Izifo Bee nokwelashwa kwazo. magciwane of isifuba

Tinhlobo letehlukene izinyosi zifo inkinga yangempela zonke beekeeper. Ngeshwa, iningi labo namanje akwaziwa. Kulokhu, izimpawu zezifo eziningi lezinyosi Inkulumo bright is hhayi libhekene, futhi ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama ukuze abone kubo kunzima ngempela. Lokhu, kungaholela ekulahlekelweni amashumi imikhaya ngenxa ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ukuxilongwa ngendlela efanele usaqala.

Okuvame kakhulu izifo bee nokwelashwa kwazo

Kuze kube manje, abalimi baye bayishiya lenqwaba zilwane eziqinile futhi aqine la mabhungane. Abaningi babo kungenziwa buhlanjululwe kuhlanganise eRussia. Ukuze zonke izinhlobo izifo ezinhlobo yesimanje lezinyosi, ngenhlanhla, ezinzile angabacwasi. Nokho, ezinye izifo, ngeshwa, kusengenzeka senziwe apiaries, futhi kaningi.

Impendulo ezivamile yombuzo ngalokho izinyosi abagulako apiaries yilezi:

• Varroa;

• foulbrood Melika nawaseYurophu;

• nosema;

• askosferoz.

Zonke lezi zifo anobungozi futhi kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa umkhiqizo emindenini. Ukwelashwa zibaleka varroatosis, foulbrood, isifo nosema nezinye izifo kumele kuqale ngokushesha emva ukuthola izimpawu zokuqala. It zingenziwa ngokusebenzisa kokubili izidakamizwa ezimbonini kanye amakhambi abantu.

Izimbangela Varroa KWAMAGUNDANE

Lokhu kwaba izifo eziyingozi futhi ezivamile kakade ebhaliwe amakhulu ezincwadi. Walibiza ngokuthi ngomnikelo omncane Varroa destructor, silwanyana phezu ukusebenza izinyosi, drones, izibungu futhi iziphungumangathi. Ezweni lethu, lesi sifo kwase kuqala bodokotela ngo-1964 futhi kuze kube manje yikho okuvame kakhulu kuleli apiaries.

Varroa ukutheleleka kwenzeka nabo izilwane ziphilile ogulayo. Ezimweni eziningi lokhu yenziwe yaba khona ukweba uju izinyosi ezivela kwezinye apiaries ukubekwa sisondele kakhulu we isifuba uma uvakashela zinambuzane izitshalo ezifanayo uju.

Izimpawu main

Kubonisa sifo, ngeshwa, hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. izibonakaliso zakhe kuqala kungabonwa kuphela ngemva konyaka noma emibili emva kokutheleleka. Izimpawu ezisemqoka varroatosis:

• ukuvela emndenini kwezilwane ugly;

• emaciation lezinyosi;

• lesion ingxenye Nzalo evulekile (izibungu ukubola);

• inombolo enkulu izibungu efile ebhodini ezifudukayo.

Visual ukuhlolwa izinambuzane kungatholakala kalula futhi umkhaza kakhulu.

Indlela ukuqeda le kwezidleke zezinyosi Varroa destructor

Ukwelashwa lezinyosi kusukela varroatosis - inqubo nzima ngempela. Ezinye izindlela abantu kuleli cala ngokuvamile akwanele. Njengoba kuthiwa nomphumela oqabulayo kule isifo ukukhiqiza ngokuyisisekelo kuphela imikhiqizo ekhethekile ezimbonini. Phezu ukuthola we elinegciwane abafuyi bezinyosi kwezidleke zezinyosi imikhaya Varroa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu esebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili:

• amitrazovye;

• fluvalinatovye.

amitraz Isekelwe wenza imithi eminye esebenza ngempumelelo ezifana "Aqua-Flo", "Bipin-T" futhi "Apimaks". imiyalelo Bee ngokusetshenziswa lezi zimali oluphakeme elula. Umthelela banayo muhle kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa fluvalinate ukwenza izidakamizwa ezifana "Api-San", "Varropol", "Fumisan".

