Umphakathi amakhosi asendulo. Class emphakathini izinduna

umphakathi izinduna sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ifomu igcwele umhlaba wonke kahulumeni, i-Eurasia. Iningi abantu abahlala khona, ziye zaya ohlelweni. Ngokulandelayo, sihlolisise, yini umphakathi amakhosi asendulo.

sici

Naphezu izinguquko ubudlelwano phakathi umthengi kanye umkhiqizi, lona wamuva lahlala kokuzinikela ngokuphelele wokuqala. Amakhosi asendulo inceku umphakathi yayisekelwe ngendlela ethile yokwenza ibhizinisi. umkhiqizi Direct kwadingeka ensimini yakhe. Nokho, wahlala kwencika abe yisigqila. Ukuphoqa obonakaliswe iqashwe. Wayebona amelwe ngesimo umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa (labour-ibhodi), imisebenzi elindeleke (imikhiqizo) noma obonakaliswe imali. Usayizi iqashwe baqina. Lokhu wanikeza nomkhiqizi ngokuqondile inkululeko ethile ekuziphatheni nemisebenzi yabo ibhizinisi. Lezi izici zomphakathi izinduna zazaziswa liphinyiselwe ngesikhathi sithola ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso izinkokhelo yemali ayimpoqo. Kulokhu, umfuyi ekhululekile ukuveza ikhono ukudayisa imikhiqizo yabo.

Izimpawu umphakathi izinduna

Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa izimfanelo ngomphakathi onjalo:

• the predominance ka ukulimela ukuziphilisa;
• inhlanganisela ezincane ngokuphathelene namalungelo okusebenzisa umhlaba ongumlimi umhlaba futhi ezinkulu bomhlaba amakhosi asendulo;
• kwencika siqu abakhiqizi ngqo. Extraeconomic ophoqelelwe nokusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo;
• isimo isimiso ephelelwe yisikhathi art;
• khona ubudlelwane iqashwe (izinkokhelo ayimpoqo babenzelwa ukusetshenziswa ezweni).

Nokho, kwakukhona izici obonakalayo futhi eqondile umphakathi amakhosi asendulo:

• ukubusa nemibono engokwenkolo (kule nkathi yomlando yesonto wahlabelela indima ekhethekile);
• umphakathi izinduna has a ukuthuthukiswa ebanzi ezizimele;
• isakhiwo phezulu ;
• kwakukhona izigodi emphakathini amakhosi asendulo.

Imodeli zakudala

ngokucacile kakhulu umphakathi izinduna yasungulwa eFrance. Nokho, lesi simiso ayisekho zisebenze isimo, kunokuba isakhiwo nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Nokho, kwaba eFrance ekilasini kakhulu kahle ichazwe emphakathini amakhosi asendulo. Bakhandwa inikezwe njengoba selikhonza esikhwelweni. ukubaluleka kwalo kwezomnotho wayeboshwe ukuhanjiswa ngempoqo izinkokhelo phakathi laphakathi lesigaba esibusayo. Ngu-oda we ngaphansi kwesizwe suzerain eqoqwe abezempi ngezindleko zakhe siqu. Ayevikela imikhawulo futhi amelwe, eqinisweni, idivayisi yokuphoqelela abantu esenzweni esithile non-kwezomnotho we abalimi. uhlelo ezinjalo, lapho kwakukhona umphakathi amakhosi asendulo, wanika kaningi eshayisa. Ngenxa yalokho, France isibe nesigcawu izimpi kazwelonke kanye civil. Ikakhulukazi kanzima izwe nemiphumela empini eNgilandi 14-15 th eminyaka. Nokho, lokhu impi iye yabangela ukuphela ukusheshisa yokukhululwa abalimi esuka ukuncika. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi eyayidingeka amasosha ale nkosi. Resource impi abezindaba mercenary ngezibhamu ezingontuluntulu, kwakungase baba abalimi khulula. Naphezu isingeniso Ukuvalwa, isimo somnotho abantu engaphansi musa empeleni ngcono kusukela izintela wokuhlengwa izinkokhelo esikhundleni iqashwe amakhosi asendulo.

lunye Agricultural

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngekhulu le-14, France lahlukaniswa ezinqumela yaba izingxenye eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, ezingxenyeni enkabeni nasenyakatho kubhekwe main yayithola okusanhlamvu okuningi, eningizimu - iwayini isizinda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke waqala ukubonisa ukuphakama omunye ezifundeni ngokuya kwezomnotho. Ikakhulukazi, Northern France Ufune system ezintathu ensimini.

