Umzabalazo wezikhulu zaseRussia namaPolvvyy (XI-XIII eminyaka). UVladimir Monomakh, uSvyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Umlando we-Kievan Rus

Phakathi nekhulu le-XI i-Kievan Rus ibhekene nosongo olubi kumuntu wamaPolvania. Laba bantu abaqhamuka emphakathini bevela ema-steppes ase-Asia futhi bathatha ugu lolwandle olumnyama. I-Polovtsi (noma i-Kumans) yaxoshelwa ngaphambili kwabo ePechenegs kulezi zindawo. Izakhamuzi ezintsha ze-steppe zihluke kakhulu ezindala. Babehlala ngokuphanga nokuhlasela emazweni angomakhelwane, lapho abantu abahlala khona behlala khona.

Usongo olusha

Ukubukeka kwamademoni kuhambisana nokuqala kwenqubo yokuhlakazeka kwezombusazwe kaRussia. Isimo sase-East Slavic sasiyifanana kuze kube sekhulwini le-XI, lapho insimu yayo ihlukaniswe yaba yizinhloko ezimbalwa ezincane. Ngamunye wabo wayebuswa yizizwe ezizimele ezivela emndenini waseRurik. Umzabalazo wezikhulu zaseRussia nePolvvtsi yayiyinkimbinkimbi ngalokhu kuhlukaniswa.

Ababusi babevame ukuphikisana phakathi kwabo, bahlela izimpi ze-internecine futhi benza izwe labo libe yingozi ekuhlaleni abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izikhulu zaqala ukuqasha izindleko zemali. Ukuba khona ebuthweni lenkosikazi yakhe encane kwaba inzuzo ebalulekile empini. Zonke lezi zici eziphelele ziholele ekutheni cishe cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka iRussia isesimweni sokuphikisana njalo namaPolvia.

Igazi lokuqala

Ngesihlandlo sokuqala abakwa-nomads bahlasela insimu yaseRussia ngo-1054. Ukubukeka kwabo kwakuhambisana nokufa kukaJaroslav the Wise. Namuhla uthathwa njengenhloko yokugcina yaseKiev, eyabusa lonke elaseRussia. Ngemva kwakhe, isihlalo sobukhosi sadlulisela endodaneni endala ka-Izyaslav. Nokho, i-Yaroslav yayinezinzalo eziningana. Ngamunye wabo wathola ifa (yingxenye yombuso), nakuba ngokusemthethweni athunyelwa ku-Izyaslav. Indodana yesibili ye-Yaroslav, iSvyatoslav, yabusa eChernigov, kanti owesithathu uVsevolod Yaroslavich, wathola uPerasaslavl. Leli dolobha lalibheke empumalanga yeKiev futhi liseduze ne-steppe. Yingakho iPolvvtsi ivame ukuhlaselwa yiPereyaslavl kuqala.

Ngesikhathi abakwa-nomads behlala ezweni laseRussia okokuqala, i-Vsevolod yafinyelela ekuvumelaneni nabo, ithumela i-ambassy ngezipho ezitheni ezingakemenyiwe. Kwaba nokuthula phakathi kwamaqembu. Kodwa-ke, kwakungenakuhlala isikhathi eside, ngoba abantu base-steppe bahlala ekudleni komakhelwane babo.

I-Horde iphinde yahlasela ubuPereyaslavl ngo-1061. Ngalesi sikhathi, imizi eminingi enokuthula, engenakuzivikela yaphangwa futhi yabhujiswa. U-Nomads akazange ahlale eRussia isikhathi eside. Amahhashi abo abesaba ubusika, ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane kwakudingeka zondliwe. Ngakho-ke, lezi zihlukumeza zenziwa entwasahlobo noma ehlobo. Ngemva kwekhefu ekwindla nasebusika, izivakashi zaseningizimu zabuya.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Yaroslavich

Umzabalazo ohlomile wezikhulu zaseRussia namaPolvtsia ekuqaleni wawunomlingiswa ongekho ohlelweni. Abaphathi bezinhloso zabo babengenakuphela ukulwa nezikhulu ezinkulu. Lesi simo senza ubudlelwane obalulekile phakathi kwezikhulu zaseRussia. Amadodana kaJaroslav the Wise akwazi ukuxoxisana phakathi kwabo, ngakho ngenkathi yabo kwakungekho izinkinga zokusebenzisana kwezenzo.

