Ephakathi eYurophu: isimo futhi edolobheni. Emlandweni waseYurophu Medieval

Enkathini ephakathi libizwa isikhawu phakathi kwezinkathi ezintsha kanye lasendulo. Ngokohlelo lwezikhathi, ke kuyavumelana kohlaka ukuphela V-VI ukuze XVI (ngezinye izikhathi nokubala), ubudala. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Ephakathi ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi: Ngasekuqaleni, okusezingeni eliphezulu (phakathi) futhi ngasekupheleni kwenkathi (ekuseni Renaissance). Ngokulandelako, cabangela indlela ukuthuthukisa European isimo ephakathi.

izici Jikelele

Ngu ngevolumu izenzakalo abe ukubaluleka ethile empilweni yamasiko, XIV-XVI ngekhulu, ezibhekwa njengezincwadi nezikhathi ehlukile futhi abazimele. I degree of heritability izici sici izigaba odlule wayehlukile. Medieval eNtshonalanga Yurophu, eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga izingxenye, kanye ezinye izindawo Oceania, nase-Asiya, Indonesia walondoloza izakhi esingokwemvelo esikhathini sasendulo. KwaBantu ka iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan wafuna ngokwanele okukhulu lokushintshisana kwezamasiko. Umkhuba ofanayo labetibambile nezinye amadolobha medieval eYurophu: eningizimu yeSpain neFrance. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ithambekele ukuphindela kokudlule, olondolozela izinsalela ipumelelo dlule zukulwane kulezo noma kwezinye izindawo. Uma sikhuluma eningizimu futhi eningizimu-mpumalanga, ukuthuthukiswa lapha wawusekelwe esikweni, kwakhiwa kusenesikhathi ungagcina ngezikhathi zeRoma.

"Cultural kwamakoloni"

Le nqubo liye lasakazekela kwamanye amadolobha yangenkathi ephakathi yokuphila kuka-Europe. Kunamaqembu amaningi yobuhlanga kabani isiko akuvunyelwe banamathela kohlaka ubudala, kodwa babefuna ukuchibiyela lokho ababekubona babiza neningi kwezinye izindawo eziningi kangaka zenkolo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ubelokhu Saxons. Franks bazama ukuphoqelela ukunamathisela ukuba bakhe - Christian - isiko. It kwathinta ezinye izizwe ukuthi Ukulondolozile izinkolelo polytheistic. Kodwa lapho amaRoma umhlaba kokuquleka Akakaze azame abantu ukwamukela lolu kholo olusha. ikoloni Cultural ubephelezelwa kusukela ngekhulu xv, inqubomgomo nolaka Dutch, amaPutukezi, abaseSpain, futhi kamuva kwamanye amazwe, ukuze uthwebule izindawo.

izizwe ayimizulane

Umlando ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu, ngendlela efanele usaqala, ngokukhethekile, wayegcwele ekuthunjweni, izimpi, ukuqothulwa kwezindawo zokuhlala. Ngalesi sikhathi ngenkuthalo ayeyenza zezizwe ayimizulane. Ephakathi eYurophu lalinenkinga kufuduka elikhulu lezizwe. Phakathi kwenzeka ukusatshalaliswa bamaqembu ezinhlanga kuphendule ezindaweni ezithile, supplanting noma ngokuhlanganisa ngalezizizwe kakade-ekhona lapho. Ngenxa yalokho, sakha symbioses entsha, ukuphikisana emphakathini. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwaba eSpain, okuyinto wahlaselwa Muslim Arabhu BC VIII leminyaka. Kulokhu umlando ephakathi eYurophu kwahluka kancane kusukela lasendulo.

Ezemfundo uthi

impucuko Medieval European uye savela ngokushesha ngempela. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ekuqaleni kwakhiwa uthi eziningi ezincane nezinkulu. I enkulu frankiyskoe. esifundeni saseRoma, Italy kanye baba geqe. Zonke ezinye ephakathi eYurophu bagqekeza principalities eziningi ezinkulu nezincane ababe kuphela kuhanjiswa esisemthethweni ngemihla yamakhosi zokwakheka ebanzi. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi eBritish Isles eScandinavia, nakwamanye amazwe akufakiwe indlela yokwakheka uthi ezinkulu. Engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe futhi sekudlule izinqubo ezifanayo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, China ngezinye izikhathi ehlukahlukene kwakukhona amazwe abangaba ngu-140. Kanye yasebukhosini futhi izinduna amandla lapho - abanikazi feuds kwadingeka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekuphathweni, impi, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho imali yabo. Ngenxa yalokhu kwehlukana njalo ukulwa njalo, ngokucacile manifest nangobudlova, futhi isimo ngokuvamile ababuthakathaka.

isiko

impucuko Medieval European athuthukile heterogeneous kakhulu. Lokhu kubonakala isiko esikhathini. Kwakukhona tinkhombandlela eziningana yentuthuko kulo mkhakha kahulumeni. Ikakhulukazi, subculture secrete ezifana ezisemadolobheni, ongumlimi, knight. Development of the last izinduna babehilelekile. Ngu City (burgher) isiko kumele labizwa ngokuthi artisan kanye abathengisi.

