva Ahmat.

Ngakho, ngo-1480 ubukhulu eMoscow baba lelitimele ngokugcwele.

Okucishe ukubaluleka kwaqala ngo-1552 emlandweni Russian. Mayelana naye sizobe ukukhuluma kamuva.

Ngo 1497, yena wase ebekwa yokutholwa futhi ivunyelwe "Ikhodi Yomthetho", iqoqo imithetho ngoba zonke izakhamizi kwamandla.

XVI ekhulwini

Ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha elinesimo inqubo enamandla yinye yezwe. Ujoyine phakathi nokubusa Basil III ukuba Pskov eMoscow (1510), Smolensk (1514) kanye Ryazan (1521). Futhi okokuqala e-1517 okukhulunywa Boyar Duma njengoba uhlaka uhulumeni.

Ngemva kokufa kuka-Vasily III iqala ukwehla encane Muscovy. Imithetho ngesikhathi uHelen Glinskaya, okuyinto salandelwa amandla Boyar. Kepha ukuphela kwezinto nangobudlova ukubeka indodana esezikhulile kwesikhulu oshonile, Ivan Vasilyevich.

Yena esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1547. Ivan Grozny owaqala ngokuvukela inqubomgomo angaphandle. In the state, eqinisweni aze 1565, iNkosana u-wencike Zemsky Sobor kanye boyars. Eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalombili wakwazi ukuxhuma inqwaba yezwe.

Okuphawulekayo iyona 1552 emlandweni Russian. Khona-ke u-Ivan Grozny ithumba Kazan Khanate futhi inamathela kuMbuso eMoscow. Ngaphandle kwakhe, benqotshwa ezindaweni ezifana Astrakhan Khanate (1556), emzini Polotsk (1562).

ESiberia Khan 1555 wancenga selikhonza ngaphansi kwe-Ivan. Nokho, ngo-1563 ukuze angene esikhundleni sakhe phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi Khan Kuchum iphula bonke ubuhlobo ne eMoscow.

Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nesigamu sokunqotshwa Grand Duke wahosha sibheke isimo sangaphakathi kuleli zwe. Ngo 1565 yafakazela ukuba iqiniso oprichnina futhi baqala ukushushiswa ukwesaba. Zonke Knights omkhaya, owaqala ukuba uthole umsebenzi amandla, yabhujiswa futhi athatha impahla yabo. Kwakube kwaqhubeka waze 1572.

Ngo 1582 Ermak iqala mashi yakhe edumile eSiberia, eyathatha ngonyaka.

Ngo-1583-ke dweba thula vumelwane Sweden, lona wamuva ibuyisela zonke emazweni ayenqotshiwe phakathi nempi.

Ngo 1584 uyafa Ivan futhi empeleni oza ngamandla, uBoris Godunov. Inkosi yangempela wayengumuntu kuphela 1598, ngemva kokufa Fyodor, indodana Ivana Groznogo.

Ngo 1598, wangingena emlonyeni ulayini Rurik, futhi ngemva kokufa Boris (1605) uqala Isikhathi Tinhlupheko Semiboyarshina.

XVII ekhulwini

Lo mcimbi obaluleke kakhulu laliphathelene 1613 emlandweni Russian. Uye eye yaba nethonya hhayi kuphela kuleli khulu leminyaka, kodwa ngenxa iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ezayo. Kulo nyaka uqede Nezinkinga liqala ukubusa, Mikhail, umsunguli we Romanov lwamakhosi.

Ikhulu nesikhombisa libhekene izinqubo ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano umbuso eMoscow. Ngo inqubomgomo angaphandle, zikhona liphambana Poland (1654), Sweden (1656). Kusukela 1648 kuya 1654, kwakubikwa ukuvukelwa Ukraine, ngaphansi kobuholi Khmelnitsky.

Kwemibhikisho Muscovy abekade 1648 (Lukasawoti), 1662 (Bronze), 1698 (Streletsky). Eminyakeni 1668-1676 kwakukhona zabhikisha phezu Solovetsky Islands. Futhi kusuka 1670 ku 1671 ehlubuka Cossacks eholwa Stenka Razin.

Ngaphezu kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho inhlokomo yokuphisa izibhelu zenkolo kanye uqhekeko phakathi nekhulu lesikhombisa. Umfundisi omkhulu wesonto Nikon wazama ukuguqula impilo yomoya womphakathi, kodwa ayizange yamukelwe yi Amakholwa Old. Ngo 1667 kwaba utholakala enecala bathunjwe.

Ngakho, amashumi eminyaka ayisikhombisa kwaba inqubo kumiswa isimo olulodwa, lapho izikhungo ezahlukene "ugaye 'komunye nomunye. It iphela wokukhushulwa uPetru I.

It kuvela ukuthi ngo 1613 eRussia sika umlando kwaba ukuqala okwesula amakhosi asendulo. A Poroshenko wabuyisela umbuso ku umbuso futhi lokhu kwaholela Russia ezingeni international.

