Battleship "Petropavlovsk": umlando, incazelo ukwakhiwa, izici. Ukufa yempi "Petropavlovsk"

"Petropavlovsk" - yempi, kanye okungewakho Russian Imperial Navy. Yena wayengumbulali umholi we 1st Pacific isigaba, okuyinto wathatha ingxenye eMpini Russian-Japanese. Ekupheleni kuka-March 1904 lo mkhumbi wacwila eduze ePort Arthur, wagibela emayini isitha. Ukufa kwakhe omunye Amakhasi ebanga usizi kunazo zonke kule umlando ngoxhaxha Russian.

umkhumbi Ukwakhiwa

I kwesisekelo Russian imikhumbi Baltic ku uhlelo ukuthuthukiswa kwadlanga kakhulu ngawo-1890 bekulokhu ukukhula okungakaze kubonwe lasolwandle German. Kule minyaka emihlanu okwalandela ke uhlela ukwakha abachithi 50, 10 yempi, kanye Cruisers eziningana futhi gunboats. Kwanqunywa ukuba aqambe zonke yempi emva izimpi ibutho kanti imikhumbi Russian ku XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka. Ikakhulukazi, igama "Petropavlovsk" kwakubangelwa ukunqoba amabutho Russian sivikele ethekwini Petropavlovsk e eKamchatka.

Battleship "Petropavlovsk" waqala ukwakha Mashi 19, 1892, futhi kubekwa yayo esemthethweni senzeka ngoMeyi 7 Petersburg. Kwaba khona abangu-the uMbusi u-Alexander III. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili nengxenye kuphela, okungukuthi 28 Okthoba 1894, kwathiwa ngihlaliswa amanzi. armadillo ukuhlolwa senzeka ekupheleni 1897 futhi ekuqaleni 1899 Ngemva umkhumbi wawususukile ayihlomele ngokuphelele izingalo kudingekile, waqhubeka nohambo lwakhe lokuqala kuye eMpumalanga Ekude, lapho uye wabonisa seaworthiness zalo ezinhle. Ngokuvamile, Armadillo "Petropavlovsk" ngaleso sikhathi elalibhekwa wempi kanye-siphethe isivinini kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu esiphezulu 16,86 ifindo.

Battleship "Petropavlovsk": incazelo design

Lokhu umkhumbi, kanye nezinye armadillos uhlobo "Poltava", waba komzimba engavamile: ibhodi ibekwe Phezu komkhumbi main, kungathi ngithuka ngaphakathi. Lesi sici ikakhulukazi ejwayelekile lwemikhumbi French. It wavumela kakhulu kwanciphisa sikebhe ababezohlala kuyo ngaphezu kwamanzi. Ubude waterline kwaba 112,5 m, ububanzi - 21.3 m, a laden inzika - 8.6 m.

Lo mkhumbi kwakufanele okuphakelayo oyindilinga kanye onezitezi ezintathu: elingenhla, oyinhloko, noma ibhethri, bese ngezansi. Leli bhokisi has a stem ngqo nenqama, protruded by 2 m. It sasekelwa shpironom ngaphandle ngaphakathi emphemeni zempi. Lo mkhumbi kwakufanele insika ezintathu: grot- futhi foremast, kanye umoya omncane, elise phakathi noshimula ezimbili. Owokugcina kubo kwaba ephansi, okuyinto isici esiyinhloko kulomkhumbi (bheka. Photo of the yempi "Petropavlovsk").

ukubhuka

Kule ndaba, umkhumbi akahlukile kwezinye imikhumbi ekilasini efanayo. Wayephethe main zempi ibhande ukuphakama 2,29 m kanye nobude 73,15 metres, okuyinto lalisenyakatho waterline, owalwela boilers, imishini kanye yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili phansi. Kwakungenxa 65% wenani ubude umzimba. ukujiya zempi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene umkhumbi ngokuphongoza. Ngakho, maphakathi umkhumbi ivikelwe zempi ukuba 406 mm, futhi kwemibhoshongo umlilo main ifakwe 305-mm amapuleti.

