UDon Cossack Stepan Timofeevich Razin: biography, umlando, izinsuku ezibalulekile namaqiniso athakazelisayo

U-Stepan Timofeevich Razin wazalwa ngo-1630, njengoba sazi, efunda imisebenzi kaStreis, umhambi ovela eNetherlands. Babenemihlangano eminingana. Ngo-1670, umlobi wathi emsebenzini wakhe waqala ukuya enkulungwaneni yakhe eyishumi. Sifunda ulwazi oluningi oluthakazelisayo mayelana nalomuntu womlando ngokuqhubekayo kusukela kulesi sihloko.

Izingxoxo mayelana nokuzalwa kwakhe

Ugu lweDon lwaluyindlu yokuqala eyayiba no-Stepan Timofeevich Razin. Ulwazi lwezinto eziphilayo aluhlinzeki ngemininingwane enembile kakhulu. Kukhona inguqulo enokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi ithi wazalwa esigodini saseVinvavale. Manje leli zwe libizwa ngokuthi iPugachevskaya.

Abanye abacwaningi banqabe le nguqulo. Kuningi okukhulunywa ngakho okwamanje lapho kukhona khona uStean Timofeevich Razin owazalwa. I-biography yakhe ingahlukahluka nabalobi abahlukene. Ngakho-ke, abanye abantu bathi uzalwe eCherkassk, manje esesifundazweni saseRostov. Ngabe uRazin Stepan Timofeevich wayengumhlobo we-Circassian sultans? Izinganekwane zezinkolo ziyahlukahluka komunye nomunye.

Indawo yakhe yokuzalwa ibizwa nangokuthi kunezinye izindawo zokuhlala, njenge-Esaulovsky noma uKagalnitsky. Nokho, izingoma zomlando zibiza ngokuthi izwe lakubo likaCherkassk.

Ukuphila

U-Stepan Timofeevich Razin isikhathi eside wakhanga abantu abaningi. Ebusuku bakhe, ubuhle bendabuko kanye nezakhiwo ze-cinematic Russia zenziwa. ENtshonalanga, uStenka waba ngowokuqala waseRashiya ukuvikela indaba yakhe eminyakeni embalwa emva kokufa kwakhe.

Wafa ngaphambi kokuba afike eminyakeni enguRazin Stepan Timofeyevich. Eminyakeni ye-1630-1671 iminyaka. Wahlala futhi wafeza izinyathelo zakhe. Yena nomndeni wakhe baba yingxenye yezingoma zomuntu, lapho imininingwane emisha yanezelwa khona, okwamenza waba umlingiswa wezinganekwane.

Ngaphambi kokuvukela kwenzeka

Okuthakazelisayo kakhulu yi- biography kaRazin Stepan Timofeevich. Izinsuku eziyinhloko zokuphila kwakhe ziqala ngonyaka ka-1652. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesezizwela futhi, ngenxa yamandla akhe, wayemelela amaDon warrior. URazin Stepan Timofeevich - Cossack, owayesebenolwazi olucebile ezindabeni zempi futhi wajabulela inhlonipho yabanye-amasosha ezandleni. Ngisho naseneminyaka yakhe esemncane, wayesevele enenzuzo yobuholi.

U-Stepan Timofeevich Razin walwa no-Ivan njengomdala wakhe njengengxenye yeDon. Unyaka ka-1661 ubalulekile ngoba izingxoxo zabe seziqhutshwa namaKalmyks. Umlingani weqhawe kwakunguFyodor Budan, kanye neCosacks evela kuDon noZaporozhye. Baxoxa ngokusungulwa kokuthula nezinyathelo ezivamile zokushayela amaTatars noNogai baseCrimea.

Unyaka ka-1663 wabhalwa emibhalweni njengesikhathi lapho uRazin Stepan Timofeevich ehola uDon noZaporozhye Cossacks, amaKalmy kuya kubaqhawe baseCrimea, ababengaphansi kukaPerekop.

