"Ukuya abantu" - ukuhamba nezazi wamavukelambuso eRussia

"Ukuya abantu" - into okusho engenakuqhathaniswa iliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni. KokuLima iRussia hhayi onyakaziswa inguquko wobunxiwankulu. Ngokumelene autocracy futhi serfdom up abameleli engcono yezikhulu. Abalimi bakhululwa ku izinguquko 1861, okuyinto Sibhalwe isigamu ezithandayo nemvelo, okwabangela ukunganeliseki kwabo. abavamile Revolutionary wathatha baton, ukukholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ekufezeni ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ngokusebenzisa kuvukela ongumlimi. Isihloko Sizokwenza ukunyakaza lezihlakaniphi okuqhubekayo ukuba afundise futhi inkulumo-ze wamavukelambuso phakathi kwabantu.

prehistory

Abantu Young kusukela middle class wagijimela imfundo, kodwa ekwindla ka 1861 kwaphawulwa ukwanda ukufundisa Imali. Bavinjelwa futhi yokusizana ukusiza abafundi abahlwempu. Riots kwabheduka ngamandla ukuyiveza yiziphathimandla. Izishoshovu kungukuthi nje ayifakiwe inyuvesi, kodwa futhi uye baxoshwa ukuphila, ngoba abazange bathathe kwemsebenti wahulumende. A. I. Gertsen ngokuthi izisulu "abadingisiwe isayensi." Ngo eshicilelwe phesheya "Bell" umagazini, wababuza wathi ukuya "abantu."

Ngakho angesabi waqala "uya abantu." Lokhu ukuhamba ikhule ibe mass ekuseni '70, ukuthola ngokwezinga elithile ehlobo lika-1874. Ikholi osekelwa umhlaziyi wamavukelambuso P. L. Lavrovym. Encwadini yakhe "Izincwadi zomlando" wasikisela isidingo "ukukhokha isikweleti kubantu."

inspirers ngemibono

Ngesikhathi kwakheka umqondo nakancane ukuthi kungenzeka kwaba nombhikisho ongumlimi eRussia, ukunqoba okuyoholela socialism. abalandeli bakhe ngokuthi populists, ngoba wakhuluma ukuthuthukiswa ekhethekile yezwe, idealizing le isigodi ongumlimi. Izizathu "uya abantu" amanga okholweni kwemibandela abavamile ngokunemba lo mbono. Imibono wamavukelambuso ukuhlukanisa imisinga ezintathu (scheme kuboniswa kancane ngenhla).

Anarchist M. A. Bakunin ngikholelwa ukuthi abantu zilungele Riot futhi isikhalazo ngokwanele ukuba abalimi wathatha pitchforks yabo. P. L. Lavrov okuhlongozwayo "kucabanga ngalokujulile" nezihlakaniphi lokuqala ukusiza abantu (abalimi) ukuqaphela umsebenzi wabo, kuphela ukwenza umlando ndawonye. P. N. Tkachov kuphela wagomela ukuthi inguquko kufanele eyenziwe mbuso oluphrofeshinali abantu, kodwa ngaphandle iqhaza lakhe.

"Ukuya abantu" populists waqala ngaphansi kobuholi ngemibono of Bakunin futhi Lavrov, lapho izinhlangano bokuqala babedalwe - eMoscow Petersburg lokunyenti, ngabe tinkomishi N. V Chaykovskogo futhi "Kiev isigodi".

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko

Izinkulungwane benkulumo-ze waya endaweni ekude ezishaya unkulunkulukazi u-abahwebi nabakhandi, ababazi abagqoke. Babekholelwa ukuthi izingubo zabo kuzokwenza ukwethenjwa abalimi. Nabo ababenalo izincwadi futhi isikhalazo yokukhangisa. izifundazwe amathathu abangu-imbozwe ukunyakaza, ikakhulukazi asebenzayo - Saratov, Kiev kanye Upper iVolga. Umgomo emunye ka "uya abantu" kufakwe amaphuzu alandelayo:

• Ukutadisha ongumlimi uhlale.
• Inkulumo-ze imibono sezenhlalo.
• inhlangano kuvukela.

Isigaba sokuqala (kuze kube maphakathi 1874) akubiza ngokuthi "inkulumo-ze flying", njengoba abavukeli, sithembele ngemilenze eqinile, zithuthwa ziyiswa kwezinye isiphetho komunye, ngaphandle kokuma isikhathi eside. Engxenyeni 2 nd we-70, esigabeni sesibili - ". Inkulumo-ze sedentary" Populists esezinzile nemiti, silokhu sikhonza njengamaphayona esikhathi odokotela, othisha, noma wezingcweti, ngokukhethekile lapho usukwazi ukudlala kahle amakhono adingekayo.

Imiphumela

Esikhundleni sokusekela Abavukeli wahlangana disbelief. Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka iVolga Lower, okuyinto kufanele uyaphila isiko Emelyan Pugachev futhi UStepan Razin. Abalimi uzimisele ukulalela inkulumo ngesidingo ukwahlukanisa izigodi lawela nokuqeda izintela, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho kuziwa endabeni yokushaya ngokuhlubuka, isithakazelo kwancipha. Okuwukuphela umzamo wangempela at ukuhlubuka kwaba "uzungu Chigirinsky" ngo-1877, i-baqedwe ngonya ka autocracy. Ngokuvamile abantu bendawo bavele ngokwabo lidlule benkulumo-ze gendarmerie. Eminyakeni eyisithupha ukuze 2564 yophenyo ngasondelana indoda.

Umdwebo ka IIya Repin ngo-1880 elathunjwa mzuzu ukuboshwa ze bebelele endlini umlinyana sika. Umkhondo main kunjalo lezo zincwadi. Isithombe siveza ngokusobala aba namuphi umphumela la "uya abantu." Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni yokucindezelwa okukhulu. I asebenzayo iningi balahlwa yicala ngo-Petersburg ngo-1878. INkantolo wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "Inqubo eyodwa namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nantathu", lapho abantu abangaba yikhulu bagwetshwa odingisiwe ekubeletheni.

Ukubaluleka komlando

Kungani ukuhamba intsha wamavukelambuso yaphela wokugoqa? Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko ingashiwo:

• Ukungatholakali abantukazana ukuba nezinxushunxushu wamavukelambuso.
• Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana nokuphathwa jikelele.
• Wawuhlukunyezwe amaphoyisa.
• Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana abameli amakhono zungu.

Kusiphi isiphetho siye sanikeza ngeshwa "uya abantu"? Kungaqondakala kusukela izenzakalo zomlando elandelayo. Kube Ukuhamba okukhulu kusukela Bakuninism kanye search for letisha wezepolitiki. Kube isidingo inhlangano enobunye lonke nemibandela ekusithekeni eqinile. It izokwakhiwa ngo-1876 futhi eminyakeni engu-2 kamuva ngeke yehle emlandweni ngokuthi "Land and Freedom".