Ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka emngceleni: umqondo. Ukukhiqizwa amathuba ijika

Izinsiza zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo owodwa, ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kanyekanye ukukhululwa omunye. Ngenxa yokuthi enkulu ekwakhekeni kwe-athikili kuhilela izimali engasetshenziswa ngoba ukudalwa umkhiqizo Y, ukwanda ivolumu ezinye izimpahla Kwakuyohlanganisani ukunciphisa isibalo abanye. Lesi saga sibonisa imikhawulo kwezomnotho - umngcele amakhono ukukhiqizwa ngokukhethekile. Ngokulandelako, cabangela umkhawulo kabanzi.

Uhlolojikelele

Uma le nkinga impahla X amayunithi kudingeka ukuba ayiyeke le ukukhiqizwa ethile umkhiqizo Y, lona wamuva eyonquma izindleko zokukhiqiza elahlekile wokuqala noma izindleko ithuba ongakhetha. Kodwa nganoma iyiphi isimiso sezomnotho akuzona kuphela ecacisiwe izinhlobo zezimpahla, kodwa futhi nabanye abaningi. Kule ndaba, ithuba akalahlekelwanga okunikezwa amayunithi Imininingwane - imali.

Ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka emngceleni: isheduli

Iphoyinti emgqeni ngamunye AE bubonisa indlela izinto kakhulu X Y kungadalwa besebenzisa antulayo ngokugcwele. Lo mugqa - ukukhiqizwa amathuba ijika. Uma zonke iqondiswe ukukhiqizwa umkhiqizo kuqala, bese-ke bayokhululwa E unit, amayunithi alalelwayo - yesibili. Ngezinye iphuzu A, zonke izinsiza uzogxila kukhiqizwe Y umkhiqizo, futhi X ayidaliwe. Kuzo zonke ezinye iziteshi ukuba enze ukukhetha. Kuyadingeka ukucacisa kangakanani ukukhiqiza X umkhiqizo ususe ukukhiqizwa kwe ethile Y. ngalinye line AE iphuzu limelela konke kuvunyelwe isilinganiso udaba ngokusebenzisa zonke izinsiza ezikhona kuya ngokugcwele. Amaphuzu, okuyinto zitholakala ngaphakathi kuwo, iphuzu ukusetshenziswa ongaphelele semali esikhona. Konke lokho okuzako ngaphandle kwemingcele amandla ukukhiqizwa emnothweni ubhekwa ongenakuwufinyelela imali inikezwe kwezinsiza.

Ukucaciswa imiqondo

Ukukhiqizwa amathuba ijika ibonisa amalungiselelo eliyisisekelo 4. Yena ukhomba ezintulayo, isidingo ukwenza ukukhetha, ukutholakala izindleko amathuba elahlekile futhi ukwandisa nge ukwanda umthamo lezimpahla okukhiphayo. Lapho ezihambayo ngasemngceleni nezici kwesokudla phansi, ukushintsha kanjalo yokukhiqiza isakhiwo esivuna kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, kwandisa umthamo kwezimpahla Y, okuyindawo ukuwenqaba. Isinqumo njengoba kanjani ukukhiqiza, inikeza ukuze kufezwe kahle commercial noma zobuchwepheshe - kokudala imikhiqizo indlela eshibhe. Ukuqaliswa inkinga umthengi - impendulo yombuzo othi, "ngoba labo ukukhiqiza" futhi "ukuthi ungasabalalisa imikhiqizo '- kudinga isilinganiso elikhulu ukubuya ku ukulingana nokusatshalaliswa. Lesi sakamuva kubhekwa lekumele azuzwe lapho esebenzisa ukuhanjiswa ingcebo kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomuntu, ngaphandle kokuzwana ngokulisa okhunye izinga lempilo omunye. Lomgomo ubizwa ngokuthi Pareto kahle. Kusetshenziswa izimiso ukusatshalaliswa umrholo ngebanga lokuqatjhwa iqhaza inqubo ukukhiqizwa incike:

• nokugqugquzela osomabhizinisi;
• ngokwezinga zokukhiqiza zomsebenzi supply.

