Inkinga Bosnian ka 1908-1909. futhi imiphumela yayo kwezepolitiki

Ngo-October 1908, i-Austria-Hungary yayilokhu izidlela nje lezi engumakhelwane Bosnia and Herzegovina, yingakho eYurophu kwakuyi sisonqenqemeni ngezinga elikhulu empini. Kwaphela izinyanga eziningana Old Umhlaba wayelindwe bated umoya impambano. Zonke walandela imizamo bosomaqhinga nabezombusazwe ukugwema inhlekelele. Lezi zenzakalo waziwa ngokuthi crisis Bosnian. Ngenxa yalokho, ayizikhondlakhondla behluleka ukuvumelana, nokungqubuzana ukuthi eshelelayo. Nokho, isikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi aseBalkan kukhona iphuzu kuqhume Europe. Namuhla, obumbi Bosnian ubonakala zandulela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

izimfanelo

Ngemva kokuphela kwempi Russian-Turkish of 1877 - 1878 iminyaka. Berlin kwaba nengqungquthela yomhlaba wonke, okuyinto ngokusemthethweni bathola ukuqondanisa entsha amabutho emazweni aseBalkan. Ngokwalo mbiko 25 lesi sivumelwano siyalandelwa, ngemvume enhlokodolobha yase Germany, Bosnia, okuyinto wayeke kwakungekaNkulunkulu yoMbuso WaseTurkey, esiyi-Austria-Hungary. Nokho, lesi sinqumo inselelo iqembu labazalwane elivela Serbia. Leli zwe lisanda ebugqilini umthetho-Turkish, futhi kahulumeni wayo ozimele yayiba wesaba ukuthi isabelo of the Empire, Habsburg kuholele iqiniso lokuthi Austrians ekugcineni wayithatha Belgrade.

Lokhu kwesaba kwadingeka emhlabathini waso. AbakwaHabsburg baye isikhathi eside Sakhe abathelisi isithombe emazweni Slavic (lwamaSlav zaba 60% sabantu-Austria-Hungary). Ngenxa yalesi kwakuwukuthi ama-emperor e Vienna zehlulekile zibuswe intonga yakhe Germany (Prussia benza) ekugcineni wamnaka empumalanga. Austria kakade elawulwa eBohemia, eSlovenia, eCroatia, Slovakia, eBukovina, Galicia, Krakow futhi engafuni ukuba zihlale phezu kwawo.

ukusikhohlisa

Ngemva 1878 Bosnia wahlala ngaphansi umsebenzi wase-Austria, nakuba isimo salo zomthetho engakaze ekugcineni kunqunywa. Lo magazini isikhashana ibambezelekile. Uphathina eyinhloko Serbia kwezombusazwe ngamazwe kwaba Russia (futhi Slavic nezwe Orthodox). Petersburg, ehlelekile ukuvikela izithakazelo Belgrade. Empire ungase acindezele abakwaHabsburg, kodwa akenzanga kanjalo. Kwakuhlangene basayine isivumelwano ezinyunyana yeRussia, eJalimane nase-Austria. Amazwe wanika nomunye isiqinisekiso okungezona ubudlova uma impi.

Lokhu uhlelo ubudlelwane bufaneleke ka-Alexander II no-Aleksandru III, ngakho esibucayi Bosnian ukuthi kafushane ukhohlwe. "Union we-Emperors ezintathu" ekugcineni uqulekile 1887 ngenxa ukungqubuzana Austria neRussia ezihlobene Bulgaria neSerbia. Ngemva kwalokhu ikhefu e Vienna okwamiswa ngalo ukuba ngaphansi kwesibopho iyiphi nezibopho Romanovs kwaba. Kancane kancane e-Austria wakhula inhliziyo ngokuya nakwezinemibono expansionist maqondana Bosnia.

