I uPapa Innocent 3rd: Biography, legend inkunzi

Ezweni , uPapa Innocent 3 wayaziwa njengomuntu Lothario de Segni. Wazalwa ngasedolobheni Anagni. I babelwazi usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa akwaziwa Upapa. Lona kungaba 1160 noma 1161. Uyise Trazimono wazala isihloko Ukubala, nonina kwaba patrician Roman bohlobo lwe. Lothario kwakuhlobene ngu Izibopho nokuzwelana nezinye opapa ezimbili. Clement III kwaba umalume wakhe, futhi Gregory IX beza ngayo ngomshana wakhe.

intsha

Inhloko esizayo of the Catholic Church Innocent 3 kusukela esemncane ayevelele ngu amakhono bokusungula oluvelele. Watadisha umthetho e Bologna yenkolo e-Paris. Ngemva konyaka ngokubulala uThomas Becket Lothario waqhubeka waya Canterbury.

Ngo 1190 Italian oneminyaka engu-30 ubudala uye abe eziyinhloko. Celestine III, kodwa, wamgcina kude imvelo yakhe. Ngakho-ke, ikhono Cardinal wasiphakamisa umsebenzi wokubhala. indatshana yakhe "On the nokwedelela emhlabeni, noma mayelana eziningi lokungabaluleki womuntu," athengise ama abalulekile. Lothario bathandile amalungu Curia. Ngo 1198 ngemva kokufa Celestine bona akhethwe kuye uPapa omusha, ukuthatha igama Innocent III.

Upapa Nombuso

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala elisha yena njengoba Innocent inhlanhla kakhulu. Kakade isikhathi eside lopapa buphikisana amandla ombuso njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Ngo 1197 le nkosi Henry VI wafa, uhulumeni wakhe lusobishini ezimpini zombango Ghibelline futhi Guelph. Germany futhi zonke wangena shí empini yombango. Konke lokhu kuphela waqinisa isikhundla ukuthi elalihlala Innocent 3. Umlando ngokuphila kwayo isencane seyixhunyaniswe ezihlukahlukene amazwe aseYurophu yimuphi wahambela ngenxa yokufunda kanye uhambo. Manje ngaba yinhloko Innocent zamaKatolika zase ukuxhumana mithi yazo zonke lezi uthi.

Ukukhubazeka kombuso avunyelwe uPapa ukuze siphinde sithole ukulawula States kapapa, ukwandisa imingcele yayo Adriatic Sea ngemva kokujoyina Mashi ka Ancona, futhi Spoleto. Lapho Celestine Okuphakade City uye wahlushwa nezinxushunxushu ngenxa izingxabano imibango ahlukile. Innocent ngokwakhe ayengeke komama patrician nokusebenzisa uxhumano ekhaya, wakwazi ukuxolela ukwazi. Political impumelelo ikhanda of the Catholic Church e-Italy abangu ethwele yokuthi waba ibamba zombuso Sicily, etholakala eningizimu nhlonhlo. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, ibamba lakhe Constance ebuzwa Upapa babe umqaphi indodana yakhe esewusana Frederick kuze kuqala yobudala bakhe. + 3 Innocent walwamukela usizo.

Crusade Okwesine

Akunjalo lucky kwaba uPapa ekulweni amaSulumane. Ukulandela ezazingaphambi kwayo Innocent 3 wazama ukuba baphinde eJerusalema evela infidels futhi kulokhu uye wababusisa Okwesine Yenkolo. Ngo 1198 wakhipha isimemezelo wakhishwa, owawuthi inhlangano yomkhankaso lempi ukukhwezwa intela 2.5%, izimali zesonto. Imali eqoqwe iminyaka eminingi, kodwa babengesibo enganele. Ngaphansi plan, Crusaders kwakudingeka bawele uLwandle iMedithera ukuze imikhumbi Venetian. Nokho, njengoba ayefike ku ngidayisa republic, izikhulu nabamacilongo Knights abakwazanga ukuyikhokha yonke leyo mali edingekayo wabo (ayizinkulungwane 84 esiliva emamaki).

Engumthengisi Doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo ezihlongozwayo Crusaders ukumsiza umuzi kwakungekaNkulunkulu Hungary Zara ogwini Adriatic. Ukuze athole ukusekelwa sezombangazwe oneminyaka engu-wathembisa zisathwala ibutho ufuna ukuya Palestine. Ngenxa yalokho, Zara lavinjezelwa futhi laphangwa. Ukuwa lomuzi inhliziyo Christian Europe ubephelezelwa aphanga futhi kwafa nabantu abavamile nje.