Ngenhla main zempi ibhande wayemude, okuyinto kwafinyelela ubukhulu kwemibhoshongo main. Uhlonze lwalo lwalungububanzi 127 mm, ubude - 2,29 m, futhi ubude -. Mayelana 50 m Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhoshongo kanye main umlilo barbettes tiphindze kwagcizelela zempi 254 mm ukujiya, kanti isilinganiso - 127-mm amapuleti. Kodwa ezine 152-mm izibhamu ayinazo Ukuvikelwa, ngaphezu ejwayelekile ohlangothini Plating.

wezikhali

Armadillo osezingeni izibhamu main emelelwa izibhamu ezine yayiseKhesariya ngazimbili emkhunjini futhi bakhothame imibhoshongo. Ukujikeleza yabo futhi mpo isiqondiso somzila eyenziwa wokubacindezela nezinhlamvu okuphakelayo - esebenzisa actuators kagesi. Okulingene-osezingeni izibhamu lalinabashumayeli izibhamu nambili Kane, abayisishiyagalombili okwakusendlini yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili ezimbili isibhamu, kanti bonke abanye babekwa phakathi kwazo.

wezikhali Imayini yayimelelwe 38 kwaqhuma Hotchkiss futhi bahlakazeka kulo lonke elakwa-umkhumbi. ukushaya ahlomile Baranowski kwadingeka izibhamu ezimbili. Kuye isimo, benza ingafakwa kokubili leli sondo ikholomu ncwadi-kusekelwe amakalishi.

Russian-Japanese impi

Ebusuku, January 27, 1904 yempi "Petropavlovsk" nalo lonke imikhumbi ezakha Pacific isigaba, elapha kokuseshwa ngasePort Arthur. Kungazelelwe ngoxhaxha Russian uhlaselwe abachithi Japanese, okuyinto udubule kuye 16 torpedoes. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, le isigaba kwaba ngokuphelele ukubhekana lokhu izinto zase zishintshile bese wayengakwazi dudula ngempumelelo isitha.

Kuleso siyaluyalu eyalandela, itholakala lokuthi ukuthi Spark Admiral abakwazanga ukukholelwa ukuthi ukulwa naye Japanese, futhi cishe ngehora ngaphambilini ukuze uthumele amasignali kusukela iwuhlelo "Petropavlovsk" imfuneko hhayi ukuvula umlilo. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi torpedo isitha kwadingeka knock out Russian impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Pallada" futhi armadillos "Retvizan" futhi "Umqhele Prince".

Ekuseni, amandla Japanese main ehlanganisa ayisishiyagalolunye Cruisers, futhi yempi eziyisithupha, ezazihlanganisa imikhumbi Admiral H. Togo, sekukhona ngasePort Arthur. Zazenza isitha ne isigaba Russian, eyathatha imizuzu akukho kuka-40. Ngemva kwalokho, amaJapane ahlehla. Le mpi engalethi nemiphumela ephawulekayo yanoma yiziphi amaqembu alwayo, nakuba imikhumbi eziningana futhi ezilimele. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka futhi yempi "Petropavlovsk". It ihlala a amagobolondo ezimbalwa, kodwa abazange umonakalo omkhulu, ngakho akazange kuthinte ukulwa amakhono ngaphandle komkhumbi.

Umlawuli entsha isigaba,

Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemva nje kwempi ngenxa ubuholi ezingasebenzi Admiral Spark imikhumbi Russian elahlekile eziningana emikhunjini yabo. Ngemva ukwesula kwakhe waqokwa isigaba umkhuzi Vice-Admiral S. O. Makarova, owafika ngo ePort Arthur ekupheleni Februwari 1904 wabavusa ifulege phezu impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu kuqala "Askold", bese zidluliselwa ku-yempi "Petropavlovsk".

