Impi yase-Angola: Eminyakeni, inkambo imicimbi kanye imiphumela zinqobe

Ingxenye yekhulu lama-20 yesibili kwaphawulwa izinguquko eziphawulekayo ukuthuthukiswa amazwe ase-Afrika. Sikhuluma mayelana nalomsebenzi belikhumbuza ukunyakaza kazwelonke kumelene nenqubomgomo wamakoloni kwamazwe aseYurophu. Konke lokhu Amathrendi izoboniswa izenzakalo ezenzeka ngo-1961 e-Angola.

Angola ebalazweni Afrika: indawo

Angola - ke ingenye uthi Afrika wadala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ukuze uzulazule isimo, okuyinto eye yaba kulesi sifundazwe kulo lonke nesigamu kwekhulu lama-20 wesibili, kufanele siqonde kuqala ukuthi iphi Angola kumephu futhi yini phezu ezindaweni umngcele. izwe Modern elise-Afrika eseNingizimu.

It Umncele eningizimu Namibia, okuyinto kuze kube sekupheleni 1980, waba subordinated ngokuphelele Republic of South Africa (ke isici esibaluleke kakhulu!), Empumalanga - ne Zambia. Enyakatho enyakatho impumalanga emngceleni ne-Democratic Republic of the Congo. Umda wenu wasentshonalanga - kuyinto Atlantic Ocean. Ukwazi Yikuphi uthi akhelene Angola, kuyoba lula ukuqonda izindlela nokungena endaweni ka-amabutho akwelinye izwe.

Izizathu kugqashuka impi

Impi yase-Angola akazange aqale angesabi. Phakathi umphakathi Angolan kusukela ngo-1950 kuya ku-1960-ke kwakhiwa amaqembu amathathu ahlukene bebheka umsebenzi ukushikashikeka ngenxa uzibuse isimo. Inkinga iwukuthi abazange ongahlanganisa ngenxa ukungavumelani ngemibono.

Kuyini lokhu iqembu? Iqembu lokuqala --MPLA eyayilandela izimfundiso (imelela Abantu owebandla leMovement for the Liberation of Angola) - isimo ekahle ukuthuthukiswa esikhathini esizayo kubhekwa amafilosofi kaMarx. Mhlawumbe u-Agostinho Neto (umholi) futhi akambonanga ohlelweni isimo eU.SSR enhle, ngoba ukubukwa luyingxenye kwezomnotho noKarla Marksa ukuhluka ngalokho okwakudekwe kuyi-Union njengoba Marxism. Kodwa i-MPLA wawuqondiswa ukwesekwa amazwe emazweni Bloc Soviet.

Iqembu lesibili - the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), ogama amafilosofi wayebuye ezithakazelisayo. Umholi FNLA Holden Roberto wakuthanda yentuthuko ezimele, lathathwa zefilosofi Chinese. By the way, imisebenzi FNLA eyenziwa engatsho ukuthi iningi Angola, ngoba abantu bafike amandla Roberto ezisengozini wokugoqa yezwe. Kungani? Holden Roberto wayehlobene kaMongameli Zaire futhi wathembisa uma ukunqoba, ukunikeza ukuthi njengengxenye yensimu yase-Angola.

Iqembu lesithathu - UNITA (National Front for the Ubude Independence of Angola) - elinesimo orientation pro-Western. Ngayinye yalezi babenesifiso ezinye ukwesekwa emphakathini base nomphakathi. Babuyisane nekuhlanganisa la maqembu ayizange izame ngisho nokuzama, ngoba zihlukile kakhulu iqembu ngalinye limelela indlela umzabalazo wokulwa bamakoloni, futhi okubaluleke - ukuqhubeka lizwe. Kuyinto lezi ukuphikisana futhi kwaholela kokugqashuka impi ngo-1975.