Izici ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe of England

umphakathi izinduna yaleli lizwe kwadingeka abanye umehluko kusuka ohlelweni French. ENgilandi, yinye ye ukuphathwa kwaba evelele. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukunqoba wezwe izinduna ngo-1066. yokubala abantu jikelele lwenziwe. Izibalo zikhombe ukuthi izinhlelo isakhiwo izinduna emphakathini nge izigodi ngaleso sikhathi lakhiwa. Nokho, ngokungafani isiFulentshi, abanikazi English babe akhonze weNkosi ngqo. Esinye isici, okuyinto anazo umphakathi isiZulu amakhosi asendulo, kuziwa ngesisekelo kwezobuchwepheshe Manor. I evumayo nemvelo yasogwini nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni asebenzayo yezimvu zizalela futhi kukhiqizwe uvolo eluhlaza. Lesi sakamuva isihloko sisikhulu kulo ephakathi eYurophu. Yamadivayisi yoboya, okuyinto kwenziwa noMbusi wababusi hhayi kuphela amakhosi asendulo, kodwa futhi abalimi, serfs nomthelela zabasebenzi esikhundleni - umsebenzi amaholo, futhi imisebenzi elindeleke yemvelo - nezintela ngezimali (usuke).

I isimo iphuzu

Ngo 1381 kwaba nesiteleka ethandwa eholwa Wat Tyler. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona ukushintsha ucishe uphelele, futhi ngemva wokuhlengwa imisebenzi elindeleke izinduna ngu abalimi eyabo. Cishe bonke abantu engaphansi babé mathupha khulula kuya ekhulwini le-15. Basuke izigaba ezimbili: akhuleka futhi freeholders. I iqashwe lokuqala kukhokhelwe kwesabelo, kanti isixuku esikhulu babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli abanikazi ngokuphelele khulula komhlaba. Ngakho, kwakheka gentry - izikhulu ezintsha - owayehola umsebenzi kwezomnotho kuphela amaholo zabasebenzi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo eJalimane

kwamiswa umhla eFrance naseNgilandi kuleli zwe, isakhiwo somphakathi amakhosi asendulo. Iqiniso lokuthi izindawo ezithile zaseJalimane anqamuka nomunye, kule ndaba, isimo esisodwa uwukakabi. Lokunye lokubaluleke ngalokulinganako babe imihlathi emazweni Slavic German izinduna. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela anyuswe abalulekile indawo yokunciphisa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, waqala ukuthuthukisa yangaphakathi indawo ikoloni abalimi izindawo empumalanga Elbe. Banikwa impatho ekhethekile, nokuthembela zokukhekheleza on izinduna. Nokho, abanikazi ngekhulu le-15 izigodi ka esempumalanga yeJalimane, wazuza ukuthekelisa yokusanhlamvu eNgilandi Holland ngokusebenzisa izimbobo aseBaltic nasengxenyeni lwenteke ukugqilazwa ngokuphelele kubantukazana nelungelo. Abanikazi wakhe i ukulima olunzulu futhi idluliselwe ukuba serfdom. Igama elithi "izwe elingalé Elbe" kufikile ukufanekisa ukuthuthukiswa feudalism ngasekupheleni.

Izici ukuthuthukiswa uhlelo Japan

Umnotho wezwe kwadingeka eziningi umehluko esuka eYurophu. Okokuqala, eJapane kwakukhona ukulima abasenankosi sika. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakungekho serfdom, noma serfdom. Okwesibili, emnothweni Japan isinyathelo ngaphakathi ekhona eminyaka kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Ezweni elibuswa amapulazi Abalimi abancane besikhathi esimaphakathi, esekelwe yifa lezinceku umhlaba. Yena, is owned by izinduna. Njengoba nezintela uvele okubafaneleyo yemvelo ngendlela irayisi. Ngenxa kwehlukana izinduna kwakhiwa eningi principalities. Lapho baya amabutho servicemen, eyayihlanganisa Samurai Knights. Njengoba isinxephezelo amasosha inkonzo okulungiselelwe kusukela irayisi isabelo Dukes. izigodi kwakungqubuzana Samurai. Kepha imizi Japanese, lapho sekube iyunithi izinduna, kanye e-Europe. Izingcweti sasimunye esitolo, abathengisi - kule inhlangano. Kunalokho ukuhweba ababuthakathaka yasungulwa. Ukungabi khona olulodwa emakethe ngenxa kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Japan yavalwa izifiki. Manufactory kuleli zwe isakhasa.