Inkinga wobulungisa

Kwenzeka kuhlanganise nempikiswano esebenza allocative enqubeni yokuxazulula le nkinga iyabheda umthengi. Kunemibono ezimbili kulolu daba. Ukubuka kuqala kusikisela ukuthi njengoba ngesisekelo yokuba nobulungisa, ukulingana abameli. Sikhuluma isimo lapho bonke inzuzo wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu kwemikhiqizo basakaza ngokulinganayo emphakathini. Ngokusho komunye umbono, ukusatshalaliswa angabhekwa fair lapho ihlonishwa izimo endaweni yangasese, futhi akukho ubulili nokubandlululana ngokobuhlanga. Lesi simo kunomthelela kwetinhlavu amathuba alinganayo, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhudlwana nokulingana engenayo. Nokho, kulesi simo iholo eliphansi akudingeki impahla kanye namalungu anamandla umphakathi futhi kufanele aqaphele "fair".

Inkinga yokuntuleka kwezimali

Banikezwe ngenhla, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukukhiqizwa emngceleni - ngumkhawulo lapho kuba khona isidingo lokuzikhethela. Le nkinga, eqinisweni, limelela umncintiswano phakathi kwezinjongo ukusetshenziswa okunye izinqalasizinda eziyingcosana. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izingqinamba kwezomnotho - emngceleni ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka, eshodayo - kukhona inkinga eyinhloko emkhakheni kwezomnotho. Ukuphumelelisa kahle kule ukusetshenziswa kwempahla itshe esivivaneni izinqumo ezimayelana nokuthi yiziphi izimpahla kanye namasevisi, ngezinga elingakanani kumele kukhiqize ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukene. Kule ndaba, izici ezimbili:

1. Production kahle, elikuvumela ukuthola indlela ukukhiqiza izimpahla.

2. Ukukhiqiza ekusakazeni imisebenzi, elingafunwa futhi kungakanani ukukhiqiza.

Umthetho okwandisa ithuba izindleko

He kubhekwa omunye eyisisekelo kunazo zonke ekuphatheni uhlelo. Ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka emngceleni ebonisa ukuthi Ukukhishwa ngamunye umkhiqizo ezengeziwe kukhona ukuthambekela okwandayo ithuba izindleko. Umthelela mthetho kungenxa ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento interchangeability ngokuphelele kwezimali. Ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka emngceleni obukhomba heterogeneity amafa. Akuwona wonke amathuluzi kungaba lula ngokulinganayo ukushintshela komunye umkhiqizo ukukhululwa yokukhiqiza lomunye.

izixazululo ezingenzeka

Izinto ezichazwe ngenhla, okhombisa emngceleni ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka. Okwakushiwo kwezomnotho ibhizinisi ukuzama ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi nge inzuzo enkulu. Nokho, izimo emakethe elokhu ivela, nawu umbuzo: "Unganyakazisa emngceleni ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka?" Kuyinto real. Ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka emngceleni kungaba ephakeme, inqobo nje uma:

1. Ukwandisa isamba semali esikhona ukuba izwe.

2. Ukuphelela ubuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza.

3. Ukuthuthukiswa inhlangano umsebenti wetemnotfo.

4. wekuhlanganisa abantu basebenze kanzima.

Zonke yalezi zindlela zinamagama ezithile:

• indlela Olubanzi. Linikeza ukunwetshwa imithombo.
• indlela olunzulu. Phakathi nohlaka yayo yenziwa ekusetshenzisweni kwempahla.
• izindlela Non-kwezomnotho. Kusekelwe kumiswa izimo zokusebenza ngokweqile kucindezela ngaphandle kucatshangelwa izithakazelo nentando wesibalo sabantu. Le ndlela ungase luholele ukubhujiswa okuphelele zomsebenzi izimpahla ukuthi ayatholakala emphakathini. Lokhu, neqhaza yokuthi emngceleni ukukhiqizwa kungenzeka ukuthi futhi ngezansi.

