Ionizing emisebeni: Ukuvikelwa ngemisebe (izinyathelo namathuluzi)

Stream Amasimu kagesi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya (izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya) nezinhlayiyana aphansi (corpuscles) imbangela ionizing emisebeni. Ukuvikelwa ngemisebe kubaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi phakathi ukuhamba kwayo zonke izinto ukugeleza enjalo ionizes zonke molecule ayo futhi ama-athomu.

emisebeni yangemuva Yemvelo

Ionizing emisebeni njengoba Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo ukuyo yonke indawo. Kuziwa Umhlaba ukusuka endaweni. Ingabe emanzini, falling emuva kusuka emoyeni. isotopes Radioactive Lokudabuka cosmic ukungena eziphilayo ngesikhathi sakusihlwa futhi uhlale nabo.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuyiplanethi yethu kuso ke waba yemvelo ionizing emisebeni. Isivikelo sokumelana nalolu hlobo emisebeni kungadingeki, nahlukane nabo akunakwenzeka. I Ukuchayeka emisebeni yemvelo njalo esihambisana indoda ngaphandle ilimaza impilo.

Ukusetshenziswa emisebeni ionizing

Radioactivity njengoba enzeka ngokomzimba latholakala 1896. Kuze kube manje, engatholakala isicelo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umsebenzi womuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-umkhakha weze-energy emazweni amaningi endaweni enkulu kunikezwa enuzi izitshalo amandla. Kabanzi emisebeni yokuguga imithi. Nge lwalumumethe izifo kanye izitho zangaphakathi, kanye ukwelashwa ngemisebe isimiso wokwelapha isifo somdlavuza. Ukusebenzisa eziningi izinto radioactive ukufunda izinqubo umzimba emzimbeni, izitho zangaphakathi wafunda.

Zifakwe athomu okunokuthula futhi ngezinhloso lokuhlolwa ezimbonini. Lapho izinto radioactive ezibekwe ezihlukahlukene amadivaysi control.

Sonke siyazi isibonakaliso "ophumayo", ukufakwa ezindizeni kanye nezakhiwo. Iqukethe tritium enemisebe. Ngenxa yalolu ketshezi lolo phawu unekhono bakhazimula ebumnyameni ngisho uma kwenzeka kuvela ukunqamuka ngephutha. americium Radioactive ezitholakala eziningi kumadivayisi umlilo alamu efakwe ezakhiweni zomphakathi kanye namakhaya.

Imiphumela emzimbeni

Kuye bamandla alo spectrum emisebeni enemisebe angase abe ionizing ezahlukene namandla afinyelela ekujuleni. Kusukela ubunjalo impahla kanye kuzoncika umthelela ukugeleza ku eziphilayo. Izinhlayiyana edabula into yemvelo ihlaba umkhosi amandla athile. Uma ngokwanele izindinganiso eziphakeme ke ukubhujiswa izibopho zamakhemikhali lwama-molecule ama-athomu. Ngamanye amazwi, kakhulu ukusebenza wonke amaseli we kwezicubu ephilayo, iphula ionizing emisebeni. Ukuvikeleka emisebeni kulokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Kuyoba umuntu abe nempilo enhle.

imiphumela emibi

Ionizing emisebeni kungaba nemiphumela ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo emzimbeni womuntu. Kuyinto ukubonakaliswa chronic sibi syndrome ngemisebe ukulimala ebalulekile ngemisebe. Kwezinye izimo, izinhlayiya enemisebe abe nemiphumela ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo-stochastic. It kubonakala fetus ngenela, nesenzakalo izimila ebulalayo, ukunciphisa isilinganiso sobude bokuphila nokuhluleka zofuzo.

izinhlobo ngemisebe

enemisebe kuyizinhlayiyana umthombo wokusakazwa kungenzeka ngaphandle komzimba womuntu. Esimweni esinjalo kukhona ukuchayeka zangaphandle.

izakhi Radioactive angangena emzimbeni wethu kusuka ukudla, amanzi kanye nomoya. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukwethula ngemisebe yangaphakathi. Iphinde kubathinta kabi impilo yethu.

Uyini isivikelo ukugeleza enemisebe

Izimiso eziyisisekelo isivikelo ionizing emisebeni kuthiwa ebiyelwe:

• inhlonipho eziyisisekelo umthamo imikhawulo;
• kungenzeka ukuthi yehle kakhulu imithamo ezingeni eliphansi ngemisebe;
• exclusion ngisho ukuchayeka kancane okungasekelwe ndawo.

Abasebenzi abasebenza oluxube enemisebe ngizodabula zokuqapha ehlelekile. Injongo yalo msebenzi ukucacisa emisebeni ulapha umuntu. Umthamo ukulawula anjalo kumele silingane ngqo ngesimo somsebenzi wesisebenzi nge izinto radioactive. Ngamunye opharetha ngubani oxhumana nabo imithombo izinhlayiya ecucuza kufanele kube dosimeter ngabanye. Leli thuluzi lomculo kuyadingeka ukuze ukulawula umthamo ngemisebe etholwe indoda.