Izici unit uhlelo eRussia

Kuqala amakilasi umphakathi izinduna kwamiswa kuqhathaniswa ngasekupheleni nje uma eqhathaniswa naso kwamanye amazwe. Ngekhulu le-15, kwakubikwa servicemen ibutho. Akhe angamalangabi bamazwe (ezicukuthwaneni). Kwakumelwe abanikazi izigodi futhi ngezindleko zabo njalo ehlobo waya emcimbini zezinsizakalo zesimo esiphuthumayo. Ngu ekwindla bagoduke. Ukudluliswa izigodi wathwalwa kusuka ubaba endodaneni libe yifa lenu. Ngokuhambisana Council Ikhodi ye-1649, abalimi kwakuhlangene unaphakade nempahla insimu lapho behlala, ekubeni serfs. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani ngesikhathi eziningi amalungu alesi sigaba nanikhululekile. Njengoba imisebenzi eyenziwa zabasebenzi iqashwe. Ekhulwini le-17 Barshchina akwazi ukuxoxa kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-4 ngesonto. Engxenyeni ngekhulu le-16 yesibili kumiswa izimakethe zesifunda enkulu, futhi i-eyikhulu 17 ubudlelwane ukuhweba ngiye ngazuza ngesilinganiso sesizwe sonke. Esikhathini ntshonalanga isimo yaba isikhungo Novgorod. Wayengumuntu republic ahlukile, okuyinto yayibuswa amakilasi acebile emphakathini amakhosi asendulo. Lezi abameleli, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa zabathengisi nabanikazi bemihlaba (ezicukuthwaneni). Kwenqwaba sabantu Novgorod 'sasiyizinhlamvu abantu abamnyama "- netingcweti temsebenti. Phakathi ebaluleke kakhulu ezimakethe imfuyo ngaleso sikhathi ukunikeza Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kazan. I esiyinhloko sezohwebo lonke izwe eMoscow. It bathengisa noboya, usilika, imikhiqizo uboya, imikhiqizo metal, isinkwa, ubhekeni kanye nezinye ukudla nezimpahla yasekhaya.

loan ukuthuthukiswa

Ukulimela ukuziphilisa kwaba ifomu eyinhloko yebhizinisi. Lokhu kwahluka ekuqaleni umphakathi amakhosi asendulo. ukukhiqizwa kosozimali baqala ukuvela ngesisekelo elula nokubambisana, bese futhi le mboni. I ukulungiswa inzuzo elula ngagxila imali. Lezi zimali zinengxenye ukunyakaza of usury futhi umthengisi dolobha. amabhange baqala ukuvela. Ekuqaleni Babeyimbangela esitolo lemali. Ukuthuthukisa ibhizinisi imali oshisekayo. Kusukela ngekhulu le-18, waqala ukusakaza izinkokhelo yomthengisi ukuthengiselana. Ngenxa izidingo elandayo isabelomali isimo waqala zimiswe.

ubudlelwane emakethe

On ukuthuthukisa ukuhwebelana namanye amazwe yasekhaya babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu ukukhula zasemadolobheni on ensimini West Europe. Bakha ngokuyinhloko ezimakethe zakuleli. Kube kwenziwa ukushintshana imikhiqizo ye ababazi ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya. Emakhulwini eminyaka th 14-15, ngaqala ukwakha zithenga ngamanani. Babé uhlobo izizinda zezomnotho ka -United amakhosi asendulo. Phakathi ngobukhulu uqaphele naseParis. Uhwebo yangaphakathi kwakuhluke kakhulu ampofu. Lokhu kwakubangelwa umlingisi engokwemvelo emnothweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba yasekhaya behlisa ngu kwehlukana, ngenxa lapho imisebenzi eqoqwe Señor ngamunye. Abathengisi uhlobo oluthile abathengisi umkhiqizo abanobunye inhlangano. Lezi inhlangano avaliwe lokulawula imithetho begodu nesakhiwo inzuzo emakethe.