Ngaphezu izidakamizwa ethize, ukwelapha zibaleka varroatosis wayevame ukusebenzisa futhi formic acid. Lokhu kusho phezulu nohlaka iphathwa. Vaporized, formic acid ukubulala izibungu e bee Nzalo ngisho.

Izidakamizwa "Bipin-T": yokusetshenziswa

It is a ithuluzi esetshenziswa varroatosis izinyosi kaningi. Isetshenziselwa entwasahlobo noma ekwindla lapho kungekho Nzalo emikhayeni. Ukuze izidakamizwa ukwelashwa buhlanjululwe 1 ml 2 amalitha amanzi afudumele. Umphumela uketshezi Milky emhlophe. Le isixazululo ngasondelana ku isipetu waphuzisa izinga esiphithizelayo 10 ml ngayinye yomgwaqo eyodwa. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-7, le nqubo siphindiwe. Ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle, ukwelashwa okungcono eyenziwa kabili - kanye ngemva kokuvuna uju, okwesibili - ngaphambi isiteji imindeni ebusika.

"Bipin-T", yokusetshenziswa okuyinto Ngakho elula, hhayi esetshenziselwa isifuba esingaphansi 3-4 ezitaladini.

Kusho "Apimaks": ungasifaka kanjani isicelo

Yiqiniso, "Bipin-T" - akulona ethandwa kuphela phakathi abafuyi bezinyosi imithi. Nokwelashwa varroatosis nezinye izifo (isib nosema, askosferoza, foulbrood) - lokhu kuphambene okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ngokuvamile izidakamizwa "Apimaks" lisetshenziswa. imiyalelo Bee ukusetshenziswa kanje:

• 0.1 l namafutha kufanele exutshwe 10 amalitha isixazululo ushukela (50%);

• ingxube wafakwa udinga ukubeka esebenza ngogesi akhethekile wababeka isidleke.

Melika nawaseYurophu foulbrood: kubangela ukutheleleka

Libuye isifo evame kakhulu izinyosi. Futhi imithi yabo, kanye nokuvinjelwa aphethwe ubuchwepheshe ezithile, ukwazi ukuthi ubophekile zonke beekeeper. I-ejenti causative of foulbrood American igciwane Bacillus izibungu, European - Melissococcus plutonius. Impikiswano lwegciwane lokuqala ingaqhubeka namandla iminyaka eminingi. Lezi ziphungumangathi zasondela abafileyo bona, isibonelo, ahlale ephila iminyaka engu-30. I-ejenti causative of foulbrood European bafe ngokushesha. Ngakho, izingubo beekeeper angakwazi ukuphila hhayi ningi than izinsuku 95. izinambuzane Adult zombili lezi zinhlobo amagciwane aziphazamiseki. foulbrood Sick Melika nawaseYurophu izibungu kuphela.

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu ukutheleleka kulokhu yilezi:

• ukuntshontshwa bacimeka njengomlilo wameva;

• ukudluliselwa ezinhlamvu izinambuzane ezincane;

• Udla uju ingcoliswe;

• ukusebenza esidlekeni ngezandla ezingcolile.

Izimpawu zesifo

Izimpawu ezisemqoka we foulbrood Melika nawaseYurophu yilezi:

• khona inani elikhulu izibungu efile kumaseli;

• khona ingxube ezingemnandi viscous ezansi iseli;

• ukuhwalala wax cappings futhi ukubukeka izimbobo kuzo.

Gniltsovye bee izifo (nokwelashwa kwazo, kanye nokuvinjelwa - inqubo icala) kungaba ihlonzwe kuhlanganise discolouration we izibungu integument.

ukwelashwa

Lahla ebolile ngosizo izidakamizwa ayinakuba nje. Iqiniso lokuthi le mpikiswano Amagciwane amakhemikhali ungabhubhisi. Ngakho-ke, kuphela magciwane of isifuba ngokuhlanganyela imithi esiza ukunqoba ngempumelelo lezi zifo lezinyosi. Futhi imithi yabo, kanye nokuvinjelwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuzomele sifake imisebenzi elandelayo:

• ukudalwa izimo ekuvimbeleni sporulation;

• ukucutshungulwa kusho isifuba, abhubhise ezinhlamvu.