Ngo-1665, umfowabo kaDolgorukov wabulawa umfowabo ka-ataman. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kuqubuka impikiswano, lapho amasosha ayezimisele ukuya kuDon, naphezu kwenkonzo kaTsar. U-Stepan Timofeyevich Razin wagcwala isifiso sokuphindisela enkosini, kanye naso sonke isifunda saseTsar. Wayefuna nokuthola ukuphila okukhululekile nokuthula kwabanye abakulandela. Imibono emihle yaqala ukukhulisa uRazin Stepan Timofeevich. I-Zaporozhye Sich kwakufanele ibe yisibonelo sesimiso sezempi kanye nentando yeningi kuwo wonke umbuso waseRussia.

Ngesikhathi sokuvukela

Waphakamisa ukunyakaza kwakhe. Isizathu salokhu singabizwa ngokuthi isimo esiphuthumayo ohlelweni lwezenhlalakahle olubusa emazweni amaCosacks. I-epicenter yalezi zinqubo kwakuyi-Don. Abalimi abaningi ababalekile bavela ezindaweni eziseduze. Ukungena okunjalo kungathiwa yi- Soborniy Andzd ka- 1647. Abantu babesekuthunjweni okuphelele, beboshiwe yizandla nezinyawo zabadumo.

Kungani lo muntu efakwe ohlwini lwabantu abakhulu "baseRussia"? URazin Stepan Timofeevich wanikeza abantu ithuba lokuphefumula ngokukhululekile, ukuba yiCosacks, amasosha mahhala. Ngaleso sikhathi, wonke umuntu wayefuna ukuyeka ukuzwa sengathi uhlaka. Futhi leli thuba lanika uStean Timofeevich Razin. I-biography ye-Don Cossack ayikhumbuli impahla yakhe enkulu noma imindeni yakhe, okwakungamanye ama-voivods amaningi. Engxenyeni yesifunda wayehlala ezinyaweni ezilinganayo nabanye. Igama elithi "golutvyny" i-Cossack lasetshenziswa kuye. Wema ngaphandle kwabadala, wayezwela abantu abavamile, bengenalo impahla ebalulekile, akazange aziqhayise ngeziqu.

Ngubani uStean Timofeevich Razin? Lokhu kokubili iqhawe nomphangi. Wayengumsindisi wabathandekayo bakhe nengozi yemvelo kulabo abahlasela. Kanye ne-golytba yokuphanga waya eVolga. Ngaleso sikhathi wayedinga udumo nezinsiza ezibonakalayo. I-Cossacks ecebile futhi ehloniphekile ixhasile le mikhankaso ngesimo sokwahlukana okulandelayo kwe-loot. Wonke amabutho - uJaik, uDon noTersk - ayebandakanyekile kulezi zenzo.

URazin Stepan Timofeyevich ovela emndenini wama-sultans aseGibhithe waba yisikhungo lapho abantu abampofu bebuthene khona, ngenxa yokuthi bangase bazizwe bebalulekile futhi bebalulekile, beyingxenye ebalulekile yebutho leCossack.

Izixuku zabantu zazikhula ngokushesha futhi zabonakala ngokwengeziwe ngenxa yabakwa-Serfs ababalekile, ababefuna ukujoyina ukuvukela.

Ngonyaka we-1667 kwakuyisikhathi lapho uRazin ehola ama-Cossacks. Entwasahlobo, amasosha angaba ngu-700 abuthana ngokuthutha kwe-Volga-Don. Ukwengezwa kanye nezihlubuki ezintsha, ngakho sebevele baba ngabantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Badlula ngaseVolga naseYaik. Inhloso yayiwukuveza ukungavumelani nenqubomgomo yohulumeni waseMoscow nokuvinjelwa komzila wokuhweba odabula umfula. Amazwi kaTsar aphendule inselele futhi ukushayisana kwenzeka.

Ukukhula kwamandla e-Cossacks

U-Stepan Timofeevich Razin wanikela iminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwakhe emikhankaso eminingi, futhi lokhu kwakuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Yaqala ngo-May 1667. Ibutho lakhe laya eVolga. Eduze naseTsaritsyn kwakuyizindiza ze-Shorin, isivakashi sezwe, kanye nezinye izibalo zabathengisi. Imikhumbi yakhe eminingana nayo yafakwa lapha nguPatriatriate Iosaph, okwakuzisola kamuva. U-Stenka nabaphangi bahlasele imikhumbi, bawaphanga, futhi babulala abasizi besitolo kanye nezinhloko zezinkantolo.