Izithakazelo Serbia futhi Turkey

Emazweni AseBalkan bezilokhu imbiza enkulu elinabantu yobuhlanga ezimibalabala. Izizwe yayihlangana, futhi kwaba ngokuvamile kunzima ukunquma lapho izwe lazo yeningi umthetho. Bekunjalo nge-Bosnia. Engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili, u-50% sabantu belingamaSerbia. Kwakumelwe Orthodox, nabathi Bosniaks - amaSulumane. Kodwa ngisho nokuphikisana yabo yangaphakathi paled phambi usongo Austria.

Enye uhlangothi ingxabano kwaba ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Isimo Turkish has amashumi eminyaka wahlala inhlekelele yezombangazwe. Ngaphambi lo mbuso ingeyamakhosi yonke aseBalkan ngisho Hungary namabutho aso kabili bevimbezela Vienna. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX kusukela ubukhazikhazi wangaphambili nobukhulu noluncane uhlala. I uMbuso WaseTurkey labetibambile a stub ezincane komhlaba yaseThrace futhi eYurophu esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe nobutha uthi Slavic.

Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama crisis Bosnian iphutha ehlobo lika-1908 inguquko Young Turk Kwagqashuka Turkey. Sultans amandla wawumncane, futhi uhulumeni omusha futhi ngezwi elikhulu ukumemezela izimangalo zabo yangaphambili sifundazwe Balkan.

Izenzo zezombusazwe Austria

Austrians ukuze ekugcineni ungasinika Bosnia, kwakudingekile ukuba simelane cha-Turks kuphela, kodwa futhi amandla amaningi aseYurophu: Russia, France, Britain, Italy neSerbia. Habsburg uhulumeni, njengenjwayelo, wanquma wokuqala uvumelana amandla Izwe Elidala. Izinkulumo nge osomaqhinga lala mazwe kwaholela Alois von Aehrenthal, owakhonza njengoNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle.

Eyokuqala ebucayini amaNtaliyane. Bakwazi ukukholisa ukwesekwa i-Austria-Hungary esenana yokuthi Vienna ngeke iphazamise empini yawo ne Turkey ngesikhathi betholakala Libya. ekugcineni Sultan bavumelana ukunikezela Bosnia ngemva kokuba wathembisa isinxephezelo ubukhulu amakhilogremu 2.5 million. Ngokwesiko Austria isekela eJalimane. UWilhelm II mathupha sicindezelwe Sultan, eyaba nethonya elikhulu.

Izinkulumo Russia nase-Austria-Hungary

Inkinga Bosnian ka 1908 sesenza e inhlekelele uma Russia babemelene wadla. Ngakho-ke, izingxoxo Aehrenthal futhi Aleksandra Izvolskogo (futhi Minister of Foreign Affairs) zazizinde ikakhulukazi kanzima. Ngo-September, amaqembu ifinyelele esivumelwaneni ukuthethwa kwecala. Russia wavumelana nokudliwa Bosnia, kuyilapho Austria ayelithembise ukuqaphela ilungelo imikhumbi yezempi Russian kudlule ngokukhululekile ngokusebenzisa besebunzimeni Black Sea kulawulwa Turkey.

Empeleni, lokho kwakusho ukuba le Ukuyekwa kwezindlela izivumelwano Berlin wangaphambili ngo-1878. Isimo nzima yokuthi Isvolsky okuxoxiswene ngaphandle kokugunyazwa phezulu, Aehrenthal kudlalwa umdlalo double. Izikhulu ziyavuma ukuthi igama wadla kuzokwenzeka kamuva, lapho akuve elula ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Nokho, ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe kwakuyovela waqala Izvolski crisis Bosnian. ukungqubuzana International sokucasuka Austria, okuyinto Okthoba 5 wamemezela nokudliwa esifundazweni phikisa. Ngemva kwalokho Isvolsky wenqaba ukuhlonipha isivumelwano.

I yokusabela kuya wadla

Ukunganeliseki ngezinhlelo isinqumo iziphathimandla saseVienna uzwakalise Russia, iBrithani neFrance. Lawa mazwe Kakade usuwakhe Entente - umbimbi aqondiswe eJalimane futhi kuqinise namadlelandawonye abathembekile, Austria. EVienna wawa lokubhikisha amanothi.

