I ukubusa Finland eRussia: emfushane

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, umcimbi iphutha ezithinta isiphetho abantu ababehlala endaweni eseduze nogu oLwandle iBaltic futhi sekungamakhulu eminyaka kwaba engaphansi yamakhosi Swedish. Lesi senzo mlando kwaba wokukhushulwa Finland eRussia, omlando wakhe wakha isisekelo lesi sihloko.

Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we waba umphumela wempi Russian-Swedish

Septhemba 17, 1809 ogwini eGulf of Finland e Fredrikshamn uMbusi u-Alexander I IsiSwidi King Gustav IV wasayina inkontileka, okuholele ukubusa Finland eRussia. Lo mbhalo kwaba umphumela ukunqoba amabutho isiRashiya, elisekelwa France naseDenmark yokugcina uchungechunge omude wezimpi Russian-Swedish.

I ukubusa Finland eRussia eholwa ngu-Alexander 1 kwaba impendulo isikhalazo Borgorskogo Sejm - umhlangano wokuqala lombhalo abantu abahlala Finland, uhulumeni waseRussia nge isicelo ukwamukelwa yezwe labo eRussia Samalungelo Grand Duchy of Finland, nesokuphela kwalesi union siqu.

Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi kwaba ukusabela okuhle kuya uMbusi u-Alexander I kule kazwelonke ngeke bafake umfutho ukwakheka Finnish kahulumeni kazwelonke, ogama labantu ngaphambi kwalokhu fully zibamba elite Swedish. Ngakho, akulona ihaba ukusho ukuthi iRussia Finland akweleta ukudalwa wekuba sive yayo.

Finland njengengxenye uMbuso Sweden

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphambi ekuqaleni XIX leminyaka insimu ka Finland, okuyinto lalihlala izizwe isamba kanye Em, ungalokothi geqe. Phakathi X ngaphambi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIV yayingaphansi Novgorod, kodwa 1323 yanqotshwa Sweden amakhulu eminyaka, wafika ngaphansi kophiko lwayo.

Ngokusho siboshwa nyaka Orekhovskaya sivumelwano, Finland bekuyingxenye uMbuso Sweden kwamalungelo yokuzimela, futhi ngo-1581 wathola isimo esisemthethweni Grand Duchy of Finland. Nokho, empeleni, labantu bayo ngokomthetho futhi lwekuphatfwa ngalokuyimphumelelo nokucwaseka ezinzima. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi le Finns Unelungelo ukuphathisa nabameli babo ukuba ephalamende Swedish, inombolo yabo wayemncane ukuze ayikuvumeli iyiphi nomthelela obalulekile ikhambi ezindabeni zamanje. Lokhu eziyimbangela waqhubeka kwaze kuze ku 1700 akuyona waphula nangenye impi Russian-Swedish.

I ukubusa Finland eRussia: ekuqaleni inqubo

Phakathi Omkhulu Northern neMpi, izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwenzeke kahle ensimini Finnish. Ngo 1710, amabutho uPetru mina emva lokuvimbezela yimpumelelo bawuthumba umuzi kahle ebiyelweyo Vyborg futhi kuvikelwe ngendlela oLwandle iBaltic. Ukulandela ukunqoba amabutho Russian iwine ngemva kweminyaka emine Battle of Napuze avunyelwe ukukhululwa abaseSweden cishe yonke Grand Duchy of Finland.

It namanje ayikwazi kubhekwe njengendlela ukubusa egcwele Finland eRussia, njengoba ingxenye enkulu kwaba namanje ingxenye Sweden, kodwa kwase kuqalile inqubo. Kwakungeke kuvesane ngisho ukuyeka eminye imizamo okuziphindiselela ngoba ukunqotshwa wahlupheka ezithathwe abaseSweden ku 1741 kanye 1788, kodwa kokubili izikhathi bangathola lutho.

Noma kunjalo, isimo Nishtadt isivumelwano yaphela impi, futhi eyisiboshwa North e 1721, wathuthela ensimini Russian e-Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, futhi eziningi eziqhingini Baltic Sea. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbuso waba Southwest Karelia futhi idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu e Finland - Vyborg.