Kule nyanga ezayo umkhumbi iphansi kwesandla sika-S. O. Makarova izikhathi eziningana waya olwandle zifezeke uhlelo ngokuhlanganyela zijike ngokushesha. Ngo ngolunye lwalezizinsuku phakathi Japanese futhi Russian isigaba skirmish iphutha amahora amabili, Nokho, ngenxa inkulu kakhulu amabanga projectiles akazange afinyelele elitsheni futhi yawela emanzini. Kuphela kanye volley emkhunjini "Wokunqoba", ebhodini yayo yayingaphambi imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo izibhamu, ephethwe ngokonakalisa i yempi isitha "Fuji".

uhlelo ngobuqili

Japanese Admiral H. Togo athuthukile uhlelo ukuvimba imikhumbi Russian e itheku ePort Arthur ngu-umlilo-imikhumbi. Ingqikithi uhlelo bakhe kwakufanele buthule ukusungula endaweni egqitshwe amabhomu bese ukuyengela kuye ngqo isigaba isiRashiya, lolo wawuzoba iyunithi, ehlanganisa Cruisers eziningana.

Loluhlelo lwenzelwa ebusuku 31 Mashi. imikhumbi Russian ikhombe squad Japanese, kodwa akazange ukuhlasela kwakhe. Babathatha ngoba abachithi yabo wathumela S. O. Makarovym ahamba ubusuku endaweni Elliot Island. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba imikhumbi emibili olwandle - "Kugcine" futhi "Brave" - ngandlela-thile, wabaleka ngalolo suku iyunithi enkulu, bese ahlukane phakathi, futhi bonke baqala ukuzenzela umathanda. Ngemva kokufinyelela iziqhingi oyifunayo kuthe bengasifumani isitha kuleli qophelo, kubabulali eziyisithupha Russian waphindela ePort Arthur. Ngemuva kwabo "esibi" ebumnyameni, wathatha ihlukane Japanese ngoba wakhe futhi wahlanganyela naye. Kodwa lapho ekuseni kwafika nomchithi Russian kwatholakala ukuhlambalaza kwesitha sayo, ngokushesha ehlaselwa. Phakathi nempi emfushane, washaywa futhi ucwila. Ukuze amsize wathunyelwa le impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Bayan", ngubani wakwazi ukulondoloza amatilosi ezimbalwa kuphela.

Ukufa yempi "Petropavlovsk"

Ungalindi lonke isigaba futhi yayala kuhlasela yokudoba S. O. Makarov phezu yempi ephelezelwa "Poltava" nezinye Cruisers lesine ekuseni waya esizeni ugcwalise "esibi" ngumbhubhisi. Lesi sikhathi wakwazi ngaphandle kwezinkinga ukugwema le egqitshwe amabhomu isitha. Ngalesi sikhathi emkhathizwe kwaqhamuka Cruisers ambalwa Japanese, imuphi kule "Petropavlovsk" bavulela ngenhlamvu. Isitha waqala baleka empumalanga, kodwa ngokushesha aid bakhe beza amabutho akhe main. Ebona lokhu, le mikhumbi Russian waphendukela ePort Arthur. Ukuze ezimbili yempi wajoyina endleleni kubo - "Peresvet" futhi "Wokunqoba". Ngemva kwalokho, S. O. Makarov futhi banquma ukuthuthela eduze isitha salibangisa ngqo kuqhunyiswe isayithi Japanese.