Ngokuvamile, ama-Cossacks ayevame ukuphanga. Kodwa-ke, kamuva ukweba okulula kwaphenduka ukuvukela, babhikisha ngohulumeni, banqoba imifula futhi bathatha idolobha laseYaitsk. Ubusika bubekwe ensimini yeYaik. Lapho ngonyaka ka-1668 uqala, ibutho elisha lempi laliyindawo yamanzi eLwandle lweCaspian. I-Don Cossacks, i-Cherkassia kanye nezakhamuzi ezivela kwezinye izifunda zaseRussia zahlala. Kwakukhona impi elwa namabutho ase-Shah ngaseRasht, idolobha lasePheresiya.

Kwakuyilwa kanzima, okwaphela ekuxoxweni. Phakathi nale nqubo, u-Shah Suleiman wavakashela isithunywa seTsar waseRussia wathi amasosha amasela aye olwandle. AmaPheresiya afuna ukunqotshwa kwabantu baseRazin. Khona-ke izinkulumo zaphazamiseka. Ama-cossacks aboshwa ngamaketanga. Omunye wabo wabulawa yi-dogbing. Lezi zihlubuki zazingenakukhetha ngaphandle kokuthatha iFarabat futhi zihlale lapho ebusika, zivinjelwe emaqenjini ezitha.

Izenzakalo zomlando

Kwakungonyaka we-1669, izimpi eziningana zenziwa ensimini ye "Trukhmensky lands". Kukhona ukuphila komngane kaRazin, i-Cossack okuthiwa uKrivoy, iphazamisekile. Lapho amasosha efika e-Skin Island, ahlaselwa ngabasolwandle be-shah abayalelwe nguMammad Khan. Balwela ukuphila nokufa.

Isitha sagcizelela izimoto zakhe ngethunge futhi sizungezile ibutho laseDon, kodwa leli qhinga alizange liziphendulele. I-flagship yomphikisana nayo yafika phansi. Khona-ke abantu baseRazin nabo babhekana nazo zonke ezinye izindiza. Bakwazi ukubopha indodakazi nendodana yomphathi wamabutho asePheresiya.

Ngenxa yalokho, indlovukazi yasePheresiya uRazin yaqondisa, yamisa intombazane eVolga, eyabe yenziwe ingoma. I-Cossacks inqobile, kodwa kwakukhona ubunzima obuningi. Amasosha aseSafavid ayeqhubeka, ngenxa yalesi sizathu Astrakhan waba yisiphephelo esilandelayo kubantu baseRazin. Izingxoxo ezenziwe nabaholi bendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, uRazin wamukelwa ngenhlonipho prizoryvshim lapho uPraorovsky, owokuqala, owalahlekelwa yiCosacks kuDon. Ngenxa yalokhu kwakudingeka ukhokhe ngokuletha izibhamu, ukwabelana ngempahla yempahla neziboshwa ezithathwe yisitha. Nokho, amasosha akwazi ukudlula ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nalezi zimo.

Impi yabalimi

Kule minyaka eyishumi entsha. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kwempi kwaqala entwasahlobo ka-1670. Kwaphinde kwaqedwa umkhankaso weVolga. Manje kwakungekhona nje ukuphanga, kodwa ukuvukela kwangempela, okwakunjalo ngaphansi kwesimo futhi kwabekwa. Wonke umuntu owayefuna intando nenkululeko, wayebizwa ngokuthi uRazin enkonzweni.

Ukuze afinyelele, kwakungekho ukuchithwa kwenkosi, kodwa wayefuna ukunqoba leso simiso, esenza izinkomo kubantu abahlala ezweni. Kwakuhlelwe ukukhipha amanani aphakeme, ayenziwa ngabantu abadikoni, ama-voevods namadoda esonto, okusolakala ukuthi bekhashe ngamandla ama-tsarist. Amahemuhemu mayelana nokuthola u-Alexei, i-Tsarevich, owabulawa ngempela kusukela ngoJanuwari, waxoshwa.