Ngo-1068 ibutho laseJaroslavichi elihlangene lahlangana nebutho lezempi eliholwa yiPolvvtsian Khan Sharukan. Ibutho laliyiBhange loMfula i-Alta ngasePereyaslavl. Izikhulu zahlukunyezwa, kwadingeka zibalekele masinyane empini. Ngemva kwempi, u-Izyaslav noVsevolod babuyela eKiev. Babengenamandla noma izindlela zokuhlela umkhankaso omusha wokulwa namaPolvia. Ukungahloniphi kwezikhulu kwaholela ekuvukeni kwabantu, bekhathele ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo kwezakhamuzi zase-steppe futhi bebona ukungakwazi kwamabusi abo ukubhekana nokuthile okusongela lokhu. Abantu baseKiev wabiza abantu abaveche. Izakhamuzi zedolobha zafuna ukuthi iziphathimandla zibeke izakhamuzi ezivamile. Lapho lesi sigtimatum inganakwa, ukungaqiniseki kwachoboza indawo yokuhlala kavoevoda. INkosi Izyaslav kwadingeka ifihle enkosini yasePoland.

Okwamanje, iPolovtsian ihlasela eRussia. Ngesikhathi u-Izyaslav engekho, umfowabo omncane uSviatoslav ngonyaka ofanayo no-1068 wanqoba abantu base-steppe empini emfuleni iSnova. UShakankan wathathwa etilongweni. Lokhu ukunqoba kokuqala kuvunyelwe isikhathi sokulimaza abahlaziyi.

I-Polovtsy enkonzweni yezikhulu

Nakuba ukuhlasela kwabantu basePolvvtsi kwakuma, abantu base-steppe baqhubeka bevela enhlabathini yaseRashiya. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukuthi abakwa-nomads baqashiwe yizikhulu zaseRussia ezazilwa phakathi kwezingxabano zangaphakathi. Icala lokuqala elinjalo lenzeke ngo-1076. Indodana kaVsevolod Yaroslavovich, uVladimir Monomakh, kanye nePolvvtsi, yabhubhisa amazwe asePolotsk isikhulu saseVseslav.

Ngonyaka ofanayo, uSvyatoslav, owabe esehlala eKiev ngaphambili, wafa. Ukufa kwakhe kwavumela u-Izyaslav ukuba abuyele enhloko-dolobha futhi abe yisikhulu. I-Chernigov (i-heritage heritage yeSvyatoslav) yayihlala iVsevolod. Ngakho abazalwane bashiya umshana wabo ongumRoma no-Oleg ngaphandle kwamazwe okufanele bawuthole kuyise. Abantwana baseSvyatoslav babengenabo iqembu labo. Kodwa kanye nabo i-Polovtsy iya empini. Ngokuvamile abahlukumezi beya empini ngesikhathi bebizelwa izikhulu, ngaphandle kokucela ngisho nomvuzo, njengoba bewuthola umvuzo ngesikhathi sokuphanga kwamadolobhana namadolobha okuthula.

Nokho, ukusebenzisana okunjalo kwakuyingozi. Nakuba ngo-1078 uSvyatoslavich washaywa u-Izyaslav empini e-Nezhatinoi Niva (umbusi waseKieyte wafa empini), maduzane uMninimandla weRoma ngokwakhe wabulawa yiPolovtsians, abembiza.

Sich ku-Stugna

Ekupheleni kwe-XI - ekuqaleni kwe-XII leminyaka. U-Vladimir Monomakh waba yi-fighter oyinhloko esongelwa yi-steppe. I-Polovtsi yanquma ukuziphindaphinda ngo-1092, ngesikhathi uVsevolod egula kakhulu, owabe esebusa eKiev. Laba bantu abahlambalaza bavame ukuhlasela iRussia lapho izwe lingenamandla noma libuthakathaka. Ngalesi sikhathi uPolvvtsi wanquma ukuthi isifo sikaVsevolod ngeke sivumele abantu baseKiev ukuba baqoqe amandla futhi baphinde bahlasele.

Ukuhlasela kokuqala kwasala ngaphandle kwesijeziso. I-Kumans, ngaphandle kokubhekana nokuphikiswa, ibuyele ngokuthula emakhaleni abo ebusika. Imikhankaso yabe iholwa uKhan Tugorkan noKhan Bonyak. Ukuqothulwa okunamandla kwabantu base-steppe ngemuva kwekhefu elide kwenziwa ngemuva kwamasosha ayehlakazekile iminyaka eminingana ebumbene labaholi ababili.