Ukusetshenziswa eliphelele amafa

Kwimodi kwezomnotho, esigcwele zonke izindawo kungenzeka yokukhiqiza inhlanganisela imikhiqizo ezimbili zitholakala emngceleni amandla okukhiqiza. Uma wonke umphakathi uzochitha ku ukudalwa ezidayiswayo, kungase uzithola ivolumu esiphezulu, nakuba benqaba ukuba ngokugcwele kusukela yokuzilibazisa ngezinga elingakanani. Ukusebenzisa nesisetshenziswa esifanayo futhi inqubo ingafinyelela esiphezulu yi reverse. Kulo mBhalo, lo mphakathi izoba baphilela umkhakha yokuzilibazisa ngezinga elingakanani. Phakathi kwalezi zimo ezimbili kukhona inqwaba inhlanganisela ukwaba izinsiza futhi kwelinye, kanye nasemkhakheni yesibili. Nganoma yingasiphi ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo ezingaphezu kweyodwa, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ivolumu nezinye, akunakwenzeka. Inombolo ukukhiqizwa ezidayiswayo nokungcebeleka sphere akuzona kuphela enye, kodwa futhi ukwenza njenge nezilandiso ngaphakathi izinsiza eziyindlala.

isiphetho

Umphakathi okungukuthi njengamanje kumkhawulo omkhulu umthamo zokukhiqiza, ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwempahla, angeke kanyekanye ukwandisa ivolumu ezidayiswayo kanye nezinsizakalo umkhakha. Lokhu into abayifunayo ngokuya sokukhula komnotho. Endabeni ngokwengxenye umthamo ukusetshenziswa noma ukungabi khona komsebenzi ngesikhathi inhlanganisela ezahlukene ongakhetha ukukhishwa kwezimpahla kungukuthi ubekwe umugqa izinguquko, futhi ngaphakathi kuwo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwempahla aphelele kungandisa ivolumu ukukhiqizwa ezindaweni ezimbili ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa.

Ekuphetheni

Esimeni semakhaya emnothweni emisha izindlela zocwaningo bendabuko neoclassical izinqubo ukukhiqizwa isibe okungalungile ngoba nomqondo umsebenzi nokungcebeleka abe zezinkulumo kunalokho esilufifi. Kule ndaba, njengoba isayensi igunya okufanele umkhonze ngcono ezikhona kanye nokuthuthukisa amasha onobuhle wezabasebenzi i ekwakhekeni, umqondo ngokunengqondo anokuhambisana lephelele. Kufanele sibonakalise izitayela ekuthuthukisweni komnotho welizwe ezintsha yohlobo yesimanje. Kuyinto, okokuqala kunakho konke, cabangela ushintsho kwenzeka ohlelweni kwezidingo zomphakathi. Kumayelana ekufezeni ukwaneliseka ngezidingo ezingokwenyama egqamisa izidingo zomphakathi, ukuphishekela iSilekeleli Sokwazisa futhi yokuzibeka yomuntu. Ngenxa yalezi rearrangements eyayibaluleke nakakhulu waqala ukuthola izici ze-non-malini ubuhlobo emakethe yezabasebenzi. Lezi zihlanganisa okokuqala kwezithelo zonke izimo kanye nokuqukethwe umsebenzi, ematfuba ekukhula professional kanye zokudala iSilekeleli Sokwazisa yabasebenzi senqubo yokukhiqiza. Konke lokhu kunomthelela obalulekile ngevolumu okukhipha, isisusa ukuthi ukushayela osomabhizinisi, baphoqeleka ukuba ngcono izinqubo, liqalise ezintsha uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi. Konke lokhu, sekusilethela ukunwetshwa umthamo ukukhiqizwa nokuphathwa ushintsho izinhlelo ezingeni elisha.