Ukufunda ngesehlakalo, uPapa Innocent 3 yathukuthela yagana unwabu. Yena esontfweni bonke ababambe iqhaza ukuvakasha. Nokho, ngokushesha ke wangenela ezombusazwe. kwakuzondeka Universal kwakusho umkhankaso wokugcina ukuhluleka, okungase basindiswe namanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, upapa ngeke ukuxabana izinduna esuka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngemva kokucabangela konke ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo, umbhishobhi kukhanselwe kwakuzondeka, isiqalekiso kusale kuphela initiators yokuhlaselwa kwe-Zara, baseVenice.

Kokuwa kweConstantinople

Nokho, okubi kakhulu, kwakuseza. I Crusaders esungulwe ukuxhumana wagudluzwa umbusi WaseByzantium Alexios, ecela ukuba ayisize uphinde ukwazi sakhe sobukhosi. Ngo exchange, ezikhulu wathembisa ukusekela amaKatolika ukulwa amaSulumane azowalekelela nemali. Wavumelana futhi kucabangela lesiGreki Bandla West. sipho ezilingayo waphenduka zenkolo izinhlelo kanye baseVenice. Ngo 1204, athumba baphanga wemizi emikhulu kakhulu Ephakathi, ngokuthi iConstantinople. On amanxiwa WaseByzantium Catholic Latin Empire, amandla elalingelamaFilisti Franks yasungulwa.

UPapa Innocent 3 bezama ukumisa izinduna, wathumela eConstantinople. Ingabe kunjalo, wehluleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho inhlangano yamasonto akuzange kwenzeke. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamaKatolika Orthodox ukwenza nje ububanzi. Nokho Innocent 3, Biography emfushane zazo isibonelo Upapa nokufuna engami angamambuka elingalungile akalilahlile ithemba ukunyakaza Crusaders kahle.

Le mpi ezimelene nezihlubuki

Emuva ekuqaleni XI leminyaka kwakukhona ihlelo obuKristu Albigenses (e isayensi yanamuhla bebizelwa Cathars) esifundazweni isiFulentshi Languedoc. Bona inqatshelwe amasakramente kweBandla, izithombe engengcwele abangcwele ngokwabo. Iningi Cathars bagxila eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFrance. Bakhandwa esizwa ezinye oda isonto abebengeneme ka ababhishobhi kanye aristocrats ocebile wendawo.

Njengoba enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi sobupapa, setha Innocent mayelana ekuqedeni lesi izihlubuki. Kuyinto ukwazi ukuthi isiqalo, wathumela yezingxoxo kubabhazuki, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona St Dominic kanye Abbot ngesihlungo. Ngo 1209 umzamo isixazululo zamanxusa kuhlulekile, futhi umbhishobhi yamemezela kwethulwa impi entsha, eyathatha ekugcineni nje engamashumi amabili.

Legend of the Franciscans

Ngo 1209 hhayi kuphela waqala impi ngokumelene Albigenses, kodwa futhi mendicant wokuqala omkhulu sidalwe the Franciscans. Umlando ivela khona kwaba ngesisekelo ezinganekwaneni medieval ethandwa. Umshumayeli Frantsisk Assizsky abalethwa eRoma abalandeli bakhe, abafisa ukuthola kusukela uPapa imvume ukuze udale i-oda entsha yenkolo. Lo muntu akazange abe uxhumano ku echelons eliphezulu leSonto. Nokho, ukuthandwa phakathi engasenathonya abampofu futhi siqu wamsiza ukukholisa ababhishobhi bamaKatolika ukuhlela umhlangano isihambi Upapa.

Ngokusho yetinsita Innocent 3 Franciscans esungulwe kuphela ngemva waphupha lapho St Francis ngezandla yakhe yayiphethe lelo Lateran Basilica. Ngaphambi kwalokho, lapho engena sisola engaziwa umshumayeli abajikelezayo ubani e-Italy ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona okunhlobonhlobo. Abaningi babo abazange zehluke zobuwula amahlelo.

Francis wayengafani lonke omesiya bamanga abashumayela austerity, uthando ngomakhelwane nesifiso sokunikezwa ubumpofu. Abalandeli bakhe yase yaziwa ngokuthi "abafowethu ezincane". 3 Innocent esungulwe oda Franciscan kuphela ngemva ukungabaza kwakhe kwaphela ngo iphupho ezingaqondakali. Nokho, uma sign, sasiwumsebenzi ukuthi liyisiprofetho. Oda laba yintandokazi ngokushesha kwabaningi kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa ukusekelwa iSonto LamaKatolika, njalo yena ikhuphukile ubulungu bayo. iminyaka eyishumi kuphela kamuva kwaba kakade abantu 3000, ngaleso sikhathi kwaba sibalo sikhulu.