Yonke i-Polovtsy ethandwa. Ngo-1093 iVsevolod Yaroslavich yafa. E-Kiev waqala ukubusa umshana ongenalwazi lomfi, uSvyatopolk Yaroslavovich. I-tigorkan kanye ne-horde yayo yayigxile iTorchesk - idolobha elibalulekile ePorosye emingceleni engeningizimu yeRussia. Ngokushesha abavikeli bezwa ngosizo olusondelayo. Izikhulu zaseRussia zikhohlwe okwesikhashana mayelana nokukhulumisana komunye nomunye futhi zibuthe abadlali bazo ukuze bahlele umkhankaso e-steppe. Kulo mpi kwakukhona izilawuli zikaSvyatopolk Izyaslavovich, uVladimir Monomakh nomfowabo omncane uRostislav Vsevolodovich.

Iqembu elihlangene lahlulwa empini e-Stugne River, okwenzeka ngoMeyi 26, 1093. Ukuhlaselwa kokuqala kwabasePolovese bawela kubantu baseKiev, abaphoqa futhi babaleka empini. Emva kwabo amaChernigovites anqotshwa. Ibutho lalinamathele emfuleni. Amasosha kwakudingeka agijimele ngokushesha emfuleni ngqo ezembatho zempi. Abaningi babo bamane bamane, kuhlanganise noRostislav Vsevolodovich. UVladimir Monomakh uzame ukusindisa umfowabo, kodwa akakwazanga ukumsiza ukuba aphume emgwaqeni oqhubekayo weStugna. Ngemuva kokuthi uPolvvy aphumelele ebuyela eTorchesk futhi ekugcineni wathatha umuzi. Abavikeli benqaba bazinikela. Bathunjwa, futhi umuzi wawunikelwa ngomlilo. Umlando we-Kievan Rus wawunqotshwe ngenye yezinhlupho ezihlukumeza kakhulu.

Vula ngemuva

Naphezu kokulahlekelwa okukhulu, umzabalazo wezikhulu zaseRussia namaPolvvtsi waqhubeka. Ngo-1094, eqhubeka elwa nesiphetho sikayise, u-Oleg Svyatoslavovich wavimbela uMonomakh eChernigov. UVladimir Vsevolodovich washiya umuzi, ngemuva kwalokho wanikezwa emadodeni okuthunjwa. Ngemuva kokuvunyelwa kweChernigov, ukuxabana no-Oleg kwakuphelile. Nokho, maduzane amaPolvvtsi avimbe iPereyaslavl futhi avela ngaphansi kwezindonga zaseKiev. USteppenaks wasebenzisa ithuba lokungabikho eningizimu yezwe labadlali abaqhamuka enyakatho ukuba bahlanganyele eminye imibango yomphakathi eRostov. Kuleyo mpi indodana kaVladimir Monomakh, isikhulu sikaMurom u-Izyaslav, wabulawa. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iTugorkan sase iseduze ukuthatha iPereyaslavl ngeqhwa.

Ngomzuzu wokugcina, leli qembu libuyele edolobheni futhi libuya lisenyakatho. Yenziwa nguVladimir Monomakh noSvyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Impi eyinqaba yaba khona eMfuleni iTrubezh ngoJulayi 19, 1096. Izikhulu zaseRussia zagcina zanqoba amaPolvtsia. Lokhu kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu yokuqala yezikhali zesiSlavic empikiswaneni ne-steppe eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule. Ngaphansi kwamandla amakhulu, amaPolvese agijimela kuyo yonke indawo. Kulokhu, kulandela ukubulawa nendodana yakhe uTugorkan. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngemva kokunqoba eTrubezh, izikhulu zaseRussia zahlangana enkomfeni edumile eLyubech. Kulo mhlangano amaRurikovichs ahlala nabo. Izindleko ze-Svyatoslav ngasekugcineni zabuyela ezinganeni zakhe. Manje izikhulu zingase zifike enkingeni yamaPolvvusi, njengoba uSvyatopolk Izyaslavovich ephikelela, ngubani owaqhubeka ngokusemthethweni ukubhekwa njengomuntu ophakeme.

Izintaba e-steppe

Ekuqaleni, umshikashika wezikhulu zaseRussia namaPolvutu azihambanga ngaphezu komkhawulo waseRussia. Abadlali base-squads babuthana kuphela uma abahlukumezi besongela amadolobha namadolobhana aseSlavic. Le mboni yayingasebenzi. Ngisho noma amaCumans anqotshwa, abuyele ezintabeni zawo, aphinde abuyele amandla, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana awela umngcele futhi.

