Isolezwe: yingozi kubantu. I esiyingozi kakhulu mercury

Ulwazi lokuqala mayelana compounds equkethe mercury behlele kithi kusukela kudala. Aristotle ukhuluma okokuqala ngo-350 BC, kodwa ubufakazi bemivubukulo kubonisa inkathi ngaphambili kwesicelo. Izindawo ezisemqoka ukusetshenziswa mercury babe imithi, ubuciko kanye izakhiwo, ukukhiqizwa izibuko Venetian, ukucutshungulwa metal, nokunye. D. It izici abantu ukuthola kuphela ukuhlola okudingekayo isikhathi esiningi futhi yabulala abantu abaningi. Iqiniso lokuthi mercury kuyingozi nabantu, kusukela kuqale ukusetshenziswa kwalo ezaziwayo. izindlela zanamuhla nezindlela ucwaningo nemiphumela engcono futhi ephephile, kodwa kusekuningi kakhulu lokhu metal abantu namanje abazi.

chemical isici

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-mercury - uketshezi esindayo simhlophe nesiliva, lingelikaJehova insimbi okuye kwabonakala M. V Lomonosovym futhi I. Brown e 1759. Ososayensi baye babonisa ukuthi isimo okuqinile kuyinto kagesi conductive futhi kungenzeka zakhiwa. Mercury (Hydrargyrum, HG) ku Periodic D. I. Mendeleeva has isethi yemiphumela 80, itholakala esikhathini lesithupha, iqembu 2, futhi sihlobana iqeqebana zinc. Ehunyushiwe egameni lesiLatini ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "amanzi esiliva" kusukela Old - "ukuthi unikezele." Ohlukile element isivele iqiniso lokuthi kuphela metal ketshezi, okuyinto ngo imvelo ifomu abahlakazekile bengaba futhi kwenzeka ngesimo compounds. Beka mercury beya phezu kwedwala, - lo mkhuba engenakwenzeka. Izinyo lomhlathi isici mass - 200 / Mol, engaba-athomu - 157 ntambama.

izakhiwo

Ngezinye 20 ^{° C} isisindo ethize mercury kuyinto 13,55 g / ^cm3, inqubo ukuncibilika edingekayo ^mayelana -39 C ukubila - 357 ^{° C,} i-qa -38,89 ° ^C. Ukwandiswa umusi ingcindezi inika okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuhwamuka izinga . Nge lokushisa okwandisa, ngentukuthelo mercury kukhona eziyingozi kakhulu eziphilayo, futhi hhayi amanzi isithiyo noma iluphi olunye uketshezi ngenqubo. impahla Iningi yafuna practice - ukuthola ziyinhlanganisela esenzelwa ngu kokuphela mercury metal. Nge inombolo yayo enkulu ematfuba semiliquid ingxubevange isimo ekuhlanganisweni. Mercury akube kusakhulunywa kalula kusukela kwakwakhe ukuthi isetshenziswa nokuvulwa izinsimbi eziyigugu ezivela emkhandweni wensimbi. Amalgamation kungabi izinsimbi ezifana tungsten yensimbi, molybdenum, vanadium. mercury amakhemikhali - ilungu ngokwanele ukumelana oludlula kalula isimo lwendabuko futhi iphendula nomoya-mpilo kuphela ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu (300 ° ^C). Ngu basabela nge nokonakala acid kwenzeka kuphela nitric acid kanye aqua regia. mercury Metallic is oxidized isibabule noma potassium permanganate. It ngenkuthalo ihlangana halogens (iodine, uxhumano lokudlulisa, fluorine, chlorine) kanye non-izinsimbi (selenium, phosphorus, isibabule). organic compounds nge-carbon-athomu (alkyl-mercury) kuyinto ifomu esitebeleni kunazo futhi imvelo. Methylmercury ubhekwa kwesinobuthi kakhulu compounds organometallic nge iDemo chain links. Kuleli zinga, le ngozi mercury ukuba abantu iba eliphakeme.

