Kumiswa, Indaba
Bobani "red" futhi "simhlophe"? I Yombango (1917-1922): Red Army futhi White
Inkinga ikuphi-ingabe Inkulumo ethi "red" futhi "simhlophe"? Impi yombango eyaziwa ngokuthi "green", "Labaqalayo", "Socialist" nezinye zokwakheka. Yiziphi umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabo?
Kulesi sihloko, sizokhuluma uphendule kuphela zale mibuzo, kodwa futhi simazi kangcono umlando omfushane ukusungulwa kwamandla Soviet kuleli zwe. Ake sixoxe ukuphikiswa eqembu iWhite Guard futhi iRed Army.
Umsuka wegama elithi "okubomvu" futhi "simhlophe"
Namuhla, umlando we lawobaba kancane futhi ukhathazeke kancane intsha. Ngokusho survey, abaningi musa ngisho unombono ngubani Lenin, ingasaphathwa Impi Ye-1812 ...
Nokho, amazwi anjalo nemishwana njengoba "red" futhi "simhlophe", "kulwiwa" kanye "Okthoba Revolution", omunye ukuzwa. Iningi Nokho, wayengazi ukuthi imininingwane, kodwa imigomo izwakale.
Ake sibheke kabanzi okwamanje. Kumele siqale neqiniso lapho kwakukhona amakamu amabili aphikisanayo - the "white" futhi "okubomvu" ngesi-kulwiwa. Empeleni, kwaba nje inkambo ngemibono ze-Soviet futhi akukho okunye. Manje ungena kule iphazili ngokwakho.
Uma siphendukela zokufunda kanye izincwadi kweSoviet Union, lapho wachaza ukuthi "amhlophe" - kuba Abamhlophe, abasekeli inkosi futhi beyizitha "red" we amaBolshevik.
Njengazo zonke kwaba. Kodwa eqinisweni, lokhu kungenye isitha abalwe namaSoviet.
Izwe Lapho iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa wahlala le ngxabano izitha ngamanga. Lawa kwakungamadodana "amhlophe", ngezibhakela, ezibolile capitalists entshonalanga. Isikhathi esining impela incazelo enjalo ezingacacile isitha kuyisisekelo ukunyundela ukwesaba.
Okulandelayo, sizoxoxa izimbangela kulwiwa. "White", ngokuvumelana kwamaBolshevik amafilosofi, babe monarchists. Kodwa nakhu uyolinqaka, monarchists empini cishe wayengekho. Azikwazi oyedwa kwadingeka alwe, nodumo akusho yilesi. UNicholas II asiyeke, nomfowabo akalithabathanga umqhele. Ngakho, bonke indlu yenkosi wathola ukuba nikhululeke isifungo.
Pho-ke, wakwenza lokhu "umbala" umehluko? Uma amaBolshevik ngempela kwaba umaka obomvu ke abaphikisi babo ayikaze emhlophe. Impendulo itholakala umlando wekhulu nengxenye edlule.
The French Revolution wanika emhlabeni amakamu amabili aphikisanayo. amabutho Royal egqoka banner ezimhlophe, uphawu amakhosi French. Kubaphikisi babo ngemva ekuthatheni amandla hung indwangu ebomvu kwaMuhle njengophawu ukwethulwa window bokulwa. Ngalezo zinsuku, noma yikuphi ukuhlangana abantu bahlakazeka amasosha.
AmaBolshevik kuqhathaniswa hhayi monarchists nabasekeli ababamele LoMhlangano (Democrats ngokomthethosisekelo, le Labaqalayo), izidlamlilo (Makhnovists), "zelenoarmeytsy" (walwa "red", "amhlophe", abahlaseli) nalabo ababefuna ukuba azikhandle ngaphakathi insimu yalo esimweni khulula .
Ngakho, igama elithi "amhlophe" lalisetshenziselwa ngobuqili ideologists sokunquma isitha esifanayo. ephezulu iphuzu ukuthi uma Army Red wakwazi ukuchaza kafushane ukuthi kungani ulwa, ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye izihlubuki. Lokhu ukhangwa abantu abavamile ukuba amaBolshevik, futhi unike yokugcina ukunqoba kulwiwa.
izimfanelo impi
Lapho sitadisha eemfundweni kulwiwa, etafuleni kumelwe for a buciko ezinhle ezibonakalayo. Ngezansi kukhona izigaba zinqobe, ozokusiza indlela kangcono hhayi kuphela sihloko, kodwa kule nkathi emlandweni we lawobaba.