Njengoba umuthi wokwelapha bee amakoloni kusukela foulbrood ezisetshenziswa:

• sulfathiazole;

• norsulfazol;

• tetracycline;

• erythromycin.

Isetshenziswa lezi izindlela ezingase ngesimo ukumiswa ku ushukela isiraphu, powder noma isixazululo ezivamile.

Ukubulala amagciwane isifuba itheleleke nge foulbrood, owazenza formaldehyde (4 noma 10%). Kulokhu, izingxenye zensimbi okwenziwa ngu wamalangabi. Izingubo ngemuva kokuvakashela beekeeper kwezidleke zezinyosi kumele steamed amaminithi angu-30. Izinqubo efanayo abavame ukusebenza kanye nokuvinjelwa foulbrood.

Izimbangela ukutheleleka isifuba nosema

Lesi sifo kuvamile kakhulu apiaries, ngemuva engasekelwa ngiphatheke kahle kakhulu ngemuva. Kubangela nosema izinyosi, okuyinto ukwelashwa wenziwa kulula ukudlula foulbrood noma, isibonelo, varroatosis igciwane Nosema API. Uhlala andise ngokuyinhloko udoti izinyosi ogulayo. Izimbangela ukutheleleka ngokuvamile nosema isidleke:

• umswakama ngaphakathi esidlekeni;

• ukushoda impova entwasahlobo;

• ukudla engahloliwe.

Futhi ezibanga izifo izinyosi ungase Rainy sezulu kunomoya ehlobo nasebusika, ngokuphazima kweso lapho izinga lokushisa.

izimpawu nosema

ifomu esicashile izimpawu isifo liphinyiselwe akuyona. Kulokhu, lo mkhaya ngokuvamile nje esesibuthaka, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze esikhundleni kwesibeletho. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi ku apiaries namanje uhlangabezana acute ifomu nosema. Izinyosi kulokhu:

• Balahlekelwa ikhono fly;

• e isidumo ukusebenzisa ku esidlekeni;

• ukuqala eningi khona;

• uhudo.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lapho kuqala lezi zibonakaliso izinambuzane ayafa.

ukwelashwa nosema

Ukuze ulwe sifo kwezidleke zezinyosi:

• izinyosi ukusuthisa ukunikeza inhlama ushukela lizwakalise ngemithi elwa namagciwane kuso;

• ubuyekeze labantu, oqeda isifuba queens abasha.

Zonke lezi zindlela esikhathini kunalokho esifushane ukuqeda ozala ezifana izifo eziyingozi njengoba nosema izinyosi. nokwelashwa kwayo ndlela iphumelela kakhulu lapho kusetshenziswa ama-antibiotic "fumagillin-B."

Izizathu askosferozom ukutheleleka

Lesi sifo kubangela ukhunta esidlekeni Ascosphaera API. Uyalimaza at izibungu iningi drones eneminyaka engu-3 kuya ku-4 izinsuku. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa integument yangaphandle. Izibungu kanye ukhunta imila emzimbeni yabo angabe esakwazi nokunwebeka, afe futhi yomile. Avuse lesi sifo fungal unga:

• ubuthakathaka umndeni;

• Ukupholisa nokunwetshiwe at umswakama high.

Izimpawu eyinhloko lesi sifo

Chaza ukuthi askosferozom isidleke elinegciwane can ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:

• ukufa mass of izibungu emva moult zokugcina;

• "Kugedlezela" uzwakale amaseli uphawu (ngenxa izibungu omisiwe).

Indlela esiphatha ngayo askosferoz

Usizo ukhunta Ascosphaera itheleleke ama-API isidleke babe ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa kusaladi isinambuzane ushukela equkethe oluyimpuphu ukulungiselela "nystatin". Ungathenga ngokuvakashela cishe kunoma iyiphi ukufuywa esitolo ke. Kuba yisikhathi futhi lapho ikhambi kuhle lesi sifo kubhekwa Yarrow (powder bahlakazeka emigwaqweni).

isifo Prevention

Ukuze ugweme ukusabalala yinoma iziphi izifo, le kwezidleke zezinyosi Yiqiniso, kufanele kuqala athobele nezidingo ukukhucululwa kwendle nenhlanzeko. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa:

• ukubekwa efanele iningi kwezidleke zezinyosi;

• magciwane yayo ngezikhathi;

• inhlanzeko yokudla.

