Harun al-Rashid: imigomo, impumelelo, abaphikisi. Yokubusa Harun al-Rashid

Ingxenye 8 leminyaka BC yesibili kwaphawulwa buthakathaka kuhulumeni, futhi nasezindaweni ezikude sompristi wayithi sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha ukuthuthukiswa. Against ngemuva izinguquko jikelele wama phandle ngokukhethekile Baghdad. Ngokushesha impela kwaba capital yezobuciko nezombangazwe zangaleso umbuso omkhulu Muslim. Ngo esithuthuka ngokushesha edolobheni yomthengisi, wezakhiwo, isosha - wonke umuntu ayengathola khona umsebenzi. A waphumelela ngokukhethekile ungenza imisebenzi yokuziphilisa emihle futhi babe zazikuphi Umbusi wamaSulumane, ogama lakhe lalingu-- Harun al-Rashid.

Tales Namaqiniso

Kunezindaba Arab asethule nombusi Baghdad njengoba ube ngumsizi wabaningi, fair futhi abahlakaniphile abaklami ososayensi, UMuphi futhi umdali. Ukubona Harun al-Rashid umxhwele ukuze ngemva igama lakhe laze vu yasendlini, elisho umuntu ophanayo benawo amandla, ezinhle futhi nje. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi okuningi prosaic ngaphezulu inganekwane.

ebuntwaneni Umbusi

Edolobheni Ray, osondelene Iran yasendulo, e 766, wazalwa umzukulu omkhulu Al-Mansur - umsunguli kwayo kwaba Abbasid lwamakhosi, okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside obuswa sompristi omkhulu. Izimpahla zabo wawusuka imingcele, iNdiya neChina ogwini Atlantic. Umkhulu ka Harun al-Rashid futhi wasungula Baghdad. Kugcine ngesikhathi sokuzalwa we Umbusi esizayo baba idolobha yaceba futhi yachuma, umhlobiso eyinhloko owawungumnyaka esigodlweni Umbusi wamaSulumane. Khan waba ngunina lesigqila Yemeni esizayo ngegama Al-Hayzuran ukuthi Umbusi wamaSulumane wenza isancinza sakhe, bese engumkabo.

Harun al-Rashid wachitha esengumntwana ku uthambile nokuthi uyatetema, uzungezwe abangane, umndeni kanye abeluleki abahlakaniphile. Naphezu ingcebo ezizungezile, yena esenamandla futhi eziqinile - abacibisheli kakhulu, futhi swordsman, khona umgibeli kakhulu. Kusukela zisencane, abeluleki bakhe babe abameleli yizicukuthwane lokuzalwa Barmakids futhi abasha Jafar al Barmakids ubekade wakhe omkhulu iminyaka.

Eyokuqala nomkhankaso wempi

Ngesicelo umama Harun sika esemncane nesithupha indodana ka Umbusi wamaSulumane kokuba yingxenye nomkhankaso wempi ngokumelene yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Kuyacaca ukuthi wayala luyingxenye okuzisholo, zonke izimpi ayemaningi ngabaholi bezempi abanolwazi. Naphezu calumnies eziningi, ithi endlebeni kayise, nezitha Harun al-Rashid, babe bokugcizelela. indlalifa Young wabonisa isibindi oluvelele empini kusitsho futhi onganikezwa igunya ngaphezulu Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ngemva kokubuya onogada, Harun al-Rashid wabelwa ukuba abuse Ifriqiya (manje leli zwe itholakala ensimini ka Tunisia yesimanje), e-Armenia, Azerbaijan, eSiriya. Ohlwini contender isihlalo sobukhosi Umbusi wamaSulumane, wayengumuntu yesibili kuphela yakhe half-brother Musa.

Ukubusa esifushane al-Hadi

Ngemva kokufa Umbusi Musa wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi ngaphansi kwegama al-Hadi. Umfowabo, waphonsa etilongweni futhi baphoqwa ukuba afunge ukuthi akakaze Harun al-Rashid ngeke abathi sobukhosi futhi bayokhonza ngokwethembeka umfowabo-umbusi.