Dominican kanye zamaJalimane Order

Lo mkhuba maqondana ukuvela ukunwetshwa oda amasha Katolika lapho Innocent Franciscans wedwa ayigcini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sakhe ku Toulouse kwakukhona umphakathi St Dominic. Yaba ngesisekelo enye i-oda. Innocent akazange abe nesikhathi ukubusisa indalo yakhe ngenxa yokufa kwakhe isigubhukane. Kunalokho, i-1216 benza owalandela Honorius III. Dominican Order Sasifundisa - izindela yakhe babehilelekile izifundo zenkolo e zezindela namadolobha inyuvesi kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Ngo-1199 u-Innocent wakhipha inkunzi, okuyinto sivunyiwe okuzimela kwenye abavikeli umphakathi pilgrim ePalestina. Lokho kwaba isiqalo zamaJalimane Order, kamuva wathuthela aseBaltic, lapho Knights zakhe balwa kanye labezizwe Russian i ubukhulu ezimele. Inhlangano okhonzile hhayi kuphela inhloko yesonto, kodwa futhi kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla.

ZamaJalimane oda nokulandelela uPapa Innocent 3 wabambisana iminyaka eminingi. Upapa ukubukelwa Valpotu Henry - ENkosini lokuqala Grand omphakathi. Ngo-1215 u-Innocent okuqalwe impi ngokumelene Prussians. Ukushayela amandla yomkhankaso kwaba ngokunembile zamaJalimane Order. inqubomgomo Eastern we Innocent akugcini ekulweni namaqaba. Emuva ngo-1204, wanikeza naseVolyn isikhulu saseRoma Mstislavovich ukwamukela ubuKatolika futhi wathola isihloko King Galicia. Lezi zingxoxo kuholele lutho, ngoba Rurik akazange ufuna ukushintsha ukholo lwabo.

Bull Venerabilem

Ezibalulekile Ezingafundwa inkathi yalo sobupapa Bully Innokentiya 3 kutebuncusa wachaza ababephila isikhundla Holy See etindzabeni zenkolo nezombangazwe ukhiye. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke idokhumenti yokuthi umbhishobhi kwaba Venerabilem, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1202. Bull iqukethe izifushaniso lapho inhloko yesonto e mqondo wachaza isimo sakhe sengqondo kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla.

Ngo Venerabilem Innocent waqinisekisa ilungelo izikhulu German kukhetha yinkosi. Ngo njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, nguye owaba ngumbusi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuze agcobe labo abakha futhi umqhele kuye ayengakwenza kuphela ubaba. Uma kubhekwa bangakufanelekeli nembangi isihloko umbusi, izikhulu kwase kufanele avotele omunye umuntu. Innocent wachaza ilungelo lakhe ukuthi iBandla kudingeka ube ngumsizi wabaningi wokuziphilisa nomvikeli njalo. Esimweni ukwehluleka wezikhulu kukhetha uyakufanelekela ikhandidethi Upapa agodliwe ilungelo ukucacisa ezibucayi umbusi omusha. Kungakabiphi wayeseqhuba ukusebenzisa la mandla.

castling ababusi

Bull Venerabilem baba esigabeni esilandelayo emzabalazweni amandla wokuziphilisa nabezenkolo esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Innocent efuna ukuvimbela ithonya elandayo bababusi, kuhlanganise ukunamathela impahla yabo zombuso Sicily. Khona-ke amangalelwe esihlalweni sobukhosi Frederick abasha II, kodwa akakwazanga ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi lapho esemncane. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, nengxenye yezikhulu German wafuna abe umbusi Philip of Swabia, kanti enye ingxenye asekelwe Ottona Braunshveygskogo. On candidacy wale mithandazo wama Innocent 3. uPapa Ngakugcoba waba yinkosi Otto e 1209.

Nokho, ngemva kokwamukela amandla, lo mbusi omusha bala ukulalela Pope ezombusazwe. Waqala ukubuyisela usithonye ku-imperial enqabela kuye e-Italy futhi Sicily. Khona-ke u-Innocent esontfweni Otto esontweni. Ngo 1212, upapa wathembisa isithunzi imperial ekhule Frederick (owaba uMbusi eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili, ngemva kokufa abavikela yakhe futhi umnakekeli).