Ukuba nemvelo

Uma sicabanga mercury njengoba mineral, okuyinto esetshenziswa izimboni eziningi kanye nezindawo imisebenzi womuntu, it is a metal ezingavamile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi e-ungqimba ebusweni emhlabeni uqweqwe liqukethe% 0.02 kuphela isamba isici wathi. Iningi mercury futhi compounds yayo asezilwandle amanzi abahlakazekile emkhathini. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje abonisa ukuthi wokuqukethwe lelisetulu lesi sici iqukethe isiphuku eMhlabeni. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo isitatimende kwakukhona into okuthiwa "mercury umoya eMhlabeni." Kuyinto ngokuhamba degassing ukuhwamuka ngokwengeziwe ebusweni. The esiphezulu mercury kwekhabhoni zenzeka ngesikhathi nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo. Ngemva kwalokho kwekhabhoni yemvelo kanye eyenziwe kufakwe umjikelezo, okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa kwakwakhe nezinye izakhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle kwemvelo. Inqubo kumiswa nokubuna mercury umusi kahle wafunda, kodwa umbono kungenzeka kakhulu kubhekwa iqhaza kohlobo oluthile amagciwane. Kodwa inkinga eyinhloko esikhathazeka ngayo methyl futhi compounds demitil-esuselwe ukuthi ngenkuthalo kwakheka nemvelo - emkhathini, amanzi (demersal izindawo udaka noma imikhakha ukungcola organic kakhulu) - ngaphandle kweqhaza yelikhono. Methylmercury has ukufana eliphezulu kakhulu nge-molecule begazi. I esiyingozi mercury - ngakho-ke lokhu kungenzeka wayenemfuyo kunoma iyiphi eziphilayo ngenxa Ukungena futhi kalula lithathelwe.

idiphozi

Minerals equkethe mercury futhi mercury seliphindeke izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-100, kodwa ekhuthaza eziyisisekelo esihlinzeka ukukhiqizwa inzuzo kuphuma cinnabar. Ngo iphesenti imigomo, ke ngokohlaka olulandelayo: sulphur 12-14%, 86-88% mercury nowokuzalwa mercury grey imikhando, njll metacinnabarite isikhonzi esikhulu sulfide amaminerali ... Ubukhulu cinnabar zinhlayiya ifinyelela 3-5 cm (esiphezulu), ezivame kakhulu angusayizi 0.1-0.3 mm futhi ingase iqukathe ukungcola zinc, isiliva, i-arsenic ne-like. D. (izakhi 20). ezifakwa Ore emhlabeni kabanzi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-500, amasimu kakhulu elikhiqizayo eSpain, Slovenia, i-Italy, Kyrgyzstan. izindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa izocubungulwa ore: namachibi ashisa kakhulu ukukhulula mercury kanye lokuhlushwa kokuqala impahla kulandele kucutshungulwa CONCENTRATE okuholela.

izicelo

Ngenxa yokuthi ingozi mercury luhlolwe ne-70-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka ke kungagcini isebenza imithi. Okungabalulwa thimerosal esetshenziswa ukongiwa yokugoma. esiliva Amalgam namuhla futhi ezitholakala amazinyo, kodwa ngenkuthalo dengwane lwezimpawu Boneka. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kunazo metal enobungozi iqinile ekudalweni zomculo nokunemba amathuluzi. Mercury evala asetshenziselwa izibani Fluorescent kanye asebenza ngebhethri. Kulokhu, ngempendulo incike ikhava ukukhanya okuxhunyanwa izindlu. Ngenxa esiyingqayizivele ukushisa nomthamo metallic mercury funa ukukhiqizwa ephezulu ukucacisa sokulinganisa zomculo - thermometer. I Alloys esetshenziswa womshini isikhundla izinzwa, amabombo, ukushintsha uphawu, actuators, ama-valve nokunye okunjalo. D. Biocidal upende ngaphambilini zaziqukethe mercury futhi isetshenziselwe ukumboza sikebhe omkhumbi, okuyinto kubavikela ungcolisa. Chemical umkhakha isebenzisa lemiqulu emikhulu usawoti into njengoba ekwandeni ekwabiweni acetaldehyde. Ngo emkhakheni wezolimo calomel sulemu futhi esetshenziselwa ukwelapha imbewu - mercury ewushevu ivikela wokusanhlamvu imbewu izinambuzane. Ngo yokusansimbi, kakhulu befuna ziyinhlanganisela. Mercury compounds avame ukusetshenziswa njengoba kulethe ukukhiqizwa electrolytic chlorine, metal alikhali futhi esebenzayo. Of Gold asebenzayo chemical isici isetshenziselwa ngokucubungula emkhandweni wensimbi. Mercury kanye compounds yayo asetshenziswa ubucwebe, enkulu ekwakhekeni ngezibuko nezingodo ze-aluminiyamu kabusha.

