Ngabe ngubani owakunika Alaska Melika? Alaska ithengiswe noCatherine? Umlando ukudayiswa Melika Alaska

endaweni Alaska ngensimu salo emithathu eFrance. Akukhona igolide kuphela Klondike, kodwa futhi Tungsten, i-platinum, mercury molybdenum, amalahle. Futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa imali enkulu namafutha, sifinyelela phezulu amathani ngonyaka kwezigidi ezingu ayisishiyagalombili nantathu. Lena amaphesenti amabili umkhiqizo kawoyela inani US. Ukuze uqhathanise, Kuwait ukhiqiza cishe engamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu, kanye ne-United Arab Emirates - kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-ayisikhombisa ngonyaka.

Abantu besikhathi abaningi ngephutha sikholelwe ukuthi Alaska kudayiselwa uCatherine II. Kodwa lokhu akulona icala. kugomela kuyinto ngezinga elithile usuthandwa ngemva iculo band Lube "Musa ukukhohlisa emhlabeni, Melika" entsheni. Lithi iNdlovukazi ayinakho ilungelo lokwenza lokhu endaweni. Zivela lokhu, intsha kungukuthi ababeyizazi umlando futhi waphetha ngokuthi, owanikela Alaska Melika.

isikhundla ezindawo

Namuhla, Alaska iyona enkulu kunazo zonke endaweni, amane nesishiyagalolunye US uthi. Lona endaweni enomoya yezwe. On the ingxenye kakhulu ubuswa zasezindaweni ezibandayo Arctic nesimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo. Lapha kuyinsakavukela - the ebusika nokhahlo, ephelezelwa imimoya enamandla kanye snowstorm. Ukukhethwa kuphela yogu Pacific, lapho izimo sezulu ngokulinganisela futhi kufanelekile ukuba uhlalwe.

Ngaphambi ukudayiswa

umlando Alaska sika (ngaphambi odlula khona e-United States) seyixhunyaniswe noMbuso Russian. Ngisho nangekhulu nesishiyagalombili, esifundeni kwakungekaNkulunkulu wokubusa Russian. Akwaziwa indaba eside waqala kanjani Alaska - komnikazi kuleli zwe abandayo kanye engamili lutho. Nokho, iqiniso lokuthi ezikhathini zasendulo impela phakathi kwe-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, kwakukhona uxhumano ocacile, akungabazeki. Futhi wenziwa iBering Strait, okuyinto laligcwele ice. Abantu ngalezo zinsuku sawela kalula besuka kwelinye izwekazi beya kwelinye. Ububanzi ubuncane iBering Strait - amakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha kuphela. Le libanga uyakwazi ngempela ukunqoba inja isihlibhi noma iyiphi abazingeli ucishe abanolwazi.

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-ice iphelile, yaqala inkathi ukufudumala. Iqhwa zaphela amandla, ogwini amazwekazi wanyamalala aqhelile. Lapho bebaningi abantu abazisebenzisayo ayakhe Asia, akazange alinge ukubhukuda yonkana kobuso ezineqhwa okudalwa ukungazi. Ngakho-ke, kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC, amaNdiya Alaska basungula. nezizwe zabo kulokho manje California, waya enyakatho, ukunamathela ogwini Pacific. Kancane kancane amaNdiya ifinyelele Aleutian esijwayelekile Islands, lapho esezinzile.

Ukuthuthukiswa Alaska Russian

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uMbuso Russian waqala ukwandisa emingceleni ngokushesha empumalanga. Futhi okwamanje ngoxhaxha kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu njalo bamhlohla ulwandle nezilwandle ekufuneni isikhala amakoloni amasha, Russian yingcweti esise-Ural, eSiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude, nomhlabathi eNyakatho Ekude. A lonke Umthala zabantu eqinile futhi benesibindi beya ezinkantolo hhayi amanzi ashisayo, kanye ice bebheke enyakatho nokhahlo. Abaholi edume kunazo bomkhankaso babe Amalotha Dezhnev futhi Fedot Popov, Vitus Bering nangokuthi Alexei Chirikov. Yibo labo ngo-1732 wavula ezweni lonke nomhlaba ophucukile - kudala kunalokho, lapho Russia wanika Alaska Melika. ngosuku olushiwo ubhekwa olusemthethweni.