imisebenzi

Ephakathi eYurophu ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ukulimela ukuziphilisa. Nokho, Kulezo noma kwezinye izifunda, itjheje ijubane engalingani yentuthuko kanye Ukuqalwa kuya izinhlobo ezahlukene imisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, Kubantu abayimizulane, sahlala ezweni ngaphambilini kutshalwa ezinye izizwe, laqala ukwenza ukulima. Nokho, izinga lomsebenzi wabo futhi imiphumela alandelayo ziye zaba zimbi kakhulu kunezinye lalolo hlanga. Ngo enkathini yokuqala eYurophu Medieval kwaba inqubo de-ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni. Phakathi abantu bakhe wababhubhisa nemizana elikhulu bathuthela emaphandleni. Ngenxa yalokho, izakhamuzi baye baphoqeleka ukuba udlulele neminye imisebenzi. Zonke izidingo zokuphila ekhiqizwa abalimi, ngaphandle imikhiqizo metal. Ukulima izwe cishe yonke eyenziwa noma ngabantu (basuke usetshenziswe egejeni), noma usebenzisa i-Izinkomo - lezinkunzi noma izinkomo. Nge IX-X eminyaka isetjentiswe clip. Nale waqala ukubophela ihhashi. Kodwa lezi zilwane kwakufanele izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu. Kufika ngekhulu XVIII, abalimi babesebenzisa igeja lokhuni futhi lokwela sokhuni. Ayikwazanga thukela ngokwanele ukuhlangabezana watermills futhi windmills kwaqala ukuvela ekhulwini XII. ihlupha naleso sikhathi kwaba nendlala.

ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe

ubunikazi Land isikhathi sokuqala lwabelwe phakathi kwemiphakathi abalimi, libandla, izinduna. Kancane kancane kwenzeka ukugqilazwa kwabantu. Umhlaba abalimi khulula baqala ukuhlanganyela ngaphansi kwalezo bondzaweni noma ezinye izingxenye kube bete esontfweni nome feudalists wokuziphilisa ophilayo nabo endaweni eyodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuba le minyaka eyikhulu XI bachuma ubuhlobo kwezomnotho kanye siqu ntshashintshe cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Umlimi ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kudingeka anikeze eyodwa kweziyishumi okukhipha Imininingwane, ugaye phezu kukaJehova esigayweni, isinkwa, umsebenzi workshop noma emasimini, ukuba azibandakanye eminye imisebenzi. Endabeni impi ingozi usolwa lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela umnikazi womhlaba. Serfdom eYurophu Medieval sahoxiswa ezindaweni ezahlukene ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene. Eyokuqala badedelwa abalimi engaphansi eFrance ngekhulu XII - ekuqaleni Zokholo. Kusukela ngekhulu xv baba abalimi khulula eNgilandi. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa uthango komhlaba. ENorway, isibonelo, abalimi, futhi ayengafuni nasekuthengeni.

ukuhweba

ubudlelwane Market bebelokhu noma exchange (izimpahla izimpahla) noma zezimali (lezimpahla-imali). emadolobheni ahlukene waba nesisindo zesiliva zemali, amandla ahlukahlukene wokuthenga. Mint imali kungenzeka izinduna yamakhosi, ababethathe yephathenti ukwakhiwa. In the ukungabikho ukuhweba ehlelekile basungula fair. Zivame ezenzeka kanye nokubusisa labo noma amanye amaholide enkolo. Ngaphansi kwesikhulu castle izindonga ezakhiwe izimakethe ezinkulu. Abathengisi ayehlelwe aba zezentengiselwano futhi kwaholela namanye amazwe futhi ezifuywayo. Cishe ngesikhathi ngaba le Hanseatic League. Useye waba inhlangano ngobukhulu ndawonye abathengisi eziningana uthi. Ngu 1300 ukubunjwa walo wawenziwe lamadolobha angaphezu kuka-70 phakathi eHolland Livonia. Ayehlukaniswe ku 4 izigaba. Ehola esifundeni ngasinye laliwumuzi omkhulu. Babefanele uxhumo nemizana amancane. I mizi yayisendaweni emafektri, amahhotela (lapho wahlala abathengisi), ukuhweba ejenti. Ukuthuthukisa impahla kanye zamasiko ziye zaba nomthelela ngezinga elithile eziMpini Zokholo.

entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe

Phakathi nale nkathi, ayenakho ambalwa kuphela. Lokhu singasho sithi China, okuyinto eye wangenela kude phambili isihlobo eYurophu. Nokho, noma yimuphi ngcono okwenzeka izithiyo ezimbili ezisemthethweni: charter inhlangano nebandla. Kugcine unqabela ngokuvumelana yezakhi yamaSoviet, kuqala - ngoba besaba mncintiswano. Ngo izingcweti ezisemadolobheni sasimunye esitolo. Inhlangano ngaphandle kwakungenakwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Thenga ihambisa leso sihloko, ubuningi imikhiqizo, indawo ukudayiswa. Futhi kunqunywa futhi ngokuqinile ukulawula izinga umkhiqizo. Workshop balandela imishini lapho ukukhiqizwa senzeka. Charter ezilungisiwe isikhathi, nabasebenzi, izingubo, amaholide nokuningi. Ubuchwepheshe igcinwe iyimfihlo zigadiwe. Uma alotshwe, kuphela amakhodi wadlula kuphela izihlobo ngofuzo. Ngokuvamile ubuchwepheshe obufanayo futhi yahlala ingaziwa ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.