Waba sokuqondisa esungulwe ngokushesha sifundazwe Vyborg, likhona sifundazwe Petersburg. Ngokusho idokhumenti, Russia Kusolwa izibopho kuwo wonke yanika emasimini akhe Finnish ukulondoloza, amalungelo zangaphambili ezikhona kwezakhamuzi nasebunyeni amalungelo amaqembu athile emphakathini. It enikeziwe ukuze kulondolozwe zonke izisekelo zenkolo langaphambilini, okufaka inkululeko ukuzijayeza labantu ukholo ivangeli, imfundo yesonto nezingokomoya ezikoleni.

Esigabeni esilandelayo ukunwetshwa imingcele enyakatho

Phakathi nokubusa Empress Elizabeth 1741 waphula impi entsha Russian-Swedish. Wabuye waba omunye iingaba zekambiso, umphumela okuyinto cishe eziyisikhombisa ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka, kwaba wokukhushulwa Finland eRussia.

Lichazwa Imiphumela yayo kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe amaphuzu amabili ayinhloko - ukusibamba insimu enkulu Grand Duchy of Finland lalibuswa Swedish, esangenza amasosha Russian yenyukela enhla Oulu, bese ilandelwa i-Manifesto eliphakeme. Kuyo Mashi 18, 1742 Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, imemezela ukwethulwa lonke Sweden won ensimini kombuso ozimele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva konyaka esikhulu nezokuphatha Finland - edolobheni Turku - uhulumeni waseRussia yasayina isivumelwano namanxusa ohlangothini Swedish yesivumelwano, owawuthi, ingxenye yeRussia baba kuyoyonke iNingizimu-Eastern Finland. Kwaba endaweni enkulu kakhulu ezweni, kuhlanganisa imizi Lappeenranta, Hamina, Nyslott ngamandla ayo anamandla, kanye Kyumenegorskuyu futhi USavo sifundazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, emngceleni Russian wathutha eminye kude Petersburg, lokho kukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukudleka ingozi zokuhlasela IsiSwidi inhlokodolobha Russian.

Ngo 1744, yonke indawo kufakwe Russian Empire ngesisekelo inkontileka esayinwe emzini Turku, zinamathele sifundazwe Vyborg adalwe, futhi yenza elalisanda kumiswa sifundazwe Vyborg. On insimu yalo Kwamiswa izifunda: Serdobol'skii, Vilmanstrandsky, Hamina, Neyshlotsky, Kexholm futhi Vyborg. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi sifundazwe waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, bese lalenziwa le yokubusa nge uhlobo oluthile kuhulumeni.

I ukubusa Finland eRussia: Union, inzuzo kuwo womabili la mazwe

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX insimu ka Finland wawuyingxenye Sweden, khona esifundeni ampofu wezolimo. bakhona ngaleso sikhathi akazange idlule Abantu ayizinkulungwane 800., zazo% 5.5 kuphela ayehlala ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. On abalimi, liyizwe eyisakhamuzi, walala ukucindezelwa double esusela izinduna Swedish, kanye bebodwa. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa isiko kazwelonke kanye nesazisi.

Ukujoyina eFinland eRussia kwaba izinto ezisizayo kuwo womabili la mazwe. Alexander ngakwazi, Ngakho-ke, eminye kude umngcele nokuqhuba emuva nekomkhulu lalo - Petersburg, okuyinto kakhulu nomthelela nasekuqiniseni nokuphepha yayo.

Finns njengabaphuma ngaphansi iRussia, yazuza impela eningi inkululeko endaweni zomthetho neyokuphatha amandla. Nokho, lesi senzakalo kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe komunye, 11 ilandelana, abokugcina babe emlandweni empini Russian-Swedish, okuyinto Kwagqashuka 1808 phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili.

I last impi phakathi Russia nase-Sweden

Njengoba sazi kumadokhumenti ezigciniwe, empini noMbuso Sweden wayengekho amacebo u-Alexander I kwaba kwakhe isenzo bephoqeleka, umphumela owawungumnyaka ukubusa Finland eRussia. Iqiniso lokuthi, ngokuvumelana Tilsit ukuthula sivumelwano ungene ngemvume 1807 phakathi France Russian futhi kaNapoleon, umbusi wathatha umthwalo ukukholisa eSweden naseDenmark ukuze nokuvinjelwa yezwekazi ezibangelwa ngokumelene isitha esifanayo ngaleso sikhathi - England.