Wokuthatha amagadango ukuze kukhawulwe umthelela ukugeleza enemisebe

Indlela luyasetshenziswa izimiso eziyisisekelo isivikelo ionizing emisebeni? Basuke lwenteke ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

• wehlise imithombo yamandla ngemisebe (inombolo Ukuvikelwa);
• Umthombo ukunciphisa ukusebenza isikhathi (isikhathi isivikelo);
• okwandisa ibanga ukusuka isikhundla opharetha emthonjeni (ukuvikelwa ibanga);
• ukufakwa ukuvikela izinto okwazi iyavuleka ukusakaza kuyizinhlayiyana (Ukuvikelwa izikrini);
• wokuthatha amagadango wezokwelapha kanye yenhlangano-lobuchwepheshe.

Konke okungenhla - lawa izindlela main isivikelo ionizing emisebeni. Ukuze Ukuqaphela kwabo, kuyinto efiselekayo nje kuphela isetshenziswe ezimweni ezithile, amarobhothi futhi ezandleni, kodwa futhi ukuze ukushintsha ngokugcwele inqubo.

Izindlela Ukuvikelwa ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene zihlanganisa ohlwini yayo ukusetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene izembatho zokuzivikela kanye ukufakwa eziyisixwayiso mayelana emisebeni izimpawu ingozi.

imishini izakhiwo

Ukuvikelwa ukuchayeka ngokuqhubekayo emisebeni ionizing kuyingxenye ukuhlinzeka indawo yokusebenza ephephile. Kulezo zindawo lapho abasebenzi abasebenza nge izinto radioactive, kudingeka ukulawula inani, ukuvumela ukusetha ukushuba ahlukahlukene izinhlobo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Lezi amakamelo noma izindawo ngokuqinisekile ifakwe simiso ukupholisa kokuba ukupholisa ngesilinganiso hhayi angaphansi kwamahlanu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhala idatha edingekayo ukwehlukanisa kusukela ukuphumula.

Lapho umsebenzi wenziwa ne ionizing kwemali, iminyango, Uphahla lwangaphakathi, iphansi nezindonga kumele abe idivayisi ekhethekile. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuba buthelela uthuli enemisebe kanye nokuntuleka ukumuncwa okungenzeka inotiyela izinto eziwuketshezi enemisebe, evala, futhi aerosols. Ukuze wenze kanjalo, anikeze igumbi usebenzisa PVC plastic, linoleum, uwoyela upende, njll Ukuthatha zonke izinyathelo kunokwenzeka ukuze azivikele ionizing emisebeni, kubalulekile ukulawula isimo izakhiwo egumbini. Akufanele babe yikuphi ukuqhekeka futhi chips. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-engeli lamakamelo Ephothula ngempela. Lokhu kungabi sengxenyeni izindawo lapho uthuli enemisebe futhi kusiza yokuhlanza.

Geza kwesisekelo lapho umsebenzi wenziwa ne ionizing emisebeni kufanele nsuku zonke. Kuyisibopho futhi nyangazonke yokuhlanza jikelele zingosi. Luhilela wokuhlanza amafasitela, izindonga, ifenisha, imishini kanye neminyango usebenzisa ngamanzi ashisayo anensipho.

Ukusetshenziswa izembatho zokuzivikela

Abasebenzi abasebenza kanye izinto radioactive, kufanele begqoke izingubo ezikhethekile. Kuvikela ngokugcwele emzimbeni kusuka-alpha ngemisebe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungaphuthelwa ingxenye beta-, gamma- noma X-kuyizinhlayiyana ukugeleza. Ezinye izindlela zokuvikeleka ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene - kuyinto antikontaminatsionnye amasudi amagilavu, amabhuzu kanye hoods, izibuko, phila izibhinco. Bonke esetshenziswa empilweni yomuntu ngemisebe lapho zangaphandle. Uhlu ezithile izembatho zokuzivikela incike ngamandla ionizing emisebeni.

Nge okuncane ukungcoliswa ekhishwe umsebenzi imijiva futhi coveralls, kanye amakepisi, ithungwe kusukela ukotini Indwangu. yamazinga aphakeme radioactivity zidinga eyengeziwe bafake izingubo ifilimu njengoba bracers, ibhulukwe amaphinifa, njll, okuyinto eyenziwe ngepulasitiki. Izandla kulokhu ukuvikela phambili iraba elifakwe igilavu.

Lapho izisebenzi ongcolile ekhishwe amasudi (ingcindezi amasudi) eyenziwe impahla plastic nokuba hose nezimo lapho umoya enikeziwe. Esikhathini imishini zokugqoka ingaba umile-mpilo kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita.