Kuyinto into eyodwa ukuvula, kanye nezinye - ukuhlomisa nomhlaba omusha. Imizana sokuqala ngqa-Russian e-Alaska, uvele kuphela Eighties kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Abantu wahlanganyela ukuzingela nezentengiselwano: the abazingeli wabanjwa izilwane noboya-ebizwa, nabathengisi owabathenga. Kancane kancane le phansi neobetovannaya laqala ibe umthombo inzuzo, njengoba noboya esibalulekile kuzo zonke izizukulwana, zazilingana igolide.

onqenqemeni Ukulahlekelwa

Ekuqaleni, la mazwe enyakatho, noboya ocebile kakhulu, izithakazelo Russian avimba. Kodwa iminyaka idlula, futhi ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele izimpungushe efanayo futhi imithini, nama-beaver mink ayikwazanga ziqhubeke unomphela. Imayini uboya ababaziwa kwancipha ngokushesha. Russian Klondike kancane kancane waqala baqale value yayo commercial. Isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu ukuthi leli zwe ziye cishe yingcweti kuze kube manje. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-umfutho, isizathu sokuqala kungani Russia akuniké Alaska Melika.

Kusukela ngo-namathathu banesifo esibi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili senkantolo yasebukhosini ekuqaleni yakha umbono ukuthi Alaska - it is a onqenqemeni ukulahlekelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi yaqala ukuza ufinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi, ngaphandle ikhanda, leli zwe ngeke bakwazi ukuletha lutho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala umlando ukudayiswa Alaska Melika. Nezimboni ayeqiniseka ukuthi ukutshala kula mazwe - ubuhlanya okuphelele, ngoba abakwazi ukukhokha off. abantu Russian ngeke axazulule le ehlane ezineqhwa, ikakhulukazi njengoba kunezinye eSiberia naseMpumalanga-Altai, naseMpumalanga Ekude, lapho isimo sezulu onomoya omnene kakhulu kanye nomhlabathi ovundile.

Isimo nzima vele esebenzisa isihluku iMpi YaseCrimea, eyaqala ngo-1853, okuyinto akhishwa esikhwameni umphakathi imali eningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1855 washona Nicholas mina, owaphumelela eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, u-Alexander II. On lo mbusi omusha wabheka ngethemba. Abantu babelindele izinguquko ezintsha. Kodwa lokho izinguquko kwenziwe ngaphandle imali?

kuze kube phakade

Uma kuziwa owanikela Alaska Melika, ngasizathu simbe, nje ukukhumbula Umbusikazi uCatherine II. Abaningi yiso, wayengadlali ababeka nesignesha kasomabhizinisi esinqumweni phezu ukudluliselwa "Russian Melika" eBrithani. ingxoxo Kusolwa ekuqaleni kwakungeyona ukuthengisa, kodwa kuphela sokuqasha iminyaka eyikhulu. Ngisho xoxa indaba, eqinisekisa ngokugcwele ukuthi ithengiswe Alaska uCatherine. Uma iNdlovukazi, zingayazi kahle isiRashiya, ke ugunyaze inkontileka owethembekile. Kungokufanayo kudidaniswe nelupelomagama: esikhundleni irekhodi "idluliselwa Alaska phakade," lo muntu, lingekho emgomweni aphawula: "inikezwe phakade," okwakusho phakade. Ngakho impendulo yombuzo othi: "? Ngubani owanikela Melika Alaska" - "Catherine!" Akulungile. Nokho eduze ukufunda esikhathini esidlule wezwe lakhe.

umlando Alaska

UCatherine II, ngokusho indaba olusemthethweni, lutho like ukwenza. Uma-ke ihlala e irenti akazange adikibale, ngisho nangokwengeziwe ungazange sathengiswa. Azikho izimfanelo salokhu awuzange. Umlando ukudayiswa Alaska waqala kamuva isigamu kuphela kwekhulu leminyaka, ngo-Alexander II. Wayekhipha yona le mithetho umbusi ngesikhathi lapho baqala ukuvela izinkinga eziningi kabani isixazululo edingekayo promptness.