Ukugqashuka kwempi

Impi yase-Angola waqala Septhemba 25, 1975. Hhayi lutho ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, sakhuluma isikhundla ezindawo yezwe futhi omakhelwane okukhulunywa. Ngalolu suku, besuka eZaire langena amabutho ezasekela FNLA. Isimo saba sibi kakhulu ngemva Okthoba 14, 1975, lapho i-Angola wangena amasosha aseNingizimu Afrika (kusukela izindawo ezazilawulwa South Africa, Namibia). La mandla baye bayisekela party pro-Western ne-UNITA. Logic of sikhundla elaseNingizimu-Afrika kulokhu kubulalana Angolan isobala: ubuholi laseNingizimu Afrika eningi isiPutukezi njalo. MPLA ekuqaleni futhi kwadingeka ukwesekwa okuvela ngaphandle. Sikhuluma ibutho Swapo, okuyinto bavikela kutimela Namibia kusukela eNingizimu Afrika.

Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi ekupheleni kuka-1975 ezweni lethu babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli amabutho emazweni amaningana, elalibheke nomunye. Kodwa impi yombango e-Angola kungabonwa ngomqondo obanzi - njengoba empini phakathi ezifundazweni eziningana.

Impi yase-Angola: "Ukusebenza Savannah"

Wawusho ngokushesha amasosha akuleli ngemva kokuwela umngcele iqhathwe ne-Angola? Kunjalo - ke ukuthi ukugqugquzela. Lezi izimpi ziye zaba umlando ngokuthi "Savannah" msebenzi. amasosha akuleli ayehlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana impi. impumelelo "Savannah" Ukusebenza kodwa inhliziyo yayibukhuni liqinisekiswa ukumangala nombani isinyathelo ngokushesha we kwamaZulu kwezinye izingxenye. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje, bahlula wonke eningizimu-ntshonalanga yase-Angola. Iqembu "Foksbat" kumi imaphakathi.

Army wathatha izinto ezifana: edolobheni Liumbalu, Kakulia, Katenge, Benguela Airport, eziningana zokuqeqesha emakamu ye-MPLA eyayilandela. Le mashi enqobile wamabutho laqhubeka uNovemba 13, lapho sahlala komuzi ka Novo Redondo. "Foksbat" Ibhande futhi wawina mpi ezinzima kakhulu kwebhuloho №14.

"X-Ray" wathatha kuqala Owayengamele ibutho-Cuban eduze nomuzi Ksanlongo, Luso ayethunjwe kwebhuloho Salazar futhi anqande ngaphambi Cubans maqondana Kariango.

Ukubamba iqhaza ye-USSR empini

Ngemva kokuhlaziya indaba zomlando, siyaqonda ukuthi abantu Union cishe wayengazi ukuthi yini empini e-Angola. ESoviet Union akukaze ikhangiswe ukungabuyeli asebenzayo izenzakalo.

Ngemva ukwethulwa amatutu Zaire futhi eNingizimu Afrika, umholi MPLA wacela usizo lwebutho Soviet Union Cuba. Abaholi emazweni sezenhlalo kwekamu ayikwazanga wenqaba ukumsiza ibutho yangaphandle ababethi amafilosofi sezenhlalo. izingxabano Military yalolu hlobo babe ngezinga elithile kuyazuzisa eSoviet Union, ngoba ubuholi beqembu namanje akuwenzanga umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu noma uthumela inguquko.

usizo International Angola iye yahunyushwa ngokuthi ezinkulu. Ngokusemthethweni, ibutho laseSoviet nengxenye izimpi kusukela ngo-1975 kuya ku-1979, kodwa ngempela kule mpi, amasosha ethu athatha ingxenye ekuweni wase-USSR. idatha letihlelekile naletingakahleleki yangempela ukulahlekelwa kule mpi zihlukile. Ngo imibhalo ka eMnyango Wezokuvikela washo ngokucacile ukuthi impi yethu elahlekile abantu 11 ngesikhathi Impi yase-Angola. ochwepheshe Military ukholwa ukuthi lokhu sibalo sincane kakhulu futhi zivame mayelana 100-lingalingani abantu umbono.