Kodwa iBrithani neFrance akazange athathe ezinye izinyathelo ezinqala. Udaba Bosnian e naseParis babephathwa ngabandayo okungaphezu inkinga izimpahla Straits.

Ukugqugquzela eSerbia naseMontenegro

Uma wadla West "igwinywe" eSerbia kusukela Vienna izindaba kwaholela ekumisweni izibhelu zomphakathi. Okthoba 6 (usuku emva wadla), iziphathimandla yamemezela ukugqugquzela.

Kungokufanayo kwakwenziwa Montenegro engumakhelwane. Kuwo womabili la mazwe Slavic nomuzwa wokuthi isidingo ukuya wangisiza abahlala Bosnia namaSerbia, wasongelwa yokubusa Austria.

umvuthwandaba

Okthoba 8, uHulumeni German aziswe Vienna ukuthi uma kwenzeka ahlomile ukungqubuzana umbuso bangathembela ekusekelweni umakhelwane walo enyakatho. Lesi senzo somusa kwakubaluleke ngenxa militarists ku Habsburg ohlanga. UMholi "nenkani" iqembu uMphathi Abasebenzi Conrad von Hettsendorf. Ukufunda mayelana nokusekela isiJalimane, wasikisela ukuba uMbusi Franz Joseph ukukhuluma amaSerbia kusuka isikhundla namandla. Ngakho abe usongo olukhulu ukuthula crisis Bosnian ka 1908 kanye ayizikhondlakhondla futhi uthi ezincane waqala ukulungiselela impi.

amabutho Austrian waqala ukudonsa emngceleni. Isizathu kuphela engekho ukuze kuhlasela ukuqonda iziphathimandla ukuthi iRussia wayeyosukuma amele Serbia, okuzokwenza ingaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu kakhulu ngaphandle "ukunqoba elincane".

Inkinga Bosnian ka 1908 - 1909 iminyaka. kafushane ezichazwe kulesi sihloko. Impela, wathinta izithakazelo eziningi kakhulu kwezepolitiki.

Imiphumela nemiphumela

Uhulumeni waseRussia ishilo ukuthi izwe akuyona uyilungele impi nezimpi ezimbili ngokumelene eJalimane nase-Austria, uma isekhona kuze kube sekupheleni uyokusekela lapho kulwiwa namaSerbia. Uthisha-nhloko wayeyindoda kukaNdunankulu uPyotr Stolypin. Wayengafuni empini, wesaba ukuthi ngeke kuholele omunye revolution (futhi kwenzeka esikhathini esizayo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ezweni egqilazwe Japanese, okuyinto wakhuluma ngesimo esidabukisayo yempi.

Ezinyangeni eziningana izingxoxo sesibe limbo. Lo muzi waba Yiqiniso juqu eJalimane. Ambassador Russia Friedrich von Pourtalès isethelwe Petersburg ugwayi katiki: noma Russia recognize wadla, noma ukuqala impi ngokumelene Serbia. Kwakukhona elilodwa kuphela indlela ukumisa crisis Bosnian ka 1908 - 1909, imiphumela okuyinto isikhathi eside benanela Balkans.

Russia ziqhubeka Serbia, kanti isixuku esikhulu wayeziqaphela wadla. Ngaphandle zokuchitha igazi uqede crisis Bosnian ka 1908 abathintekayo Imiphumela yakhe yezombusazwe kamuva. Nakuba konke olwaphela, ukungqubuzana phakathi amaSerbia kanye Austrians umfutho kuphela. AmaSlav engafuni ukuhlala ngaphansi kokubusa abakwaHabsburg. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1914, e Sarajevo, amaphekula Serbian uGavrilo Princip bacibishela isibhamu wabulala indlalifa kwamakhosi Austria Franz Ferdinand. Lesi senzakalo sasingeyona isikhathi lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe II.