Ukukhula komnotho, izinhlobo zayo kanye izici yentuthuko

Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, ithuthukiswe imiqondo eminingi sokukhula komnotho, nalokho okugcizelelwe main ivuliwe ukuhlonza isici esithile isofthiwe kakhulu futhi izici zayo ngazinye kohlelo. nokukhula komnotho ukwanda ohlelweni ukukhiqiza yezwe, kuphumele i ukwanda GDP futhi umkhiqizo nenetha kuma-ibhizinisi. Kwezinye izimo, kungase kuthathe indawo ngaphandle ukushintsha okuphawulekayo endleleni zokukhiqiza, kwabanye - sihambisane nentuthuko okuphawulekayo Isakhiwo nemisebenzi lonke uhlelo zokukhiqiza.

Komnotho yohlobo yokuqala libhekene nokwanda okuphawulekayo izinsiza zezomnotho - ukukhiqizwa kwe imigwaqo emisha, amabhizinisi, izitshalo amandla. Lolu hlobo unegama - komnotho ebanzi. Eyesibili Luhlobo luni lokwanda ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhula okusheshayo, kulesi simo, nokukhula kwe-GDP zishesha ngaphezu kokusabela kwezizwe ukwanda isibalo izinsiza zezomnotho etholakalayo. Nokho, esikhundleni salokho, ukukhula komnotho eqinile ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu umphakathi uphephile, kwathatha kunzima kakhulu.

Izindlela umthelela ngokukhula komnotho kuyizimbangela nenkhulumombiko. Lapho lo mugqa libizwa zezici ukudala ithuba lokukhula. Direct supply izici:

• ikhwalithi inani lemithombo yemvelo;
• izinga nobungako bezithelo wezisebenzi;
• ubuchwepheshe kanye nenhlangano ukukhiqizwa;
• inani capital;
• ukuthuthukiswa amakhono ebhizinisi kanye nezinga labo emphakathini wanamuhla.

izici engaqondile ihlanganisa izimo evumela ukuba uqaphele izimfanelo kungenzeka sokukhula komnotho. Ngokuthi izici engaqondile ukunikezela ukusatshalaliswa:

• sezulu intela emnothweni;
• nokuncipha degree of monopolization yemakethe;
• ukuphumelela esikweletu yasebhange uhlelo;
• ukukhula umthengi, uhulumeni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali utshalomali;
• kungenzeka kabusha izinsiza ezimbonini emnothweni;
• ukunwetshwa ukuthekelisa ukudiliva;
• okusebenza distribution ingeniso.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhula komnotho olunzulu kubhekwa uhlobo kakhulu okulula ukukhula, inikeza ngempela indlela elula ijubane ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, futhi ikuvumela ukuba sifinyelele ngokushesha ukwanda yokusimamisa umnotho wezwe. ukukhula Olubanzi cishe njalo kwandulelwe ukukhula olunzulu. Lona ezibaluleke kakhulu izinkomba kwezomnotho ukukhula, basuke eduze okwakuthandelene futhi obaluleke ngokukhethekile for ukugcwaliseka egcwele ezingase zibe ukukhiqizwa.

Kuze kube manje, kunezinkolelo-mbono ezimbili ucishe ngenxa nezinga lokukhula kwezomnotho: Keynesian kanye neoclassical. Bobabili eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma sokukhula komnotho ube imibono ngokuphelele ezahlukene mayelana nesimo somnotho kuleli zwe. Neoclassicism ukholelwa ukuthi indlela emakethe, bakwazi ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga ezikhona kuleli lizwe. Keynesians yena, baphikisa ngokuthi indlela emakethe uyephuza kakhulu futhi kungabangela emnothweni ezingeni elisha namanje eside.

ithiyori Keynesian kulandele ohulumeni abaningi ngemva kwempi, kodwa njengoba ukukhula kwezomnotho ezingeni elilandelayo, ukuthola izici ezimbi zishukumisa funa ekuhlanganisweni. Isiphakamiso akakwazanga ukuhambisana nesidingo eqolo kakhulu, amanani steel vuka izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ithathe ngezabelo elishaqisayo. Ngakho-ke, Eighties zaziphawuleka ngokungabi yokuthi emazweni amaningi ziye zaphendukela ekucwaningeni yokuma neoclassical.

Ukwahlulela iqiniso ukuthi izinkinga zokukhula komnotho nentuthuko kanye nokukhula Russian nizuza okwandisa ukubaluleka esikhathini esizayo kungenzeka ukuchuma ngokuphelele iziqondiso ezintsha emhloleni ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza, sifinyelele abafumana ukukhula komnotho, kanti ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda impahla inhlalakahle izakhamuzi Russian.