Ubuthi (i-mercury yingozi)

Ngenxa yalokho yomuntu ezenziwe umsebenzi womuntu endaweni esikuyo kwandisa lokuhlushwa ezinobuthi, ukungcola. Into eyodwa ezifana, kuboniswe kweyoku izikhundla kuqala ku virulence kuyinto mercury. I ingozi kubantu of organic compounds kanye wezinto ezingaphili futhi pair yayo. Lokhu ezuziwe ushevu enobuthi kakhulu ukuthi kungaba buthelela emzimbeni womuntu iminyaka noma ukwenza ngesikhathi esifanayo. CNS athintekayo, enzymatic futhi uhlelo hematopoietic, kanye nezinga ubuthi futhi umphumela incike umthamo kanye indlela Ukungena, ubuthi exposure kwakwakhe. Okungalapheki-mercury poisoning (ekuqongeleleni mass abagxeka impahla emzimbeni) libhekene astenovegetativnogo syndromes, iziyaluyalu isimiso sezinzwa. Izimpawu zokuqala kukhona ethuthumela nezinkophe, kalula bese nemilenze, ulimi nomzimba. Nge ukuqhubeka ubuthi wabonakaliswa ukuqwasha, ikhanda, isicanucanu, umsebenzi kahle yokusetshenziswa pheshana emathunjini, neurasthenia, inkumbulo kahle. Uma kukhona mercury umusi elinobuthi, izimpawu nobuntu kukhona nezifo zokuphefumula. Lapho wadalula Okungapheli chemical ejenti ehluleka deducing uhlelo ukuthi kungabangela ukufa.

Ubuthi nge Mercury nosawoti

Indlela esheshayo fudlana kunzima inqubo. Izimpawu: ikhanda, ukunambitheka metallic, nokopha izinsini, stomatitis, kukhuphuke ukuchama phakathi ukunciphisa yayo akusheshi futhi ukumisa okuphelele. Ngo ezinzima kwezinso umonakalo isici, pheshana emathunjini, isibindi. Uma umuntu bayosinda, kuyoba njalo ikhutshaziwe. Isenzo mercury imiphumela kwezulu amaprotheni igazi erythrocyte hemolysis. Against ngemuva zalezi zimpawu kukhona kokulimala isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. i-elementi okunjalo, ezifana mercury ingozi ngoba muntu nganoma iyiphi indlela yokusebenza, nemiphumela ubuthi ungase ungalungiseki: ezithinta wonke umzimba, zingase zibonakale futhi izizukulwane ezilandelayo.

Izindlela Ukungena Ubuthi

Imithombo eyinhloko ubuthi kukhona umoya, amanzi, ukudla. Mercury ungakwazi ukungena ipheshana zokuphefumula ukuhwamuka of material ebusweni. komkhawulokudonsa Good has isikhumba pheshana emathunjini. Ushevu ngokwanele zasemanzini, okuyinto kungangcoliswa esithweni zezimboni equkethe mercury; kudle ukudla okunothe element ikhemikhali bangawathola aphume zinhlobo onegciwane (inhlanzi, inyama). Mercury umusi ubuthi ngokuvamile ngenxa yomsebenzi emsebenzini - non-ukuhambisana idatha ehlobene nokuphepha ku-izakhi zokukhiqiza. Iyathinteka futhi ubuthi endaweni yasekhaya. Lokhu kwenzeka ukusebenza lapho okungafanele amadivayisi futhi amathuluzi equkethe mercury futhi compounds yayo.

Ingozi mercury lokushisa

Ezisetshenziswa kakhulu insimbi yezokwelapha ukunemba - thermometer, itholakala kuzo zonke ekhaya. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zokuphila, abantu abaningi abanayo ukufinyelela compounds enobuthi kakhulu okuyinto zihlanganisa mercury. "Izinga lokushisa sephulwe" - lena isimo kungenzeka iningi ukuxhumana kanye nesihlungu. Iningi bakithi namanje usebenzisa mercury thermometer. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko ukunemba izitatimende zabo futhi bangabethembi zomphakathi ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. Endabeni mercury thermometer umonakalo ingozi elomuntu Yiqiniso, kodwa siyingozi i songo ukungazi enkulu nakakhulu. Uma ngokushesha, ngendlela efanele futhi encomekayo afeze uchungechunge manipulations elula, ukulimala uzobe okubangelwa uma, ubuncane