Otto futhi laphelelwa ithonya lakhe monarchical ngemva e 1214 wahlulwa Battle of Bouvines, lapho wanqoba French King filipp Ii Avgust. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, wesula isihloko umbusi. Eselahle ukusekela Electors, futhi umbhishobhi Otto IV wafa ngenxa uhudo wasemtshaya 1218. Kukho konke lokhu wezepolitiki elahlasela Europe ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII, kukhona isici ecacile uPapa Innocent 3. Ngesikhathi Institute yakhe lopapa safinyelela iqophelo umthelela wabo ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha wokuziphilisa the Old World.

Kushayisana John abangenamihlaba

Kunzima ngalesi sikhathi babe nobudlelwano Engcwele Bheka ne-England. Ngo 1207, u-Innocent esimisiwe Stefana Lengtona-Archbishop entsha Omkhulu WaseCanterbury. IsiZulu Korol ioann England enqabe khona ukuqaphela unodoli eRoma. Ngenxa yalesi ikhanda zomhlaba iSonto liye onikezwe lizwe umthetho ovimbelayo, ukwenqabela izinkonzo kuwo. Besabela kuleso simemo, uJohane wachaza zonke impahla zesonto eNgilandi, esiyoluthola isamba Amazing namamane * ayizinkulungwane 100. Kwakubonakala sengathi ezingqubuzana amandla angokomoya Waqhubeka inzuzo kuphela.

Njengoba legend Innocent 3, ngokuvumelana amaphupho esenqume vumela isisekelo Franciscan Order, kodwa ezombusazwe yangempela upapa wayeqondiswa ngezinqumo zabo izizathu inhloso okuningi. Ukubona inkani le nkosi isiNgisi, uPapa wamxosha esontweni. ababhishobhi British ngokuzithandela waya ekudingisweni.

Ingxabano eyathatha iminyaka eminingana. Ekugcineni, ngo-1213 alwa naye nge ngamakhosi abo izinduna John ngasivuma Innocent. Ngemva kwalokho, ubaba waqala ukuvikela inkosi. Wabenqabela nkosi French Philip II Augustus LaseSheshi ukuze zimemezele impi phezu iyazihlonipha eNormandy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPapa Innocent 3, ogama biography kwakuhambisana nezinga pilgrimage ubudala kuya Canterbury, iSonto esontfweni kwezicebi ababezama ukuphuca uhulumeni wasayina "Magna Carta" Ioanna Bezzemelnogo.

Okwesine Lateran nokufa

Umvuthwandaba lo pontificate ka Innocent III kwaba Okwesine Lateran Council. Yavula ngoNovemba 1215. Ngezinye elilwela umcimbi kwafika abakhulu 400 nababhishobhi, kanye eziningana yezinzalamizi Eastern Amasonto. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lingekho sabaphathi ngesiGreki. Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka nanye lokwesaba ngu aphanga waseConstantinople baseByzantium ethukile kusuka noma ikuphi ukubambisana namaKatolika.

Leli thempeli lishicilelwe canons ezingaphezu kuka ayisikhombisa ekubhekaneni nezindaba ezinhlobonhlobo eziphathelene nokuphila zenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, wabenqabela amaKristu abe nobudlelwane commercial namaJuda. Ukubandlululwa kwamaJuda kwakuyisici esibonakalisa kwenkathi, kanye Innocent kanye nabasizi bakhe abangu abantu wakhulela isikhathi sabo.

UPapa uyasala hhayi kuphela ngesinqumo sesiKhulu Lateran Cathedral kanye Bull, kodwa futhi ezinkulungwane zezincwadi. Abaningi babo besishumayela nezindaba komthetho: njengoba yaziwa, umbhishobhi khona ummeli oluvelele ephakathi. Iqoqo yokuqala ukuxhumana wakhe uye safike zibekwe University of Bologna.

Innocent 3 isithombe izithombe medieval ezibonisa namanje ngempela insizwa, wafa 16 Julayi 1216 e Perugia eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-55. Imbangela yokufa okuqala e-Upapa waqala umalaleveva. Innocent yaphathwa isifo esibulalayo endleleni eya inyakatho ye-Italy, lapho wamlandela Lateran uMkhandlu ukuxazulula ingxabano phakathi Pisa kanye Genoa. UPapa wayethemba ukusiza republic amabili enhlanganweni entsha Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Yenkolo. Wembelwa Perugia. izinsalela Innocent bathunyelwa eRoma ngo-1891.