Ngezinye 9 ihora. 43 imiz. March 31, 1904 ekuqa- umkhumbi "Petropavlovsk" nge ukuqhuma yayo uhlangothi lomkhumbi lwesandla sokudla. Yena abalimala ekhaleni lakhe umbhoshongo komlilo main, ukuze liqhuma nezinhlamvu. Explosion yayinamandla ukuthi ephonswe olwandle ekhaleni 305-mm turret, shrouds futhi noshimula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona ngokuwa foremast, owabhubhisa ngokuphelele chassis kanye amabhuloho nomyali. Battleship kancane cwilisa umnsalo yayo, futhi ngokushesha waduma, kanti owokugcina uyoba ngo kuqhuma ibhomu kakhulu ngemva - a yasha boilers. Ngemva kwalokho, lo mkhumbi yanqamuka futhi ngokushesha waya ngaphansi kwamanzi.

imiphumela

Izikebhe, okuyinto bathunyelwa ukutakula abasindile, bakwazi ukucosha mayelana 80 kuphela abantu. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona induna NM Yakovlev futhi umzala uNicholas II, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. Kodwa S. O. Makarov eziyishumi nezikhulu eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ukuziphilisa umkhumbi bashona. Lokhu kuqhuma kuphinde kwabulala amatilosi angaphezu kuka angamakhulu ayisithupha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi emkhunjini ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola, futhi VV Vereshchagin - umculi, oshone yempi "Petropavlovsk" nalo lonke lakhala ezaziwayo. Umsebenzi wakhe ukwenza imidwebo phakathi nomkhankaso, okuyinto ke kungaba wusizo zokubhala izithombe esizayo.

Ukuqhuma komkhumbi-yempi "Petropavlovsk" waba nemiphumela enqabayo kakhulu lokhu kwathinta imisebenzi ukulwa kuyo ePacific isigaba. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi ibutho lasolwandle elahlekile omunye yempi, ngakho-ke uye walahlekelwa, futhi umhleli abanamakhono futhi inhloko ekumeleleni ePort Arthur - Admiral S. O. Makarova, okuyinto owayethandwa kakhulu futhi sihlonishwa abangaphansi kwakhe. Yena bengakwazanga ukuthola esikhundleni okulingana kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi Russian-Japanese. Kwenzeka isimanga ukuthi ubufakazi kokufa yempi kwaba unjiniyela kanye umsunguli MP uqweqwe. Lo mcimbi futhi amnika umqondo ukudala ukuhlukana okunjalo lwemikhumbi, njengoba kwamanzi izingqimba okwami.

inkumbulo

Ekupheleni Juni 1913 khona uMbusi uNicholas II e Kronstadt esemisa lesikhumbuzo ukuze S. O. Makarovu. Umbhali ngale phrojekthi Umnyango umqophi L. V Shervud, ngubani ukuboniswa phezu isinyathelo ngokufa yempi "Petropavlovsk". Engu-100 kwasungulwa nhlekelele Petersburg yasungulwa qwembe okuyinto ukuboniswa amagama wonke amalungu 635 izisebenzi kwalomkhumbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-zokuxhumana yesonto. Nikolaya Chudotvortsa ngesikhathi uMsindisi ulwandle yethempeli Waters has a esiyisikhumbuzo zethusi ipuleti. Futhi wabathanda imikhumbi, nethuba ngumnikazi izandla ukwenza yempi "Petropavlovsk", okuyinto imodeli ingatholakala kalula ku izinsiza ayisipesheli.

usesho

Ekupheleni kuka-2011, ilunga Russian-Chinese search uhambo, ogama njongo kwaba ukusungula indawo eqondile umkhumbi abadumile sokufa yasungulwa. Ukucinga for the yempi "Petropavlovsk" eyaba China endaweni Lushun (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo ePort Arthur). Amalungu bomkhankaso oLwandle Yellow sitholwe ngumuntu afanayo metal kokuba obuphelele futhi ububanzi mayelana 90 kuya ku-13 m. Ongoti bathambekele bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa ngozi ngesikhathi yempi "Petropavlovsk" impi Russian-Japanese. Ezansi ezinye izinto ezitholakele ezingase uqinisekise lesi conjecture kodwa kuze kube manje abazange alethwe ebusweni.