I-Monomakh yaqaphela ukuthi amasu amasha ayadingeka ngokumelene nomads. Ngo-1103, amaRurikovichs ahlangana enkomfeni elandelayo ogwini lweLwandle iDolobski. Emhlanganweni, kwenziwa isinqumo somhlaba wonke sokuhamba nebutho ukuya e-steppe, ukuya emgodini wesitha. Ngakho waqala imikhankaso yamasosha yezikhulu zaseRussia ezindaweni zamaPolvvusi angamaqhawe. Umkhankaso waba khona yiSvyatopolk waseKiev, uDavid Svyatoslavovich waseChernigov, uVladimir Monomakh, uDavid Vseslavovich Polotsky nendlalifa yeMonomakh Yaropolk Vladimirovich. Ngemuva kokubutha ePereyaslavl, ibutho laseRussia laya esiteji ngasekuqaleni konyaka ka-1103. Izikhulu ziphuthumayo, zithemba ukuzitholela isitha ngokushesha. Amahhashi asePolovtsian adinga ukuphumula okude ngemva kwemikhankaso yangaphambilini. Ngo-Mashi, base bebuthakathaka, okumele kube yizandla zeSlavic.

Umlando waseKivanvan Rus wawungakazi umkhankaso wezempi. Akukhona kuphela ukuthi abagibeli bempi bahamba eningizimu, kodwa futhi banamandla amakhulu ezinyawo. Izikhulu zazithembela kuye uma ngabe abagibeli bamahhashi bekhathele kakhulu ngemva kohambo olude. I-Polovtsi, efunda ngendlela engalindelekile yesitha, yaqala ngokushesha ukuqoqa ibutho elihlangene. Ekhanda layo kwakukhona uKhan Urusoba. Elinye iqembu lamakhokheli angama-20 ase-steppe lahola izinqola zabo. Impi eyinqaba yabanjwa ngo-Ephreli 4, 1103 ogwini loMfula iSuteni. I-Polovtsy yahlelwa. Eziningi zezikhulu zazo zabulawa noma zithinteka. Wafa no-Urusoba. Ukunqoba kwavumela i-Svyatopolk ukuthi ivuse kabusha umuzi waseYuryev emfuleni iRosi, owashiswa emuva ngo-1095 futhi iminyaka eminingi yayingenalutho ngaphandle kwabakhileyo.

Entwasahlobo ka-1097 i-Polovtsy yaphinde yahlaselwa. UKhan Bonyak wahola ukuvinjezelwa kwedolobha laseLubin, okwakuyi-princedom yasePhereyaslav. U-Svyatopolk noMonomakh banqoba ibutho lakhe, bahlangana naye emfuleni iSula. I-Bonyak yayisebenza. Noma kunjalo, umhlaba wawunzima. Kamuva, imikhankaso yezempi yezikhulu zaseRussia yaphindaphindiwe (kathathu ngo-1109 kuya ku-1111 gg.). Zonke zaziphumelele. I-Polovtsi kwakudingeka isuke emingceleni yaseRussia. Abanye babo baze bathuthela eNyakatho Caucasus. Kwaphela amashumi amabili eminyaka, u-Rus ukhohliwe ngokusongelwa kwabasePolvania. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngo-1111 u-Vladimir Monomakh wahlela umdwebo ngokufana neNkqufa yamaKatolika ePalestina. Umzabalazo wamaSlavic aseMpumalanga namaPolvota nabo bezenkolo. Amademoni ayengamaqaba (ezincwadini ezaziwa ngokuthi "zingcolile"). Ngonyaka ofanayo 1111 ibutho laseRussia lafika kuDoni. Lo mfula waba umkhawulo wokugcina. Amadolobha asePolovtsian aseSurov naseSharukan athunjwa futhi aphangwa, lapho abantu abahlala khona behlala khona ebusika.

Indawo ende

Ngo-1113 uVladimir Monomakh waba isikhulu seKiev. Ngaphansi kwakhe nendodana yakhe uMstislav (kwaze kwafika ngo-1132), uRus kwaba yisikhathi sokugcina umbuso obumbene nobunye. I-Polovtsy ayiphazanyisanga i-Kiev, iPeryaslavl, noma yimuphi omunye amadolobha aseMpumalanga Slavic. Nokho, ngemva kokufa kukaMstislav Vladimirovich, kwavela izingxabano eziningi phakathi kwezikhulu eziningi zaseRussia phezu kwamalungelo esihlalo sobukhosi. Omunye wayefuna ukuthola uKiev, omunye umuntu walwela ukuthola ukuzimela kwezinye izifundazwe. Kulezi zimpi phakathi kwabo abaRurikovichs baqala ukuqasha amaPolvvese.