Amachibi isivikelo ionizing izibuko radiation, zifakwa ku ekhethekile ehlanganisa tungsten ingilazi phambili noma ye-phosphate. amathuluzi Special asetshenziswa lapho esebenza alpha ne-beta ngemisebe. Zenziwa organic ingilazi plate.

izinhlayiya Radioactive ukuthi ufake umzimba, kungaba buthelela khona. Lokhu kuholela ngemisebe yangaphakathi. ukuchayeka okunjalo okusongelayo ukuvela pathologies ezehlukene.

Ukuvikelwa ngamunye ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene ungehlisa inani udle isici enemisebe nge ipheshana zokuphefumula.

Ukunciphisa ibanga kusuka umthombo

A esiphephile sokusebenza imvelo nge izinto radioactive ikhiqizwa kuphela uma isicelo ukuvikelwa olunzulu ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene. Kulokhu, izinyathelo ezithile ezihlose ekulondolozeni impilo yabantu kuzoya ngohlobo omthombo izimo yenqubo ukukhiqizwa.

Izinhlobo Ukuvikelwa ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene zihlukile, kodwa elula kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo okunokwethenjelwa babo kuyisivikelo ibanga. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi emisebeni ungalahlekelwa amandla ayo umthamo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kwenzeka nge okwandisa ibanga kusuka umthombo.

Ukusetshenziswa zesikrini ekhethekile

Izindlela Ukuvikelwa ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene kuhilela ukusetshenziswa hhayi kuphela abathile, kodwa futhi izimpahla ngokuhlanganyela. izidingo zakamuva kulawulwa GOST 12.4.120-83. Lo mbhalo zokulawula inikeza uhlu ezithile izindlela lilonke Ukuvikelwa, ezinye zazo yilezi:

• izikrini yeselula ne-umile;
• amabhokisi ukuphepha safes;
• iziqukathi ekhethekile, lapho isitoreji futhi kuthuthwe ngendlela ephephile imithombo kwemisebe, njll

Human indlela ephumelelayo ngokuvikela ngokumelene ukugeleza ezimbi izinhlayiya enemisebe ukufaka izivikelo ekhethekile. Ziyakwazi izikrini ezikhethekile eqine ezahlukene. Zenziwa ngezinto ekhethekile vimbela notshwala izinhlayiya. Injongo eyinhloko yale izikrini ukunciphisa i amazinga ekushayweni eyamukelekayo emsebenzini. Ngezinye izikhathi ukusebenza imithombo emisebeni wenziwa emakamelweni ekhethekile. Ezindaweni ezinjalo izikrini ayokhonza njengamakhosi phansi futhi izindonga, nophahla zakhiwe ngezinto ezikhethekile.

Ezinye izinhlobo imishini collective zokuzivikela

Ngo izimboni lapho isitoreji Kwenziwa gamma-ray imithombo, sebenzisa safes ekhethekile. Indaba ekukhiqizeni kwabo kukhona steel nomthofu.

Ukusebenza izakhi radioactive, babe-alpha noma i-beta umsebenzi wenziwa zokuzivikela igilavu amabhokisi. Esebenzisa ukuphepha collective, futhi zihlanganisa amaqoqo akhethekile iziqukathi ezibekwe imfucumfucu enemisebe. Ngenxa ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza womshini steel, ingilazi organic, kuholele njll

Ukuvikela umphakathi

Ukulandela izingozi ezinkulu ezimbonini ezisebenzisa imithombo izinhlayiya enemisebe, ionizing emisebeni Zingase zande zisakazekele nakwezinye ezindaweni ezinkulu. Ukuvikeleka emisebeni kulokhu siphathelene kuso sonke isibalo sabantu abahlala zone inhlekelele. izinyathelo ezithile kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba silondoloze hhayi kuphela enempilo, kodwa futhi uhlala.

Ukuvikela umphakathi ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene useyakungenisa kumuntu ngamunye izincomo ezithile. Ukuze nokusetshenziswa yabo kufanele kube:

• ukufihla ngemuva ezindongeni indlu efulethini, ukunciphisa kakhulu ezingeni ionizing emisebeni;
• lemigubazi -dense futhi ozimele, kanye ukuvala izimbobo ukuze kuvinjelwe Ukungena izakhi enemisebe kusukela emfudlaneni emoyeni;
• Thenga kakhulu amanzi okuphuza bese uvala Thepha;
• ubambe prophylaxis iodine;
• ukuqoqa izinto, imithi kanye amadokhumenti kuyodingeka, uma kunesidingo, basishiye.

Izindlela Ukuvikelwa ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene lapho sidlula izindawo ezivulekile kuzomele sifake isivikelo zokuphefumula. Ngenxa yale njongo, izindlela ezifana etholakalayo ingasetshenziswa njengendlela ithawula, ucezu izingubo, iduku noma ngebhandeshi gauze okumele oyi-wetted ngamanzi. Ukuvikela imiphumela emibi ngemisebe isikhumba kuyodingeka. Kumelwe kube njengoba izingubo ivaliwe. Elingenamikhono ivikela iyiphi headgear.