Uma Danes babengekho izinkinga, IsiSwidi Korol Gustav IV categorically wamlahla isiphakamiso ukubeka phambili ngakuye. Njengoba isiphelile konke okungenzeka ukuze sifinyelele umphumela oyifunayo ngokusebenzisa zezombusazwe, u-Alexander ngacindezelwa ukuba iphendukele kontanga wezempi.

Ekuqaleni ezempi kuye kwaba sobala ukuthi, kubo bonke Hubris yayo nkosi Swedish akuyona esimweni sibekezelele amasosha Russian ngempela abaningi nesandla esinamandla angahlela insimu ka Finland, okwaba ezinkulu isinyathelo sezempi. Ngenxa yalokho we okuhlaselayo, ngokugcwele ukuziphilisa ezindaweni ezintathu, Russian esingaphansi kwenyanga kwesokunxele kuya Kaliksyoki emfuleni futhi ziphoqelelwe Gustav IV ukuqala izingxoxo imigomo nje isuke ibangelwa Russia ukuthula.

Isihloko entsha koMbusi

Ngenxa yalokho, Fridrihgamskogo ukuthula sivumelwano - ngaphansi kwaleli gama wangena umlando isivumelwano ungene ngemvume Septhemba 1809, u-Alexander I seyaziwa ngokuthi Grand UMbusi Finland. Ngokusho idokhumenti, le nkosi Russian wathatha ukuzinikela neqhaza ngokugcwele ekukhishweni imithetho ezamukelwe ngu Sejm Finnish futhi wathola imvume yakhe.

Le nto yesivumelwano kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngoba wanika ukulawula uMbusi phezu imisebenzi ye Seimas futhi kwenza kube elibalulekile ikhanda isiShayamthetho. Ngemva ke kwenziwa ngokujoyina Russia Finland (ngonyaka 1808), kuphela ngenkululeko Petersburg avunyelwe kubamba umhlangano lomkhulu webantfu Ukudla, futhi ukwethula izinguquko ezikhona umthetho ngaleso sikhathi.

Kusukela lapho sebebuswa inkosi ngokomthethosisekelo absolutism

I ukubusa Finland eRussia, ogama usuku kuvumelana ngosuku isimemezelo Manifesto yenkosi ngoMashi 20, 1808, ephelezelwa eziningi izimo ezithile kakhulu. Njengoba sazi ukuthi iRussia, ngokuvumelana inkontileka, waphoqeleka ukuba awuyeke lo Finns eziningi lokho wafuna ize kusukela Uhulumeni Sweden (ilungelo lokuzibusa, kanye nenkululeko zezombangazwe nezenhlalo) ngale ndlela noma isiphi izinkinga eziphawulekayo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphambili Grand Duchy of Finland wawuyingxenye Sweden, ie isimo, okuyinto kwadingeka uhlelo ngokomthethosisekelo, izici ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla ukumelwa ephalamende futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuntuleka serfdom yabantu basemakhaya. Nokho, manje, wokukhushulwa Finland eRussia wenza ingxenye yakhe yezwe, okuyinto yayibuswa i ohlanga ngokuphelele, lapho igama elithi "umthetho-sisekelo" bavusa ukufutheka phakathi elite olandelanayo emphakathini, futhi zonke kwekuhlela kabusha okuqhubekayo wahlangana ukumelana ngenakugwemeka.

Ukudalwa ikhomishana izindaba Finland

Kuyinto intela u-Alexander I, ngubani ephethwe kwasekhaya ngiyobuka esinamandla at le nkinga, futhi ekuqaleni kwazo ikhomishana, eyasungulwa kuye ukuze bathole izixazululo ekhona izinkinga ukubeka protege yakhe ovulekile - Bala M. M. Speranskogo, udumile ngemizamo yayo kabusha.

Ngemva ukutadishwa zonke izici Finnish Industries, Earl Kunconywa eNgophezukonke njengoba ngesisekelo uhlelo lwayo isimo isimiso yokuzimela futhi kulondolozwe zonke amasiko endawo. Wabuye athuthukile imiyalelo senzelwe umsebenzi weKhomishana, izihlinzeko oyinhloko lapho kwakheka isisekelo sokuthi umthethosisekelo ikusasa Finland.