Yiqiniso, lo mbusi, ngubani enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi, akazange Ngaso leso sikhathi nganquma ukuthengisa emazweni enyakatho. Kwabathatha iminyaka eyishumi ngaphambi udaba sesivuthiwe. Ukuze ngithengise izwe esimweni ngaso sonke isikhathi kwaba into eyihlazo kakhulu. Phela, lokhu bokuba buthaka yezwe, ukungakwazi yayo silondoloze ukuhleleka futhi insimu yalo angaphansi kokuqondisa kwawo. Nokho, endaweni yomcebo-Russian kuyadingeka kakhulu izimali. Futhi uma bengakwenzi lokho - zonke izindlela zinhle.

Ukuthengwa nokudayiswa

Nokho, umemeze ngakho akekho emhlabeni wonke. Umbuzo othi kungani Russia wanika Alaska Melika, obucayi zezombusazwe, wabuza izixazululo ezintsha. Ngo-1866 e-Washington kwafika isihambeli we Russian Imperial Court, yona eyaqala ukwenza i ukuhola izingxoxo ngasese ukudayiswa emazweni enyakatho. AbaseMelika baye babonisa complaisance, nakuba isikhathi kuthengiselana ngabo akuphumelelanga. Ngemva US Yombango laphela cishe idedelwa elihlanganisa iNyakatho neNingizimu. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi yengcebo isimo akhanywa ngokuphelele.

Eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kwesikhathi lapho Russia wanika Alaska Melika, namakhasimende angacela ezinye izikhathi ezinhlanu, kodwa inkantolo isiRashiya, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, ukuntuleka imali siyaphela. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinhlangano bavumelana $ 7.2 million of igolide okulingana. Futhi nakuba ngesikhathi kwaba imali ehlonipheke kakhulu, ngokuya yezingxenye samanje mayelana amabili namashumi amahlanu amaRandi ayisigidi, kodwa wonke umuntu onekareko umbuzo owanika Alaska Melika, uyavuma ukuthi ezindaweni enyakatho Zazibiza oda eziningana sezingeni elikhulu.

Ngemva konyaka,

Emva kwesivumelwano ummeleli senkantolo yasebukhosini ebuyela eRussia. Ngemva konyaka igama kumuntu okunike Alaska Melika - umbuso ka-Alexander II - wathunyelwa incwadi yocingo ephuthumayo esisayinwe Endryu Dzhonsona - UMengameli waseMelika. Yayiqukethe ithuba lokungenela ibhizinisi: Russia vociferously, umhlaba wonke, ahlinzekwa ukuthengisa Alaska. Kodwa on the yocingo odlule ukuvakashelwa Russian omele ukuze Washington alimazanga ubani. Kwatholakala ukuthi Melika ukuthi usuqale kuthengiselana, kodwa hhayi eRussia. Ngakho ngobuqili tagcinwa zombili zamanxusa neyesigodi zezombusazwe. Emehlweni emhlabeni Russia ayikwazanga udedele nesithunzi sakhe. Futhi wamaphepha zomthetho kwakwenziwa Mashi 1867. Futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, "Russian Alaska" uye abasekho. Kwathiwa akenze isimo amakoloni aseMelika. Kamuva, kwadalulwa uqambe County, futhi ngo-1959, leli zwe enyakatho kwaba amane nesishiyagalolunye US uthi.

lokulungisiswa

Namuhla, thola owanika Alaska Melika, ungakwazi Yiqiniso, asilahle nokugxeka Russian uMbusi u-Alexander II. Yize kunjalo, uma simazi kangcono isimo sezombangazwe zezimali Russian eduze ngaphezulu kuleyo minyaka yokuqala, it kuvela iphethini kahle ichazwe ngezinga elithile ulunge kangakanani isinqumo salo.