| izigaba | izinsuku | imicimbi |
| 1 | Februwari-Mashi 1917 | Kokugumbuqelwa autocracy, ukuhlukaniswa emphakathini. |
| 2 | Mashi-Okthoba 1917 | Okubi kakhulu of the ngxabano emphakathini. |
| 3 | Okthoba 1917-Mashi 1918. | Ukuqedwa Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. Ukusungulwa amandla Soviet. Ukubhebhetheka izimpi ezilwiwa ngezikhali. |
| 4 | Mashi-June 1918 | Ukwenyuka kobudlova ukwesaba. Kumiswa iRed Army futhi White. |
| 5 | Summer 1918, ekupheleni 1920. | Impi ezihilela amabutho njalo, kuhlanganise nabathandekayo angaphandle. I militarization komnotho. |
| 6 | Ngo 1921-1922. | Attenuation, kwasendaweni futhi ekupheleni kulwiwa. |
Manje njengoba sesikhulumile ngo usunqumile ubani "red" futhi "simhlophe", kulwiwa, ngokunembile, ezigabeni, uzobe kangcono. Ungakwazi uqhubekele ngokujulile kubo. Kufanele uqale nge preconditions.
Ngakho, imbangela eyinhloko izinkanuko ezinjalo, okuyinto kamuva yaphenduka yombango yeminyaka emihlanu ezayo, abangu anqwabelene ukuphikisana nezinkinga.
Okokuqala, eyayiyingxenye yoMbuso Russian eMpini Yezwe wabhubhisa umnotho kanye nemithombo mpilo kuleli zwe. Kwenqwaba sabantu besilisa kwaba sebuthweni lezempi, ukwehla wafika kwezolimo nasezimbonini ezisemadolobheni. Amasosha bakhathele ukulwela kwezifiso yomunye, lapho izindlu kwakufanele umndeni ulambile.
Isizathu sesibili kwakukhona izinkinga kwezolimo nasezimbonini. Kwakukhona abalimi abaningi kakhulu futhi abasebenzi, abaye baphila ngaphansi kwezimo zobumpofu kanye nosizi. AmaBolshevik zakala ke afike ekugcineni.
Ukuze iqhaza iMpi Yezwe II ngo-zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi amakilasi, ezinye izinyathelo eziye zenziwa.
Ekuqaleni wayekhona igagasi lokuqala ukusungulwa amabhizinisi, amabhange kanye nomhlaba. Okulandelayo kwathiwa wasayina Brest Treaty, okuyinto kwafaka Russia kwalasha incithakalo ngokuphelele. Against isizinda nezinxushunxushu Jikelele iRed Army okuhleliwe ngokwesabekayo ugcine amandla.
Ukuze ukuziphatha kwabo eyakhelwe imibono emzabalazweni ngokumelene White Guards futhi interventionists.
prehistory
Ake sibheke ukuthi kungani kulwiwa waqala. Ithebula, esiye ocashunwe kakade, ikhombisa izigaba ingxabano. Kodwa uzoba siqale ne ezenzakalweni ezazenzeka phambi Omkhulu Okthoba Revolution.
iqhaza buthaka shí eMpini Yezwe I, umbuso isiRashiya ziyawohloka. Liyawulahla uvela esihlalweni sobukhosi uNicholas II. Okubaluleke kakhulu, aliveli owalandela. Ekukhanyeni yalezi zenzakalo ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabutho amabili amasha - the Yesikhashana Uhulumeni neSoviet of amaphini Workers.
Okokuqala uqale ukubhekana nenkinga kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, amaBolshevik futhi igxile okwandisa usithonye empini. Le ndlela wabaholela kamuva ithuba lokuba namandla ematheni elibusayo kuleli zwe.
Lokho ukudideka ngohulumeni oholwa yokuthi yakha "red" futhi "ezimhlophe. ' Kulwiwa kwaba Apotheosis kokungavumelani kuphela. Yikuphi kulindeleke.
Ngo-October wangonyaka revolution
Eqinisweni, usizi lweMpi Civil iqala October Revolution. AmaBolshevik abangu yokuthola amandla nokuzethemba athatha izintambo. Maphakathi no-October 1917 ngo Petrograd waqala ukwakha isimo esishubile kakhulu.
Okthoba 25 Aleksandr Kerensky, inhloko yabangamashumi Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, uphuma Petrograd ukuba Pskov usizo. Yena uqobo ukuhlola izenzakalo kuvukela.