Kodwa umama Haruna futhi umngane wakhe Jafar isifungo esinjalo futhi yangenza ukuba ngingalilahli umthetho eyesikhashana al-Hadi e sompristi yakhe. Ngo 786, wafa ngokuzumayo, futhi salandelwa Harun.

Izinhloso Harun al-Rashid

Umzabalazo isihlalo sobukhosi umbuso - kuba nesimo eside futhi igazi. Ngemva kokuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi, abasebancane Harun Into yokuqala abaqhubeke nokudlala indima okuzisholo, wabusa ezweni uthisha wakhe futhi Barmakids enamandla. Kulesi sinqumo Umbusi wamaSulumane abasha wawuqondiswa izimfundiso ezinhle zenkosi yayo Yahya Ibn Khalid, isikhathi esiningi futhi wanika kanina, owayesebenzisa aphakeme kuye okwakufanele abe inkosi.

Ngemva kokushonelwa unina, Harun al-Rashid kancane kancane ukususa kwethonya ngababusi Barmakids enamandla futhi kuthatha izintambo ezandleni zabo. Nabaphikisi eyinhloko Harun al-Rashid manje - abangane zakhe zangaphambili futhi abeluleki. Januwari 29 iminyaka 803 ebulawa vizier yakhe Jafar ubulawa - a eside futhi engumngane oqotho kakhulu Umbusi wamaSulumane. Ingabe iphutha Olahlwe ababeshisekela engaziwa ukusola noma izinsolo we Umbusi wamaSulumane - iqiniso, asisoze sazi. Kusukela iziqondiso nazo okwesikhashana umfundisi Umbusi wamaSulumane, futhi umeluleki wakhe Yahya Ibn Khalifa kukhiyiwe unaphakade etilongweni.

Inqubomgomo Umbusi

Yokubusa Harun al-Rashid, angabizwa ngokuthi inkathi yokuchuma sompristi. Sinemibandela bokuphakama lempi anqande omakhelwane ampofu okukusizayo kuphangwa emaphethelweni umbuso. Zonke ezama okhela amalangabi impi okwalapha ukuyiveza. Kulesi sikhathi esithile sokuthula ezweni lakithi ka zithola imali eningi. Mhlawumbe kwakungenxa abathengisi Arab ngubani ihwebelana yonke eyaziwa emhlabeni, ukusakaza izindaba mayelana Umbusi wamaSulumane entsha njengombusi oyisehluleki baphane futhi ehlakaniphile.

Naphezu udumo lwakhe umbusi asabekayo umholi nokhahlo lempi, Harun al-Rashid abetikhatsalela izwi ososayensi nesihe abampofu. Kuyo yonke ukubusa kwayo okwakuzothatha, uthandazela nsuku zonke. Ukuze zemfundiso yenkolo izimbongi iminyango zazihlale evulekile, Harun ngokuvamile ibalalele, siyivumele ukuba ahumushe ngobunyoninco, ukucula izingoma zokudumisa ikheli yabo.

Kwezesayensi ukwakhiwa

Naphezu ojwayelekile, sinalo ukuzimela isihlobo Abissidskom sompristi edolobheni. Khalifa ilandelwe ngempumelelo ye-ososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene sompristi yakhe, futhi wamema abacwaningi yakhe abanamakhono kakhulu futhi abakhi. Ngalesi indlela lokho impumelelo eyaduma Harun al-Rashid, sengithola lonke Arabhiya. Sompristi ubumbano kanye amathempeli, ezakhiwe levees namadamu, eniselwa ngenkasa ezomile engapheli sompristi. Kube inkonzo central leposi, okuyinto eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi ngisho wezwa. Imizila nendlwana endaweni sompristi bavikelekile abaphangi, abahambi wayeka ezindaweni, ngaphandle ngenxa yokwesabela impilo yawo futhi ukonga.