Ngo-1861, ekugcineni uyekwa serfdom. Izinkulungwane kulendawo basala ngaphandle abalimi zabo, okwakusho ukuthi isigaba eside elahlekile umthombo sabo imali. Ngakho-ke, isimo waqala ukukhokha isinxephezelo ezicukuthwaneni, okwadingeka ukuba ngandlela-thile ukumboza ukulahlekelwa sabo sezimali. Nokho, ngenxa yengcebo izindleko ezifana amashumi ezigidi ruble yasebukhosini. Futhi ke kwafika neMpi YaseCrimea, futhi futhi kusukela yengcebo imali zitheleka.

isimo Nzima Russia

Ukuze ngandlela-thile buyisela, emagcekeni ezigodlo labetibambile izindodla phesheya. ohulumeni Foreign ube injabulo enkulu ukunikeza isikweletu eRussia, phela ukuthi wayekade ezingenakubalwa ingcebo yemvelo. Lo mbuso idale isimo lapho wonke ruble extra waba injabulo, futhi ikakhulukazi eyodwa okuyiwona-ke sasingekho isidingo akhokhe inzalo phezu amanothi izikweletu.

Yingakho ezivuthiwe ukuthengiswa Alaska. Catherine - iNdlovukazi omkhulu Russian - noluncú olusihlanganisa nalenkinga. Futhi basola akunandaba mqondo, ngaphandle ukuthi kuphela isimo wafika ukwehla ngokugcwele futhi ukukhanya kwayo ngesandla.

Ubunzima ethengisa

Alaska - elizweni elikhatshana enyakatho, njalo iboshiwe ice okuphakade. Nakabuya anganawo Russia penny olulodwa. Futhi wayazi kahle emhlabeni wonke. Futhi ngakho senkantolo yasebukhosini wayekhathazeka kakhulu ngokuthi kungenzeka ngokuthola umthengi kule ndawo abandayo engenamsebenzi ezineqhwa. Esiseduzane Alaska babe-United States. Futhi wasikisela ukuba iRussia ngentando yakho futhi wenze into. I-US Congress, noma kunalokho, senators abaningi abazange ngokushesha uyavumelana ukuthenga ezingabazisayo ezinjalo. Umbuzo mayelana kwakushiwo ezabelwe ivoti. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye we senators sebekubeke wavumelana nalokho yokufuna: isiphakamiso kusukela uhulumeni waseRussia, akazange zibangele noma iyiphi injabulo phakathi baseMelika. Zonke ezinye izindaba zika wonke ukuba lokhu kuthengiselana baye babonisa ukungabi nandaba ngokuphelele.

imiphumela

A ukudayiswa Alaska futhi ingabe kungaqashelwa eRussia. Amaphephandaba wabhala ngayo emakhasini wabo wokugcina. Ezinye Russian futhi babengazi ukuthi ikhona. Nakuba kamuva kuphela, lapho leli zwe abandayo enyakatho inothile ngegolide izinqolobane eziye zatholakala emhlabeni wonke elwela ukuba baphelelwe ekhulunyelwa njengonguMninimandla Alaska, futhi ukudayiswa usulu abayiziphukuphuku nabangahlakaniphile iDemo obona ngokucacile umbusi waseRussia.

Izimpikiswano ezinkulu zezombangazwe zezimali subjunctive kungamukeleki. Akekho noyedwa kulabo abalala kamuva owaba u-Alexander II akuyena obangele leso simo, Akakaze asikisele ukuthi Alaska kungaba omkhulu wegolide ezifakwa ezinjalo. Kodwa uma sicabangela kuthengiselana akuyona kusukela isikhundla wamanje, futhi leso simo 1867, abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lapho umbusi Russian isinyathelo ngokuphelele kahle. Futhi ikakhulukazi ukudayiswa Alaska Catherine - yafika izinyawo, hhayi kokuba ngaphansi isizinda.

isiphetho

Zonke wonke amazwe ayengaphansi "Russian Melika" yadalwa eziyinkulungwane amathani zegolide. Ezinye kule ocebile fabulously, futhi abanye balahleka phakade ehlane, mini ngekhephu. Namuhla, AmaMelika inert kakhulu futhi engaqinisekile unikele sikulungele ukuba kuphilwe kuso umphetho surly. In Alaska, kukhona nhlobo emigwaqweni. Kuze kunezindawo zokuhlala ezimbalwa zabantu uthole noma ngendiza noma amanzi. I sesitimela ugijimela lapha emadolobheni ayisihlanu nje. Sekukonke, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisithupha esimweni.