Brest-Litovsk

Isiphetho Brest yokuthula kwakuyinkathi lwesithathu ngoMashi 1918. sivumelwano wabahlanganyeli zazimi kanje: Russia - ecaleni lokuqala, eJalimane, e-Austria-Hungary, naseBulgaria naseTurkey - yesibili. Umthelela lokhu thula vumelwane yaba ngeyesikhashana. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa kancane kuka izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye.

Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi izingxoxo zokuqala e Brest, lapho abameleli Russian amaBolshevik babe LB Kamenev futhi Yoffe AA kanye Mstislavsky le-SD, LM Karahan Ngomzuzu wokugcina ngaphambi kokushiya indawo leli dolobha umngcele, kwanqunywa ukuthi kubalulekile ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu. Okunjalo abasebenzi steel isosha, amatilosi nomlimi kabani bayengelwa travel ezinkulu. Yiqiniso, umbono leli qembu ngesikhathi izingxoxo awuzange kubhekwe kuwo, ungamane nje ezwa.

Phakathi nezinkulumo kwatholakala iqiniso lokuthi ohlangothini isiJalimane, ngaphezu ukusayinwa ukuthula, ufuna isiphelo sako ngaphandle annexations kanye indemnities, kanye bemagange ukwenza Russia ilungelo izizwe lokuzibusa, ngakho sihlela ukungena ngaphansi kophiko lwayo Ukraine futhi Russian aseBaltic. Kuba sobala ukuthi iRussia ungalahlekelwa eLithuania, eLatvia, Poland futhi insimu ka eCaucasus.

Ukusayinwa Brest ukuthula kwaba kuphela kuthula yesikhashana ekulweni. Lenin, umholi Trotsky futhi Sverdlov ekhathazekile ukuthi esimweni lapho nemibandela ohlangothini German bona wagudluzwa ngoba ukuvukela umbuso, njengoba iningi amaBolshevik akazange avumelane inqubomgomo Vladimir Ulyanov.

Ngo-January 1918 e Brest owawuse esigabeni izingxoxo yesibili. I thimba eliholwa Trotsky ngaphandle kobukhona abamele abantu. Iqhaza main kule round ingeyamakhosi ithimba Ukrainian, imfuneko esemqoka okwakuyoholela ukuhlukanisa emazweni Austro-Hungarian ka eBukovina futhi Galicia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ohlangothini Ukraine akazange ufuna ukwazi ithimba Russian. Ngakho, i-Russia ilahlekelwe ally e-Ukraine. Ukuze eJalimane, lona wamuva ingazuza ukubeka inani elikhulu emafektri ku insimu yalo ne izingalo egqoke izingubo zamasosha. Brest ukuthula, ngenxa engenakwenzeka ukufinyelela kwephuzu abavumelana ngalo, yaphela ngo lutho, futhi ayisayiniwe.

Isigaba sesithathu izingxoxo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho omele ithimba Russian Trotsky Wenqaba ukuqaphela ngabameli Ukraine.

Okwesithathu Mashi 1918 Brest ukuthula sasayinwa. Lesi sivumelwano kwaba umphumela ukwenqaba Russian Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, eCrimea, Ukraine ne eCaucasus. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukucisha zungu futhi wakhishwa eJalimane, waphoselwa usayizi umnikelo wegolide emamaki abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, kanye izimpawu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane ngokona izakhamuzi isiJalimane, beye bahlupheka ngokuhamba inguquko. -Austria-Hungary naseJalimane ithole emafektri nge izingalo kanye nezinhlamvu. Brest ukuthula futhi ziwumthwalo ukuzinikela Russian ukuhoxisa amasosha ayo kusukela kulezi zindawo. indawo yabo sathathwa ngamabutho German ahlomile. Isivumelwano lokuchibiyela ku isivumelwano sokuthula sinika isimo somnotho eJalimane eRussia. Ngakho, izakhamuzi German banikezwe ilungelo lokwenza ibhizinisi eRussia, naphezu wasidlulisela inqubo ukufakwa kwezimayini kuhulumeni.

Brest ukuthula abuyiselwe yamanani nge eJalimane, owasungulwa ngo-1904. Ngenxa non-ukuqashelwa KwamaBolshevik tsarist izikweletu Russia ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano iye ngikuphoqe ukuqinisekisa kubo emazweni anjenge-Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey naseJalimane futhi sakwazi ukubabuyisela la macala.

Amazwe ukuthi ayeyingxenye block Entente, akazange azamukele Brest ukuthula, futhi phakathi Mashi 1918 wamemezela non-ukuqashelwa yayo.

Ngo-November 1918 iJalimane sazilahla isivumelwano sokuthula. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, kulandele yokukhansela yayo Central Executive Committee. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, amabutho aseJalimane aqala ukulishiya leli wangaphambili indawo Russian.