Bathi futhi banamandla phezu kokuphila kukaPatrician Nikon. Eqinisweni, wangena ekuthunjweni. URazintsy wayenezinqaba namadolobha, wafaka idivayisi yawo lapho, wabhekana nababusi basekhaya, izincwadi ezibhubhisayo. Uma umthengisi ebahlangabeza eVolga, bambamba futhi bamphanga.

"Incwadi evela ku-Stepan Timofeevich, evela eRazin" - lokhu kwakuyinhloko yombhalo othunyelwe yisixuku ngaleso sikhathi. Kwanikezelwa ukukhonza uNkulunkulu nohulumeni, futhi ukusekela ibutho nomholi walo, ukukhipha bonke abahlukumezi nabantu abaphuza igazi kubantu. Kwakudingeka ukuba eze emkhandlwini weCosacks.

Ngokushesha abalimi bahlubuka futhi bahambisana nomphakathi ngesikhathi somkhankaso wakhe we-Volga. Izifunda zendawo zazigqilazwe kamuva futhi abantu abavamile abavumelani nokubekezelela inkululeko. Lezi zimpi zaqhutshwa ngaphansi kobuholi beCossack zalezi zindawo. Ukulwa kwaqala noMari, uTatars, Chuvash noMordvins.

I-Tsaritsyn, kanye neSamara, bathunjwa, u-Astrakhan wathathwa, iSaratov nezinye izinqaba zanqotshwa. Ekuwa kwe-1670, ukuvimbezelwa eSimbirsk kwaphela ekuhlulekeni. Ibutho labantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-60 lathunyelwa kulezi zindawo ukuze kucindezelwe ukushaywa kwabantu. URazintsy wanqoba ngenxa yokulwa eSimbirsk.

UVoivode kwakungu-Yuri Baryatinsky ngaleso sikhathi. URazin ngokwakhe walimala kabi, wathathwa waya eDon ngabantu abathembekile. Isikhathi esithile isiphephelo sakhe kwakuyilidolobhana laseKagalitsky. Kwavela lapho ukuthi wahamba phambili nomkhankaso ngonyaka ngaphambili. U-Ataman wayelithanda kakhulu izinhlelo zokuphakamisa ibutho elisha. Isimo saba sibi kakhulu, futhi intukuthelo yenkosi yayisasongela. Ibutho lihambele uJakovlev Kornila kanye namanye amaCosacks azinikezele umholi wawo, emthunjwa ngo-Ephreli 13, 1671, ngesikhathi kuqhuma u-Kagalitsky. URazin wanikwa amabutho aseRussia.

Ukuthunjwa nokufa

Inyanga ka-Ephreli ka-1671 yayikhunjulwa ukuthi u-ataman nomfowabo uFrolka, ababengaphansi kwakhe, bathola ezandleni zama-tsarist protte. Bathunjwa. Zamukelwa nguKosogov Grigory - umphathi noB Bogdanov Andrey - umdikoni.

Lezi zihlubuki zithathwe eMoscow phakathi noJuni, zihlukunyezwa kabi. Ngenyanga efanayo uStean wahoxiswa e-scaffold futhi ehlukanisiwe. Indawo yonke yayingufakazi. Isigwebo eside. Isihlubuki salalela ngokuthula. Isenzo sakhe sokuhlukana kwakuwumnsalo phambi kwesonto. Umbulali waqale waqeda isandla sakhe sokunene ku-elbow. Khona-ke umlenze wesokunxele wanqunywa emadolweni, futhi ekugcineni ikhanda. Ngaphambi kokuba uStean enqunywe ikhanda, umfowabo uFrol wazama ukunxusa ukuxolelwa kwakhe, kodwa wathola ukubambezeleka okuncane ekufeni kwakhe. Wabulawa lapho ngendlela efanayo.