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isigaba 1

Okokuqala, udinga ukuqoqa wonke izingcezu thermometer ephukile mercury. Lena inqubo kakhulu, kudla isikhathi, kodwa nokusetshenziswa kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho impilo wonke amalungu omkhaya nezilwane. Mayelana nokulahla efanele, kumelwe uthathe embizeni ingilazi, okumele uvalwe ivaliwe. Ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi egunjini ususa zonke abaqashile, kungcono ukuya ngaphandle noma kwelinye igumbi, lapho kukhona kungenzeka of ukupholisa unomphela. Inqubo lokuqoqa mercury droplet asikwazi ukwenziwa usebenzisa vacuum cleaner noma umshanelo. Lesi sakamuva singabangela akuqede ingxenyenamba enkulu metal nokuqinisekisa endaweni enkulu ukusatshalaliswa yabo. Lapho vacuum cleaner usengozini ngesikhathi Ukushisa ngesikhatsi operation injini, umthelela kanye lokushisa ukusheshisa ukuhwamuka we izinhlayiya futhi lokhu zikagesi okungenzeka kwalokho ngeke sisetshenziswe inhloso yazo, kuzobalwa kuphela kufanele ilahlwe.

ukulandelana izenzo

1. Gqoka alahlwayo amagilavu iraba, imaski kuhlinzwa, izicathulo nesembozo noma izikhwama zeplastiki izicathulo.
2. ahlole ngokucophelela indawo lapho lwaphuka lokushisa; uma kungenzeka ukhona mercury ku izindwangu, izingubo, okhaphethi, basuke enqwabelene esikhwameni udoti bese kulahlwa konke eyayakhiwe.
3. Glass izingxenye uya emgqonyeni lelungiselelwe.
4. amathonsi elikhulu mercury usebenzisa ephepheni noma inalidi ukunitha izinaliti eqoqwe ebusweni phansi.
5. Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola flashlight, noma ukuthuthukisa ukukhanyisa egumbini, kubalulekile ukwandisa search for izinhlayiya ezincane (ngenxa umbala metal kulula ukuthola).
6. ahlolisisa izikhala ubulili, amalunga omzimba flooring, baseboards ukuqeda ukusilaphazeka kungenzeka amaconsi amancane.
7. Ezindaweni akude le mercury uya isipetu, okuyinto ke kumele ulahlwe.
8. amaconsi amancane metal kungenziwa ayeba ngethephu enamathelayo, ingcina.
9. Phakathi naso sonke leso sikhathi of isidingo sokushiya endaweni umoya noma ku mgwaqo njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-20.
10. Zonke izinto kumathuluzi aphathekayo elisetshenziswa ukuqoqwa mercury kumele ilahlwe kanye okuqukethwe thermometer.

isinyathelo 2

Ngemva ngokucophelela inhlangano manual kuyadingeka ukwenza chemical processing izindawo. Sebenzisa kungenzeka potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) - isixazululo emakamu eliphezulu (umbala omnyama) e semali ekulindeleke ukuba endaweni ngayo. Ngempela isidingo sokuthi ngisebenzise entsha latex amagilavu kanye buso. Zonke evele iphathwa ikhambi okuholela esebenzisa zidwedwe, nokuba ikhefu, slot uqhekeke nezihlanganiso kangcono zizogcwaliswa isixazululo. Ngezinye 10:00 okungcono olandelayo ukushiya ebusweni ngendlela engcwele. Emva kwalesi sikhathi isixazululo potassium permanganate ukuthi ugeziwe ngamanzi acwebileyo ke zihlanzwe yokuwasha ekhaya nasendaweni ezungezile. Okulandelayo izinsuku 6-7 edingekayo yokwenza angabiki njalo izakhiwo kanye yokuhlanza ezimanzi nsuku zonke. Ukuze uqinisekise ukungabi mercury ungamema ochwepheshe nge imishini ekhethekile lwezifo izikhungo.

ukudakwa Engamakhambi

UBANI uqokomisa 8 izinto eziyingozi kakhulu, okuqukethwe okuyinto emkhathini, ukudla namanzi kumele ngokucophelela elibukhali ngenxa usongo zabo ekuphileni nasempilweni yabantu. Lokhu phambili, cadmium, i-arsenic, ithini, iron, ithusi, zinc kanye, yebo, mercury. Hazard ekilasini data izinto kakhulu, futhi imiphumela ubuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba ayeke ukuzithanda ngokuphelele. I kuwumgogodla ukwelashwa kuyisivikelo womuntu kusuka ukuxhumana okuthuthukile kanye nesihlungu. Lapho nokunensa futhi izimo ze-non-ezingamahlalakhona mercury poisoning is excreted ku endleni, umchamo, umjuluko. umthamo ezinobuthi 0.4 ml, ezibulalayo - 100 mg. Lapho esolwa ukuze uxhumane ushevu kumelwe zisebenze onguchwepheshe ngubani ngesisekelo imiphumela yokuhlolwa ukucacisa degree lokudakwa futhi zibeka yokwelapha.