Ngo Pskov ebuza amabutho Jikelele Dukhonin ukumsiza. Kerensky efana futhi osekelwa Cossacks, kodwa ngokungazelelwe kwabaneka avamile ibutho amasosha. Manje, Democrats senqabe ukusekela ikhanda ngumthethosisekelo kahulumeni.
Engafumani ukuthi angamngenisa tekwesekela lokwenele e Pskov, u-Alexander F. uya kulesi siqhingi edolobheni, lapho ahlangana khona nge Jikelele Krasnov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Petersburg iza Storming we Winter Palace. Emlandweni Soviet, lo mcimbi uvezwa njengoMahluleli ukhiye. Kodwa eqinisweni kwaba akazange enqabe phezu ingxenye amasekela.
Ngemva shot nalutho kusukela impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Aurora" amatilosi, amasosha kanye abasebenzi beza esigodlweni, abopha bonke abakhona kukhona amalungu Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphikelela iCongress wesibili amaSoviet, leyemukelwa eziningi nezimemezelo ukhiye yesula isigwebo ngaphambili.
Uma kucatshangelwa lokho okwenzeka Icebo lika Krasnov banquma ukusiza Aleksandru Kerenskomu. Okthoba 26 bebheke Petrograd uya ihhashi lamabutho abantu abangamakhulu ayisikhombisa. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi emzini babengeke ukusekela Junkers kuvukela. Kodwa kwathiwa ukuyiveza ngu amaBolshevik.
Kulesi simo, kwaba sobala ukuthi Yesikhashana Uhulumeni awasasebenzi. Kerensky wabaleka, Jikelele Krasnov bargained amaBolshevik ngokukhululekile ukubuyela esikwatini eSiqhingini.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Social Abavukeli uqale impi olukhulu ngokumelene amaBolshevik, ngubani, ngokombono wabo, sengisilethe eningi amandla. Imphendvulo ukubulawa abanye abaholi "red" baba besabisa amaBolshevik, futhi kuqale kulwiwa (1917-1922). Manje cabanga izenzakalo ezalandela.
Ukusungulwa kwe-"red" amandla
Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, usizi lweMpi Civil ayeseqalile eside ngaphambi Okthoba Revolution. Abantu abavamile, amasosha, abasebenzi kanye abangafundile babebhekwa awanelisekile nge isimo samanje. Uma ezimaphakathi amayunithi abaningi paramilitary babe ngaphansi kweso esekuficile Amathenda, ku lamabutho empumalanga yayibuswa isimo ezahlukene kakhulu.
Ukuba khona inani elikhulu reserve amabutho manqikanqika ukuya empini nge eJalimane wasiza amaBolshevik ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle zokuchitha igazi ukuze uthole ukwesekwa cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu yempi. emadolobheni amakhulu 15 kuphela bamelana "red" amandla, 84 njengoba ku ngokusuka kuyo siqu sekudlule ezandleni zabo.
Isimanga esingalindelekile ukuze amaBolshevik ngesimo asisekela kakhulu leli sosha bedidekile futhi ekhathele kwathiwa "red" ngokuthi "lokunqoba ka namaSoviet."
I Yombango (1917-1922) iye yaqhubeka iwohloka kuphela emva ukusayinwa ochithayo Russia Brest ukuthula. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, umbuso wangaphambili elahlekile abangaphezu kwesigidi amakhilomitha square ngensimu. Lena yayihlanganisa: aseBaltic, Belarus, Ukraine, eCaucasus, Romania, insimu Don. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwadingeka bakhokhe eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha German emamaki lokumiswa.
Lesi sinqumo okubangelwa lokubhikisha kokubili ngaphakathi ezweni kanye ohlangothini we Entente. Kanye nasekuqiniseni ezimpini ezihlukahlukene zendawo iqala ukungenela ezempi lamazwe Western ensimini ka-Russia.
Ingena amabutho Entente ngiqabuleke Revolt we eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia Legion eSiberia futhi Kuban Cossacks ukuvukela ngaphansi kobuholi Jikelele Krasnov. Broken amabutho Abamhlophe futhi interventionists abanye baya e-Asia Ephakathi, futhi eminyakeni eminingi ezayo yokufeza umzabalazo saqhubeka simelene amandla Soviet.
Eyesibili inkathi kulwiwa
Kuyinto kulesigaba, esebenzayo abaningi abanengxenye babeneminyaka iWhite Guard Heroes of kulwiwa. Umlando uye walondoloza nathi amagama ezifana Kolchak, Yudenich, Denikin, Yuzefovich, Miller nabanye.