XVIII leminyaka

Eyikhulu yokutakula eqinile, okuyinto yodwa azi umlando Russia - ngekhulu le-18. Usuku ukusungulwa amadolobha amasha, amanyuvesi, izinhlangano zezifundiswa nakwezinye izindawo ukuthi babeshaye esikhonkosini.

Ngakho, ngo-1703 Ukwakhiwa Petersburg. Ngo 1711 yafakazela iSigele, futhi 1721 - esiGungwini. Ngo-1724 wasungula Academy of Sciences. Esikhathini-amamitha 1734 - main isikhungo lempi yezwe, izwe gentry izindlu. Ngo 1755 edala University of eMoscow. Lena ingxenye kuphela izenzakalo, okuyinto Ukukhombisa ukukhula okunamandla emasiko nesimo.

Ngo-1712-m dolobha adluliselwe "ubudala" Moscow "abasha" Petersburg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1721, i-Russia watshumayela umbuso, futhi uPetru A. kwabokuqala abathola isihloko esifanele.

Ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili kuyinto ethile ethakazelisa ngokukhethekile kulabo thatha ngempi nomlando yeRussia. Izinsuku kanye nemicimbi Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka ngibonise amandla ngezinga elingakaze libonwe impi kazwelonke lasolwandle, kanye izimangaliso zobunjiniyela.

Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye lizwe langena umbuso onamandla ukuthi inqoba iTurkey, Sweden, Rzeczpospolita.

XIX leminyaka

Uma leminyaka elidlule kwaba isici sokukhula kwamasiko nakwezempi isimo, lapho ke ngokuzayo kuyinto reorientation kancane izithakazelo. Rapid ekuthuthukiseni umnotho kanye nokuvulwa ukwehlukana uhulumeni kubantu - zonke emlandweni Russia, ngekhulu le-19.

Izinsuku izenzakalo ezinkulu isikhathi ukusitshela ngalo ukukhula umvuzo okhokhwayo ngenxa yokufumbathisa phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye imizamo iziphathimandla ukudala izingqimba engezansi executors emphakathini okungenangqondo.

Okukhulu izingxabano zempi Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka kwaqala iMpi Yezwe II (1812), kanye udweshu phakathi Russia nase-Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877.).

Ngo ezombusazwe yasekhaya njengoba kukhona isethi yezinguquko okuhloswe ngaso kokugqilazwa nakakhulu abantu abavamile. Lokhu kabusha Speransky (1809), izinguquko ezinkulu (1862), kabusha zokwahlulela (1864), ukucwaninga izici (1865), ngiyofundela ezempi (1874).

Ngisho noma thina acabangele ukuqedwa serfdom ngo-1861, kusenzima sobala ukuthi ubushiqela uhlose ukukhulisa ukuxhashazwa kwabantu abavamile.
Impendulo somgomo wokusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi kwakugcwele yokuvukela. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 kanye 1863 eminyakeni - zabhikisha ePoland. Ngo 1881, Abantu wabulala u-Alexander II.

Ngemva ukunganeliseki zomphakathi kuhulumeni Social Democrats abe isikhundla namandla. I Congress Owokuqala waba ngo-1898.

XX leminyaka

Naphezu okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla kokuba izimpi, izinhlekelele nezinye izinto ezesabekayo, ikakhulukazi wesabe ezinye izinsuku kwekhulu lama-20. Russian umlando kuze kube yileso sikhathi angazanga okwakwenzeka enjalo, okuyinto kwikota yokuqala yekhulu, amaBolshevik okuhleliwe.

Ukuvukela 1905 futhi bahlanganyela neMpi Yezwe I (1914-1917.) Ingabe isizathu sokugcina sokuba abasebenzi abavamile futhi abalimi.

1917 emlandweni weRussia lakhunjulwa isikhathi eside. Ngemva Okthoba Revolution kanye abdication Nicholas II esihlalweni sobukhosi umndeni wakhe elathunjwa wadubula ngoJulayi 1918. Iqala yombango esingapheli waze 1922, lapho kumiswa i-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Ngokufanayo, dislocation kanye nezinxushunxushu imakwe ngomunye ngo-1991 emlandweni wonke eRussia.

Iminyaka yokuqala isimo esisha zaziphawuleka ngokungabi le nhlekelele yomphakathi enkulu ezinkulu. Lokhu indlala 1932-1933 futhi 1936-1939 ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu.

Ngo-1941, iSoviet Union oyakungena neMpi Yezwe II. Sinale ukungqubuzana in the isiko zomlando ibizwa ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Ngemuva kokuwina ngo-1945, iqala nokubuyiselwa futhi iDemo Take-off ezweni.

1991 emlandweni Russia baba khona ukuphendukela. I Union waseSoviet uwa, kusale e imfucumfucu zonke amaphupho "ikusasa eliqhakazile." Eqinisweni, abantu kwadingeka afunde ukuphila kusuka ekuqaleni emnothweni emakethe esimweni entsha.

Ngakho, thina sikanye nawe, bangane abathandekayo, kafushane sidabula izenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo zonke emlandweni-Russian.

Inhlanhla, futhi khumbula ukuthi izimpendulo zemibuzo ngekusasa zigcinwa eemfundweni esidlule.