Impi phakathi kukaNovemba noDisemba 1975

Impi yase-Angola ngo-isigaba saso sokuqala kwaba olunegazi kakhulu. Ake sihlole izenzakalo esemqoka yalolu esiteji. Ngakho, emazweni ambalwa babe amabutho azo. Yilokhu esikwaziyo kakade. Kwenzekani ngokulandelayo? usizo Military ezazivela eSoviet Union futhi Cuba ngesimo ochwepheshe, imishini, imikhumbi Soviet Navy sehle kakhulu kwaqinisa-MPLA eyayilandela izimfundiso ibutho.

Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu yempi wathatha indawo bukhoma Kifangondo. Abaphikisi babe ibutho Zaire kanye FNLA. sethubeni elihle ekuqaleni kwaliwa-MPLA eyayilandela izimfundiso ibutho ngoba Zairians isikhali laphelelwa yisikhathi kakhulu, futhi ibutho sezenhlalo lithole in aid base-USSR, izindlela ezintsha eziphathelene nezempi. Novemba 11 FNLA ibutho walahlekelwa impi futhi ngokuyinhloko umaluju izikhundla zabo, cishe ephumula emzabalazweni e-Angola.

Phefu ebuthweni ye-MPLA eyayilandela wayengekho, ngoba ngesikhathi esifanayo kwafika wezeMpi waseNingizimu Afrika ( "Savannah" operation). amaviyo alo aye abathuthele ensimini yezwe ngo-3000-3100 km. Angizange ukuzola empini e-Angola! Tank impi phakathi kwamabutho ye-MPLA eyayilandela UNITA, labetibambile: 17 Novemba 1975 eduze nedolobha Ganguly. Lokhu kuhlangana iwine amabutho sezenhlalo. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo "Savannah" kule ukuphela. Ukulandela lezi zenzakalo, ibutho MPLA aqhubeka kuhlasela, kodwa isitha akazange adikibale, futhi kwakukhona izimpi unomphela.

Isimo phambili ngo-1976

ezimpini uqhubeke nakwesilandelayo, 1976, unyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Januwari 6th MPLA amabutho ethumba kumila FNLA enyakatho. Omunye nezitha Socialist empeleni wanqoba. Yiqiniso, ukuqeda impi, akukho ngephuzu elilodwa, ngakho-Angola walinda iminyaka eminingi izinhlekelele. Ngenxa yalokho, amabutho FNLA endaweni wahlukana ngokuphelele kwesokunxele ensimini ka-Angola cishe 2 amaviki. Kwesobunxele ngaphandle kwekamu enezivikelo eziqinile, abakwazanga ukuqhubeka umkhankaso asebenzayo.

Kwakungeke kube umsebenzi ukuphathwa encane MPLA kwadingeka anqume ku, ngoba Angola akabashiyi yingxenye evamile ibutho Zaire futhi eNingizimu Afrika. By the way, isikhundla kakhulu yokuthola ubufakazi obuqinisekisa izimangalo zabo empini e-Angola, eNingizimu Afrika. osopolitiki South African babeqiniseka ukuthi isimo ezingaqinisekile kuleli zwe elingumakhelwane, kungaba nemiphumela emibi esimweni sazo. Yini? Ngokwesibonelo, kusebenze esatshwe umbhikisho ukunyakaza. Ngalezi izimbangi wakwazi ukubhekana kuze kube sekupheleni March 1976.

Yiqiniso, i-MPLA eyayilandela izimfundiso ngokwayo amabutho njalo isitha ngeke bakwazi ukuqalisa ukusebenza kwalo. Iqhaza main ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu labamelene nangale kwemingcele isimo kungokwalabo 15,000-Cuban nawaseSoviet Ochwepheshe lempi. Ngemva kwalokho, uhlelo kanye nemisebenzi asebenzayo isikhashana kwakungenziwanga zigcinwe, ngoba isitha wanquma UNITA impi yabashokobezi edonse. Kuleli fomu sokuba itholane phezulu ikakhulu ukushayisana ezincane iphutha.