Ngayinye yalezi ojenene kwadingeka umbono ngekusasa isimo. Abanye baye bazama ukuba ubambisane amabutho Entente lokuketula kwamaBolshevik umbuso kodwa ukuba abize LoMhlangano ababamele. Abanye babefuna ukuba kweziphathimandla zempi wendawo. Lezi zihlanganisa ezifana Makhno, Grigoriev, nabanye.
Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo le nkathi ukuthi uma igcwaliswe kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, amabutho aseJalimane Kwakumelwe ushiye insimu yase Russia kuphela emva ukufika oMfelandawonye. Kodwa isivumelwano imfihlo bashiya ngaphambi kokudlulisa edolobheni amaBolshevik.
Njengoba umlando ubonisa kithi, kulwiwa kwakungemva kokuba ukujika ezinjalo izenzakalo kufakwe isigaba esikhethekile ubudlova nokuchithwa kwegazi. Ukuhluleka izinduna, igxile ohulumeni Western, sibi nakakhulu ukuthi babengabantu izikhulu oqeqeshiwe. Ngakho, Miller ibutho Yudenich namanye zokwakheka zigoqiwe kuphela ngoba ukushoda maphakathi no-level balawuli ukugeleza eyinhloko amabutho zazivela iziboshwa iRed Army.
Kubikwe nasemaphephandabeni kwalesi sikhathi libhekene sematheni of lolu hlobo: ". Abayizinkulungwane ezimbili kusukela izibhamu ezintathu waya kulo iRed Army"
Isigaba sokugcina
Qala mlando bavame ukucabanga nge empini isiPolish enkathini yokugcina empini ye 1917-1922. Nge omakhelwane entshonalanga Pilsudski wayefuna ukudala ukuhlanganyela insimu kusukela Baltic kuya oLwandle Olumnyama. Kodwa isifiso sakhe ukuba igcwaliseke. Army Yombango ngaphansi kobuholi Yegorov futhi Tukhachevsky alwa eziphambili ezijulile naseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine wafika komngcele wasePoland.
Ukunqoba kuka-lesi sitha yayiwukuwenza umzabalazo wabasebenzi e-Europe. Kodwa zonke izinhlelo zabaholi iRed Army kuhlulekile ngemva kokunqotshwa ezinzima kule mpi, okuyinto liyalondolozwa ngaphansi kwegama "Isimangaliso phezu Vistula".
Ngemva ephetha ukuthula sivumelwano izingxabano siqale phakathi kwabaseSoviet no Poland ekamu we Entente. Ngenxa yalokho, kwehle ngezimali "amhlophe" ukunyakaza, futhi kulwiwa eRussia iqala ukwehla.
Esikhathini 1920 ekuseni, lezi zinguquko kule inqubomgomo angaphandle lamazwe Western kwaholela yokuthi eSoviet Union neyaziwayo iningi lamazwe.
Heroes of kulwiwa, inkathi sokugcina, walwa emelene Wrangel e-Ukraine, abahlaseli eCaucasus futhi e-Asia Ephakathi, eSiberia. Phakathi izinduna ovelele Kumele kuqashelwe Tukhachevsky, Blucher, Frunze namanye.
Ngakho, ngenxa iminyaka emihlanu izimpi olunegazi eMbusweni Russian kwakhiwa uhulumeni omusha. Ngemva kwalokho, sesiye ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu yesibili, oyimbangi kuphela kwadingeka-United States.
Izizathu ngenxa yalokhu kunqoba
Asizwise lokhu kungani wahlulwa "amhlophe" e kulwiwa. Siqhathanisa balinganisela lamakamu ephikisana nawo futhi zama ukufika khona esiphelweni ezivamile.
mlando Soviet isizathu esiyinhloko ukunqoba kwakhe kubonakala ukuthi kuhlinzekwe ukwesekwa mass izingxenye zokucindezelwa umphakathi. Ukugcizelela okukhulu wabekwa nalabo abaye bahlupheka ngenxa ye 1905 lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Ngenxa yokuthi ngokungananazi ukuchema amaBolshevik.
"White", kunalokho, wakhononda ngomsebenzi ukuntuleka kwezinsiza okungabantu kanye nempahla. Ngo ezifundeni ezinabantu nge isigidi sabantu, abakwazanga ukuchitha ngisho ubuncane viva ukuba zijoyine.
