Ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow. History of the izinsuku isakhiwo

Kuyinto imfihlo ukuthi isikhathi eside e-Russia emzini inkomba Iphuzu liwukuthi ukwakhiwa sesonto lobu-Orthodox. Kwakuwusuku ngesisekelo indawo ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe lamiswao endaweni lapho izinsalela saint. Futhi zifanekisela "enkabeni yedolobha." Futhi igama saint waba "igama imfihlo" kwalesi sigodi.

Futhi-ke, kulokhu, okunabileko kuba mbuzo ngendaba, futhi hlobo luni into "yenkolo" lwaluvelele lapho kwakuvela eMoscow. Njalo Russian Kungadingeka ukwazi ukuthi lokhu Cathedral of kweNyuka, esisogwini Insimu Cathedral Square yenhloko-dolobha. Nokho, it has elinye igama - Cathedral of kweNyuka of Our Lady. Akwaziwa phezu izinsalela saint Yakhiwa itshe elimhlophe. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow, kwaba akuwona umcimbi ngesikhathi osithandayo, asikwazi imibuzo. Futhi konke kwaqala kanjani?

Umlando sokudalwa

Uyaphawuleka futhi kwadingeka umlando ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow. Ekuqaleni, ekhulwini le-12, endaweni yayo khona isonto abavamile lokhuni.

Ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, Prince Daniil Aleksandrovich lokuqala okuhleliwe ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow. Futhi wakwazi ukuqaphela umqondo wakhe umkhuba. Kodwa ngemva yingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka umlandeli wakhe wanquma ukwakha ibandla elisha. Futhi uye belulekwa Metropolitan of Kiev All Russia uPetru. Sanquma ukuthi into agugile endaweni alo kumelwe entsha. Futhi kungaba ukungazi omkhulu akazi impendulo yombuzo: "Ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow, okuyinto kwenziwa ngaphansi Prince 'futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyinto sibalo ezinkulu zomlando. Ingabe uwukuthi ngeke ukwandisa imingcele isimo Russian futhi wanikeza wenqaba yokugcina "Golden zidlamlilo." Labo abanothando lolu lwazi, kulula ukuba bangazi ukuthi yini omunye umbusi iye waqala ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow. Lapho Prince Ivan 3 ngokwemvelo. Futhi umbusi Russian esichithwa le phrojekthi imali eningi. Kodwa ngemva kokusebenza yayo Belokamennaya kusukela iphuzu ezakhiwo buka, kakhulu weza wasondela emadolobheni ezifana Kiev futhi uVladimir.

Ukuguqulwa Sample

Ngokuqinisekile umuntu abangakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo othi: "Ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow: nabo liqala," has nakancane lokho uhlobo into bokwakha sathathwa njengoba isisekelo kokwakhiwa kwethempeli eyinhloko-dolobha.

Futhi Okwamanje kungaba alengayo ubizwe art yobukhulu isakhiwo. Kuyinto mayelana emzini Cathedral Yuriev-Polsky St George sika. Lesi sakamuva lakhiwa Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich ngo-1234. Ngasekuqaleni kwale ndawo sported Isonto St George, owawusegqumeni liyithuluzi eliyinhloko isisekelo edolobheni Yuriev-Polish.

Isigaba sokuqala

Qala yokwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow abekade 1472. Ithempeli ubudala ngesikhathi adiliza, futhi abakhi waqala ukwakhiwa sakhiwo esisha. Kodwa ngo-1474 ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka esikhathini itshe elimhlophe. Leli thempeli, etholakala esigabeni ukwakhiwa, lithole ukulimala. Ivan 3 ngaphambilini ukuqaqa ukuthi iphethwe ukwakha bese uqale lonke futhi. Umsebenzi kufanele senenze abaklami kusukela Pskov - Myshkin futhi Krivtsov.

Kungaziphi izizathu Wenqabile abaklami yethu?

Nokho, benqaba lesi sicelo. Kungani? Omunye yezindaba zemihla ngemihla uthi "bayo" weRiphabhulikhi ezimele nje wesaba lokufeza ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow (yobudala - 13) ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi umsebenzi uqobo. Nokho, ikhumbula emaweni inhliziyo isikhulu isiRashiya, kule kunzima ukukukholwa. Kumele kube khona esinye futhi isizathu esenza mlando iyihlanganise ne baqede, okungase "ngokokuziphatha 'ukuze simelane kuphela Italian Aristotle Fioravanti. Iqiniso ukuthi umkhandlu okwagcina yakhelwe kowezizwe kusukela umbono bokwakha Russian ukugujwa amasiko kwenziwa cishe ngokuphelele.