umklamo omkhulu

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, ngokuvumelana esinye isazi-mlando, Harun al-Rashid khona kabi ucabangela amaphrojekthi ohlanganisa uLwandle Olubomvu amanzi romeyskoy (iMedithera). Ukuze ekuqalisweni yalo msebenzi we-Umbusi wamaSulumane kwadingeka izindlela ithuba. Le projekthi inqatshelwe esimweni ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha - balawuli Umbusi wamaSulumane wayemesaba kakhulu ayehlasela imikhumbi zaseByzantium ukuphumelela kwabo ugu lweNyakatho Hejaz. Ngokuphindaphindiwe wabuyela lo mbono kamuva, ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ubudala, yakhiwa kulesi sizinda yephrojekthi lasendulo of Suez Canal.

Kosikazi Umbusi wamaSulumane

Maduzane, Umbusi wamaSulumane abasha washada. ekukhetheni kwaKhe kwaba Zubeydda Ibn Dzhafar, umzukulu lo uCaliph al Mansour. impumelelo Abaningi Harun al-Rashid zokulungile kufanele kwenziwe isibaluli lona wesifazane ethile. Uye negalelo elikhulu enkululekweni ukuze ube muhle edolobheni, kanye nokufakwa yayo emigwaqweni Baghdad e izibani amnyama glowed, ungomunye wabesifazane bokuqala ukuba benze umsebenzi wokusiza abantu. Waphelelwa nomyeni nendodana yakhe, inkosi Abu Abdallu Al Allah, oke kwaba indlalifa yombuso kayise.

Umbusi wamaSulumane futhi inkolo

Umusa ukuzishaya umbusi ngokungajwayelekile kuhlangene isimo sakhe sengqondo okuqinile kwezinye izinkolo. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zokubusa kwakhe wakumemezela ushwele kuxolelwe amakhulu abaphangi namasela, kodwa washiya e emigodini abantu, ukuchazwa Qur'an okuyinto lihlukile evamile. Ezweni hristinskom laba bantu yayiyobizwa ngokuthi izihlubuki. Okubizwa ngokuthi zindīq kumelwe ngilahle esidlangalaleni izivivinyo okungalungile futhi wenze isifumbathiso ezithile ukuba adedelwe. AbeZizwe abangu ngaphansi fojisa ngaphakathi sompristi futhi babeboshelwe imithetho enzima. Ngokwesibonelo, babenqatshelwe ukugqoka izicathulo efanayo ukugqokwa amaSulumane abanye. Azizange zivunyelwe ukuba zihlangane ukugibela amahhashi - iyindlela eyinhloko yokuthutha ezokuthutha kumaKristu nezinye infidels kubhekwe nezimbongolo. Hhayi wajabulela ukusekelwa sompristi kanye bezinye izinkolo. Ngonyaka 806 Harun al-Rashid intshiseko zenzisa ukwenza Islam yiyona kuphela inkolo ezweni labo, wakhipha umyalo wokuba kubulawe bonke amathempelana obuKristu emazweni abo, eqinisweni sinqatshiwe ukwenza ubuKristu e sompristi yakhe.

Izinsuku zokugcina we Umbusi wamaSulumane

Inqubomgomo nolaka Islam umi ekugcineni wanikina wokubusa serene Abbadinskogo sompristi. imisinga abahlukahlukene kokholo Muslim baye bathola abasekeli babo emaphethelweni umbuso omkhulu. Nokuvukela e-Egypt, Tunisia nase-Asia Ephakathi. nezimpi eziningi ezazihlupha yengcebo zabuzwa ukunakwa ngokushesha umbusi. Khalifa Kaningi umbusi kwakufanele uqobo ukuhola imikhankaso yezempi. Phakathi Harun bebuya nomunye wemikhankaso enjalo, unyaka 809, yena waba baficwe ukufa. Kuthiwa amagama lokugcina Umbusi kukhona nalawa: ". Immortal, umuntu ongelutho"