Ikakhulukazi izibalo ezithakazelisayo, okwakunginika kulwiwa. "Red", "amhlophe" (bheka ithebula ngezansi) ikakhulukazi wahlushwa desertions. izimo zokuphila Okunzima Kakhulu Ukubhekana Nakho, kanye nokuntuleka imigomo ecacile bazenze wazizwa. Idatha ezihlobene kuphela amabutho kwamaBolshevik, njengoba amadijithi abahlukene iWhite Guard Records eningawugcinanga.
| ngenyanga | Inombolo abantu |
| Februwari | Bangaphezu kuka-26 eziyinkulungwane. |
| Mashi | Bangaphezu kuka-54 eziyinkulungwane. |
| May | Bangaphezu kuka-78 eziyinkulungwane. |
| Juni | Angaphezu kuka-146 eziyinkulungwane. |
| Julayi | Angaphezu kuka-270 eziyinkulungwane. |
| Agasti | Bangaphezu kuka-299 000. |
Iphuzu eliyinhloko, okuyinto ephawuleka izazi-mlando zanamuhla, kwaba emkhakheni wezepolitiki kokungqubuzana.
Guards White, kuqala, akazange abe umyalo eyodwa nokubambisana sakugcina phakathi izingxenye. Baphenduka balwa endaweni, ngamunye izinzuzo zalo siqu. Isici sesibili kwakukhona yokuntuleka Izishoshovu zezombusazwe futhi uhlelo olucacile. Lezi zikhathi ngokuvamile esiphathiswe namaphoyisa, ubengase ukulwa, kodwa musa ukuqhuba nezingxoxo zokubonisana.
I iRed Army futhi wadala inethiwekhi elinamandla ngemibono. uhlelo umqondo ocacile yasungulwa, okuyinto drummed zingena izinhloko abasebenzi futhi amasosha. Iziqubulo avunyelwe ukuba baqonde ngisho abalimi abacindezelwe kakhulu, ngoba yena elwa.
It is le nqubomgomo uye wavumela amaBolshevik ukuze uthole ukwesekwa esiphezulu sabantu.
imiphumela
Ukunqoba kwe-"okubomvu" ngesi-kulwiwa Sasinjani isimo kakhulu. It labhujiswa ngokuphelele wumnotho. Izwe elahlekile endaweni enabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-135.
Ezolimo kanye isivuno, ukukhiqizwa kokudla lehla ngamaphesenti angu 40-50. Requisitioning futhi "obomvu nomhlophe" ukwesaba ezindaweni ezahlukene eziye zaholela ekufeni kwabantu lenqwaba abantu ngenxa yendlala, ekuhlukumezeni nasekubulaleni.
Umkhakha, ngokusho kongoti, uye washelela ezingeni of the Empire, Russian phakathi nokubusa, uPeter Omkhulu. Njengoba abacwaningi bathi, lesi sibalo ukukhiqizwa iwela 20 namaphesenti angu-1913, futhi kwezinye izindawo, futhi amaphesenti angu-4.
Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona outflow omkhulu abasebenzi abavela emizini emizaneni. Njengoba kwakunamaJuda okungenani abanye ithemba hhayi ababulawa indlala.
"White" e kulwiwa babonakalisa isifiso yezikhulu futhi gaba ukubuyisela izimo yemphilo lendzala. Kodwa ngabodwa zabo kusukela namazwi yangempela owandile abantu abavamile, kuye kwaholela ukunqotshwa ingqikithi oludala.
Kubonakala isiko
Abaholi kulwiwa abangu immortalized izinkulungwane imisebenzi ehlukene - kusuka cinema ukuba imidwebo, kusukela izindaba eziqoshiwe nezingoma.
Ngokwesibonelo, imikhiqizo efana "Izinsuku abaphehla ugesi", "Ukugijima", "nethemba Tragedy" abantu egxilile simo esishubile of sempi.
Le filimu "Chapaev", "Red Devils", "Sivela Kronstadt" ikhombisa ngemizamo "okubomvu" ngesi-kulwiwa ngenxa yalokhu kunqoba kwezifiso zakhe.
ekudalweni Literary Babel, Bulgakov, Gaidar, Pasternak, Ostrovsky sibonisa impilo abamele yimikhakha ehlukehlukene yomphakathi ngalezo zinsuku ezinzima.
Unganikeza izibonelo cishe unomphela, ngoba inhlekelele kwezenhlalo, okwaphumela kulwiwa, uthole echo ezinamandla e izinhliziyo zamakhulu abaculi.
Ngakho, namuhla sizothola hhayi kuphela umsuka imiqondo "amhlophe" futhi "red", kodwa futhi wahlangana kafushane nge inkambo izenzakalo Yombango.
Khumbula ukuthi zonke crisis ophethe imbewu izinguquko esizayo zibe ngcono.
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