Ngokwesibonelo, u-Yuri Dolgoruky, owabusa eRostov, izikhathi ezinhlanu, kanye nalabo abaqhamuka emadodaneni, bavimbezela "umama wezixeko zaseRussia." AmaPolvvtsi ayebandakanyeka ngokugcwele empi ye-internecine e-Galicia-Volyn. Ngo-1203, bona, ngaphansi komyalo kaRurik Rostislavovich, babamba futhi baphanga eKiev. Khona-ke enhloko-dolobha yasendulo, uPrince Roman Mstislavovich Galitsky wabusa.

Ukuvikelwa kwezokuhweba

Ekhulwini le-XI-XII. I-Polovtsy ayizange ihlasele njalo uRussi lapho kubizwa omunye wezikhulu. Ngezikhathi lapho kwakungekho ezinye izindlela zokuphanga nokubulala, abakwa-nomads bahlasele ngokuzenzekelayo izindawo zokuhlala nezemiSlavic. E-Kiev prince uMstislav Izyaslavovich (owabusa ngo-1167-1169) ngokokuqala ngqangi kwahlelwa futhi waqhutshwa umkhankaso e-steppe. I-squads yahamba eya ezindaweni ze-nomadism, hhayi kuphela ukuvikela izindawo zokungena emngceleni, kodwa nokugcina ukuhweba kwe-Dnieper. Abahwebi amakhulu eminyaka basebenzisa indlela evela kuma-Varangi kuya kumaGreki, lapho izimpahla zaseByzantium zanikelwa khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengisi baseRussia bathengisa umnotho osenyakatho eConstantinople, okwakwenza izikhulu zizuze kakhulu. Abaphangi baseHorde babelokhu besongela lolu shicilelo olubalulekile lwezimpahla. Ngakho-ke, izimpi ezivamile zaseRussia-Polovtsian nazo zenziwa yizintandokazi zezomnotho zabaphathi baseKiev.

Ngo-1185, iNkosana Novgorod-Seversky Igor Svyatoslavovich yaqala omunye umkhankaso e-steppe. Ngosuku olulandelayo kwaba khona ukushona kwelanga, ababephila njengabonakaliso olubi. Naphezu kwalokhu, leli qembu liye langena emgodini wasePolovtsian. Leli butho lahlulwa, futhi isikhulu sasiboshwa. Izenzakalo zomkhankaso zakha isisekelo se "Lay of Host Igor". Lo mbhalo namuhla uthathwa njengesikhumbuzo esibaluleke kakhulu sezincwadi zakudala zaseRussia.

Ukubukeka kwamaMongol

AmaSlav nobudlelwane bamaPolvese cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amabili bahlangana ohlelweni lokushintshana okuvamile lwempi nokuthula. Nokho, ngekhulu leshumi nantathu ukuhleleka okuhleliwe kwaphela. Ngo-1222 amaMongol aqala ukuvela eMpumalanga Yurophu. Izixuku zalaba bantu abanobudlova banqobile iChina futhi manje bahambela entshonalanga.

Umkhankaso weminyaka engu-1222-1223. Ingabe ukuvivinywa futhi empeleni kwakuyi-reconnaissance. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nalapho iPolovtsi namaRussia bazizwa bengenalutho ngaphambi kwesitha esisha. Lezi zizwe ezimbili bezilokhu zilwa, kepha manje zizimisele ukuphuma ndawonye zilwa nesitha esingalindelekile. Empi yaseKalka, ibutho lasePolandese-laseRussia lahlukunyezwa kakhulu. Izinkulungwane zamaqhawe zafa. Nokho, ngemva kokunqoba, amaMongol aphenduka ngokuzumayo abuyela emazweni azo.

Kwabonakala sengathi isiphepho siphelile. Wonke umuntu waqala ukuhlala njengangaphambili: izikhulu zalwa, amaPolvvtsi aphanga izindawo zokungena emngceleni. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ukuphumula okungavumelekile kwamaPolvania naseRussia kwajeziswa. Ngo-1236, amaMongol, ngaphansi kwesiqondiso somzukulu kaGenghis Khan Batu, aqala umkhankaso wawo omkhulu osentshonalanga. Ngalesikhathi bafika emazweni akude ukuze babanqobe. Okokuqala amaPolvota ahlukunyezwa, amaMongolia aphanga uRussia. I-Horde yafika eBalkans futhi yilapho yabuya khona. Amademoni amasha ahlala endaweni yasePolovtsian yangaphambili . Kancane kancane, abantu ababili baphakanyiswa. Kodwa-ke, njengabantu abazimele, amaPolovtsia ayanyamalala ngokuqondile kuma-1230s-1240s. Manje iRussia kwadingeka ibhekane nesitha esikhulu kakhulu.