Joyina i-Russian Finland (ngonyaka 1808) kanye nedivayisi yokuphila yalo yangaphakathi zezombusazwe kakhulu umphumela izinqumo ezithathwe Borgorskim Sejm, ne iqhaza abamele zonke kwezakhi yomphakathi. Ngemva ezilandelwayo kanye ukusayinwa amalungu Ukudla of idokhumenti olufanele wathatha isifungo sokwethembeka Russian Umbusi State, endaweni ethile ye lapho ngokuzithandela wajoyina.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi, anyukele kwesihlalo sobukhosi, bonke abamele elandelayo zeNdlu Romanov manifestos futhi ishicilelwe, etshengisa wokukhushulwa Finland eRussia. Izithombe wokuqala babo, okuqondene u-Alexander I, ukubeka i-athikili yethu.

Ngemva ngokujoyina iRussia ngo 1808, indawo aseFinland yandile kancane ngenxa ukudluliselwa ngaphansi komthetho we Viborg (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo Finland) sifundazwe. Izilimi ezisemthethweni ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona Sweden, yathi chithi saka ngenxa izici zomlando intuthuko yezwe, futhi Finnish, sikhulunywa yonke bakhona zomdabu.

Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola ingxabano Soviet-Finnish

Umthelela wokukhushulwa Finland eRussia bebelokhu evumayo kakhulu ukukhula kwawo futhi wekuba sive. Ngenxa yalesi isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu phakathi ezimbili uthi akazange kuvela noma yiziphi ukuphikisana okuphawulekayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lonke inkathi yokuvelela Russian Finns, ngokungafani nabasePoland, ungalokothi wavukela, futhi abazange bazame phumani ngaphansi kokulawula umakhelwane walo namandla kakhulu.

Isithombe uye kwashintsha ngokuphelele ngo-1917, ngemva amaBolshevik, kwaholela V I. Leninym, inqobo kutimela Finland. Uma uphendula lesi senzo abathakazelelwayo black wokungabongi nokusebenzisa isikhundla esindayo eRussia, le Finns ngo-1918 futhi waqala sempi bangazihluphi engxenyeni esentshonalanga Karelia kuze kufinyelele e-Sisters of emfuleni, ngalapho Pechenga esifundeni, ukuthatha ingxenye nhlonhlo kanye Ephakathi Rybachy.

isiqalo okunjalo ngempumelelo uhulumeni Finnish uye lalifuna ukuba umkhankaso omusha yezempi, ngo-1921 base lihlasela Russian, ukuhlakulela izinhlelo ukudala "Greater Finland". Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi, inzuzo yabo ayemancane kakhulu nesizotha. I last ngxabano ahlomile phakathi omakhelwane amabili enyakatho - Soviet Union Finland - kwaba sekupheleni kwempi, baqhumuka nobusika 1939-1940.

Iphinde waletha Finns ukunqoba. Ngenxa yalokho izingxabano, okwaqala ngasekupheleni kuka-November kuya maphakathi no-March, futhi isivumelwano sokuthula, okuyinto eyaba isici yokugcina ingxabano, Finland balahlekelwa cishe 12% of insimu yalo, kuhlanganise idolobha lesibili ngobukhulu ye Vyborg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizi kanye nempahla kwafa abantu abangaphezu kuka-450 eziyinkulungwane. Finns bephoqeleka ukuba usheshe bashiye front line zingena ngokukhululekile kuleli zwe.

isiphetho

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ohlangothini Soviet wonke umthwalo kokugqashuka ukungqubuzana ngowamagunya Finns, omema Kusolakala ababeyithathile amabhomu, umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba usegxeke kwaba zikahulumeni kaStalin empini. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-December 1939 waseSoviet Union njengenkolo State umqali waxoshwa iNhlangano Yezizwe. Lokhu impi iye yabangela abanye ukuba azikhohlwe zonke izinto ezinhle ukuthi uma kulethwa ngayo ukubusa Finland eRussia.

Usuku Russia, ngeshwa, is hhayi waphawula eFinland. esikhundleni Finnish ayegubha minyaka yonke ngo-December 6, Independence Day, ukukhumbula indlela ngo-1917 uhulumeni kwamaBolshevik ubanike ithuba phuma ababevela eRussia bayaqhubeka ngumnikazi endleleni yayo yomlando.

Noma kunjalo, neze ihaba ukuthi isikhundla sabo samanje phakathi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, Finland ukweleta kakhulu ukwenza lokho, okuyinto ezikhathini zangaphambili waba neRussia ngo lasungulwa nasekutholeni isimo sabo siqu.