Ungawenza kanjani enezidleke zezinyosi kahle

Okuvame kakhulu izifo bee futhi imiphumela yezimpawu zayo, futhi imithi yabo - lena yinto esiphila uye wasebenzelana ngenhla ngokuningiliziwe. Kodwa-ke, kungcono uzame ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ku kwezidleke zezinyosi nhlobo, kunalokho ukuzama ukuze kuqedwe ke. Vikela izinyosi ezifweni kungenzeka, kuhlanganise, bese ukhetha endaweni efanele in the isifuba. Sungula umndeni kufanele kuqala ukuvala uju iqoqo, eliqukethe akukho amakhemikhali anobuthi noma nezinye izinto eziyingozi ukuze izinambuzane.

Ububanzi Pasechnaya indawo uqobo 2-3 km. Le ndawo, ngaphezu icebile uju iqoqo, kufanele kuhambisane ukungabi khona ukusabalala okungenzeka isifo foci:

• imizimba omkhulu wamanzi;

• imigwaqo emikhulu;

• farmyards.

Ukuhlanzeka Yokudla

Ebusika, ukubeka izinyosi yokuhamba 25-30 kg uju. Futhi esidlekeni kumele zibe khona uma isamba impova okwanele. Ehlobo izinyosi kumele baqinisekise ukufinyelela okulula amanzi. Thela it ngokuvamile ezitsheni ezikhethekile ukuphuza ezifakiwe eduze esidlekeni.

magciwane

Le nqubo wenziwa avame ekwindla, emva flyby. Njengoba ayefa zokukhipha igciwane yonke insimbi lokhuni amathuluzi, kuhlanganise isifuba ngokwabo. Olwandulelayo zonke izinto ziphathwe, ukukuthinta suds. Kugcine okulungiselelwe abilayo isixazululo umlotha (1 ihora. 2 amahora. Water). Ukuze siqhube nokuvinjelwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ku kwezidleke zezinyosi futhi kungase bee uvakashele esitolo uthenge isixazululo formalin (1%) noma ufake i iodine monochloride (1%). Isifuba emva ukugeza nge noma iyiphi kulezi ejenti zidluliselwa emzileni. Lapho omile, bese uqhubekela phambili ekwelapheni langempela obulala amagciwane izindlela.

Ukubulala amagciwane isifuba metal bese kwetfulwa lokhuni ngokuvamile nenye i-hydrogen peroxide (10%) kanye formic acid (0.5%). Icubungula izindlela eziveza kabili ngezikhawu 1 ihora. Ukulungiselela yesixazululo ngokuphelele olufuthwe nge imishini kanye isifuba. Ngemva 4 chasa zonke izinto iphathwa ngamanzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvimbela ukubhebhetheka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ekwindla kwezidleke zezinyosi idingekile ukuze magciwane nomhlabathi ngaphansi kwalezo isifuba lapho iziguli babebhekwa ehlobo izinyosi. Kulokhu, a bleach (38%) ngesilinganiso 5 kg 1 m sikwele. I waphatha lona lisho phansi kufanele amba kumuntu ka 5 cm ukujula.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Ngakho, sifunyanwa yiziphi izifo ezivame kakhulu izinyosi. Futhi imithi yabo kanye nokuvinjelwa kumele kwenziwe ngokuvumelana ubuchwepheshe ezithile. Ukuqeda ukutheleleka e beehive ngokuvamile yibo bobabili antibiotic magciwane ngokuphelele. Ingasetshenziselwa ukuba ulwe nezifo bee futhi amakhambi abantu. Nokho, ngekusebentisa emasu lafana kufanele ngokuyisisekelo kuphela njengenhlangano adjunct ekwelashweni okuningi amalungiselelo ezimboni ngempumelelo.