Yabashokobezi isigaba impi

Ngemva 1976 ubunjalo lokulwa ishintshile kancane. Kuze kube ngo-1981, ibutho angaphandle is hhayi kwenziwe ensimini ka-Angola, uhlelo imisebenzi yezempi. UNITA inhlangano uyaqonda ukuthi amabutho ayo angeke empini evulekile ukuze afakazele ukuphakama kwakhe phezu FALPA (Angolan ibutho). Ekhuluma ibutho Angola, kumelwe siqaphele ukuthi empeleni iphoqa MPLA, ngoba iqembu sezenhlalo kusukela ngo-1975 ngokomthetho e amandla. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ngasendleleni, u-Agostinho Neto, Angola flag Akusikho lutho ukuthi omnyama abomvu. Umbala obomvu uvame ezitholakele ku Amatshwayo uthi sezenhlalo, futhi omnyama - umbala yezwekazi lase-Afrika.

Ukushayisana 1980-1981,

Ekupheleni kwawo-1970, singakhuluma kuphela mayelana itholene phezulu namabutho yabashokobezi izibaya-UNITA. Ngo 1980-1981 ,. Impi yase-Angola siye saba nomfutho. Ngokwesibonelo, engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1980, i-amasosha akuleli yahlasela izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-500 endaweni Angola. Yebo, kwakungelula ezinye uhlobo imisebenzi ekahle, kodwa kusekuningi lezi zenzo ukuba zingenze lizwe. Ngo-1981, umsebenzi amasosha akuleli kwandile ngokugcwele ukusebenza yezempi, futhi lokho umlando wabizwa ngokuthi "Proteus."

Ingxenye ibutho South African isihambile ku-Angolan endaweni ejulile 150-200 km, kukhona umbuzo mayelana ukuthunjwa emadolobheni amaningana. Ngenxa imisebenzi ecasula futhi ukuzivikela ngaphansi ezinzima sextant isitha umlilo abulala amasosha Angolan engaphezu kwengu-800. nje eyaziwa ngokuthi kahle (nakuba imibhalo esemthethweni akatholakalanga) ukufa amabutho aseSoviet 9. Kuze Mashi 1984 lokulwa recurred.

Impi ye Cuito Cuanavale

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva waphinda uqalisiwe full-scale Impi yase-Angola. Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (1987-1988) waba kubaluleke kakhulu yenguquko ngxabano civil. Kulesi impi amasosha abathintekayo of the People sika Army of Angola, ezempi-Cuban futhi KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - ngakolunye uhlangothi; abashokobezi UNITA ibutho zaseNingizimu Afrika - ngakolunye. Le mpi yaphela kabi ngoba UNITA South Africa, ngakho kwadingeka ukuba abalekele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lashaya i-ibhuloho umngcele, sibe nzima Angola ukuphishekela kungenzeka izingxenye zawo.

Ngemva le mpi, ekugcineni, baqala ukuzwa izinkulumo sina ukuthula. Yiqiniso, impi yayiqhubeka ngisho ngo-1990, kodwa kwaba nempi ye-Cuito Cuanavale kwaba kokuphenduka esivuna amabutho base-Angola. Namuhla Angola khona njengoba geqe eba. Flag of Angola wakhuluma ngesihloko orientation zombusazwe wombuso namuhla.

Kungani elaseSoviet Union hhayi inzuzo ngokusemthethweni abathintekayo empini?

Njengoba yaziwa, ngo-1979 lapho wethula kokungenela ibutho laseSoviet e Afghanistan. Ukubulawa duty ngamazwe njengalokhu kubonakala ukuthi kunesidingo futhi ohlonishwa, kodwa lolu hlobo nsada, ukuphazamisa nezinye abantu musa ngempela ukusekela abantu zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nomphakathi jikelele. Yingakho Union uyabona ngokusemthethweni ukuzibandakanya yayo emkhankasweni Angolan ngesikhathi kusukela ngo-1975 kuya ku-1979 kuphela.