Kulesi sinyathelo sempi esifundeni seVolga asizange siphele. Abaholi bamaCosacks babenguVasily Us noFedor Sheludyaka. U-Astrakhan wathathwa eRazintsy ngamabutho kahulumeni kuphela ngoNovemba 1671. Kwakuyimpi enesihluku ikakhulukazi eqeda ukulwa.

Ukunakwa kusuka phesheya

Abezombusazwe baseYurophu babheke ngokucophelela izenzo zikaRazin. Imizila yokuhweba ebaluleke kunazo zonke yafakwa kulokhu kulwa. Bahlanganisa i-Europe nePersia naseRussia. Ngaleso sikhathi, izingxabano ezivukela umbuso zenzeka ngokufanayo eJalimane, eNgilandi naseNetherlands. Kula mazwe, izihloko ezinyathelisiwe nezincwadi eziphathelene nokuzijabulisa komuntu. Kwamanye, kwakukhona imininingwane emnandi kanye nedatha ebalulekile.

Abezizwe babebukele njengoba i-Cossack ihanjiswa enhloko-dolobha njengesiboshwa futhi ibulawa. Ngokuba i-tsar kwakunenzuzo ngokukhethekile ukukhombisa ukuthi amandla esezandleni zakhe ngokuphelele, futhi akekho ongayishukumisa. Ikakhulukazi uhlobo oluthile lwe-gangster, owomdabu wabampofu.

Nakuba ukunqoba kwakungakapheli, ukufa komholi weCossack kwakubonakala kumangalisa kakhulu. Omunye wemisebenzi yokubhala kule ndaba "Ukuhamba Okuthathu", okubhalwa nguJan Streis. Wabona ukuvukela, wavakashela insimu ephethwe nguRazin. Ukwakha le ndaba, sisebenzise ukubuka kwethu nezinto zethu, okushiwo umlobi olwazini olunikezwe abanye abalobi.

Imisebenzi yesayensi kanye nokubhala

Ngo-1674, emadongeni eWittenberg Institute, izazi-mlando zavikela lo msebenzi, owachaza ukuxhaphazwa kwalowo muntu. Umsebenzi waphinde washicilelwa izikhathi eziningi ngekhulu le-17 nele-18, uPushkin wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu kuso.

Kamuva, eziningi zezinganekwane zaqala ukuqamba nge-hero-rebel. Isibonelo, singafunda ngakho emsebenzini "Indlela uStanfe Timofeevich Razin ashiye ejele".

U-Ataman wabhala izingoma zomculo eRussia. Kwamanye, wayebhekwa njengeqhawe, ukuwina empi yezinhlekelele. Ngezinye izikhathi isithombe sasihlonziwe no-Ermak Timofeevich, esinye isidumbu seCossack esasinqoba iSiberia. Kunemisebenzi enembile kakhulu, ngokucacile echaza amaqiniso e-documentary, biography kanye nemicimbi yomlando.

U-Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wanikela ngemisebenzi yakhe emithathu kuRazin. Wabuye wabhala ngaye. Sadovnikov. Ngo-1908, ifilimu yokuqala yokukhiqiza kweRussia yabonakala. Wayebizwa ngokuthi "Ponizovaya Volnitsa". Gilyarovsky V.A. Wabhala inkondlo ethi "Stenka Razin".

Noma yikuphi ukunyakaza kwezinguquko kudinga umholi oqinile ongakwazi ukukhipha ukwesaba nokuhola abantu abaningi. Ngokumelene nesizinda sobugqila obuvamile abantu babedinga indoda eyayingayibutha futhi ihlelwe ngenhloso yokuthola inkululeko evamile. UStean Razin wenza i-Cossacks umndeni wangempela, ibutho elilodwa elalwela amalungelo abo. Nguyena, engesabi futhi enenjongo, ufika kithi emakhasini omlando. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, akazange abonise ukwesaba futhi kuze kube sekugcineni ukuphefumula kwakhe kulandela imibono yakhe. Yilezi zici nezenzo okwamenza waba umlando ophawulekayo kanye neqhawe le-folklore yabantu.