Into kuphela ungaqiniseki - lena izinsalela ongcwele. Mhlawumbe kwakukhona izizathu ezizwakalayo zokukholelwa ukuthi ukuphila 'Ukuphumula' kwabo amandla angakaNkulunkulu umuntu owasihola neze ngendlela elungile zokuphila. Ngakho UZandile Poleolog eshada Ivan 3, baletha naye njengoba nenkolo izinto isipho eziningi. Futhi uma sicabanga ukuthi ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa lombhishobhi lapho yashintsha izinsalela ke, ikhumbula izimiso lwekutfutfukisa kazwelonke, ukushintsha "igama mfihlo" futhi ngaleyo ndlela "isiphetho" kwalesi sigodi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izazi-mlando zithi nje ngaphansi Ivan 3 ngentshiseko ngokwayo ishintshile ukuthuthukiswa isigqi wezwe.

owezizwe

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa Sofya Paleolog nomkakhe athonya imvelo wendawo nokwakhiwa kwezindlu kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow ababulawa wezakhiwo "phesheya". It is ngokukhethekile wathumela izithunywa Italy, ngakho bagqugquzela waziyisa elimhlophe-itshe ovelele unjiniyela Italian Aristotle Fioravanti, ngubani wayedume ukukwazi ukuhambisa umbhoshongo insimbi ezweni lakubo. Ngokushesha wezakhiwo kwezilwandle iza elimhlophe-itshe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukwakhiwa isivakashi angaphandle sesonto lobu-Orthodox kwaba ngokuphelele into entsha. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale, Fioravanti uhambo uVladimir ukuze simazi kangcono izakhiwo bokwakha Russian. Master wanquma okokuqala yenza ukuhlolwa phrojekthi futhi ngakhulela eduze Andronikov Monastery brickyard.

Ngemva kokuba kwakuqale umsebenzi walo omkhulu, inkokhelo ukuze okwakukhona ruble 10 ngenyanga.

ingxenye yezakhiwo

Ngakho, u-Aristotle Fioravanti ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow aqala ngo 1475. Inqubo ukwakhiwa into eyathatha iminyaka emine

Ngokwesibonelo we wobuciko entsha yezakhiwo sathathwa Assumption Cathedral uVladimir. Ngakho umbusi Russian wafuna ukubonisa ukuthi eMoscow iyoba owalandela uVladimir ngokuya emadolobheni glavenstvennosti. Ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow bekumele kube nesizathu esinamandla iqiniso lokuthi itshe elimhlophe iyoba inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakulindeleke ukuba isonto elisha ngizolivusa isithunzi ngamazwe yenhloko-dolobha entsha njengongase abe yindlalifa waseByzantium neRoma.

Ubukhulu of kweNyuka Cathedral umxhwele. Fioravanti, banamathele emasikweni yezakhiwo Renaissance e-Europe, wakwazi ukuqinisa kumafomu eyodwa yendabuko Russian - isonto WaseByzantium Renaissance futhi wesimanje, ethathwe ilungiselelo isikhala. unjiniyela Italian wayengeyena nje siyakwazi nokuzala ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka ubukhazikhazi nobuhle Vladimir iSonto, kodwa futhi ulethe ezintsha Assumption Cathedral of the impumelelo eziphambili kakhulu eSontweni LamaRoma-Gothic kanye izakhiwo Russian-WaseByzantium.

Ngaphandle ngokuthinta izingxenye esiyinhloko sezindela Orthodox (altyrnye Udonga lwangaphakathi lunesithombe sobumba, zakomarnye Ukusabalala, inhlanganisela cross-oluyingungu) Fioravanti kungezwe yezakhiwo design "isabelo esihle" ngombono wabo, okuyinto sengathi kuncane kakhulu abafana nge bendabuko izakhiwo Russian. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho bakwenze isinqumo salo mbhali ekukhetheni imodeli unhlangothi-ntathu lombhishobhi. Italian kahle amagatsha isiphambano emaphakathi nebyli omkhulu futhi ayimkhangi.

Yena ujenga kubo kokubili ukuphakama nobubanzi. Le ndlela esingavamile ukudala umuzwa nokuqina nasebunyeni Isonto, okuyinto, njengoba omunye mlando, livele "sengathi kukhona ngetshe elilodwa."

Assumption Cathedral oluyingungu ehlanganisa amabhlogo itshe elimhlophe bayahlonishwa inzalo ukuphakama sublime, isikhala nokunemba ngezabelo weJiyomethri. Lezi nemingcele kwakungamadodana iphuzu kokuqala ukufezwa yobuciko master Italian Fioravanti main into Orthodox lasendulo.

ingaphakathi

Ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow ngaphansi Ivan 3 laqedwa 1479. Futhi eminyakeni emithathu ezayo, Akaphindanga izakhi okuhlobisa. Kuphela ke amakhosi ambalwa, okuhlanganisa umdwebi noDiyonisiyu waqala imisebenzi zaveza ukuthi sezithathe eside 33 iminyaka. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yezizathu inhloso ihlobise emagcekeni ka kwethempeli kwathatha isikhathi eside. Phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka le dampness kanye lokushisa izinguquko owonakalisa leli esemathuneni akudala, kanye Cathedral of kweNyuka kwadingeka ukupenda futhi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, i wobuciko yezakhiwo Fioravanti uye ihlolwe ngokuphindaphindiwe amandla izici zemvelo. Kwavutha imililo, ngakho lombhishobhi kuyinto njalo isidingo zokubuyiselwa.

Indawo Amakhosi lomshado

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, izindlalifa Ivan 3 waqaphela ukuthi ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow (yimanje: 1475), kwaba izinyathelo ezidingekayo futhi ifike ngesikhathi. Ngo-1547 sasiqhutshelwa emcimbini wokugcotshwa Ivana Groznogo. Futhi emva indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi Russian, baba abahlanganyeli esemqoka kule isiko kuyinto ezindongeni Cathedral of kweNyuka. Futhi 1613 ke wasingatha Zemsky Sobor, lapho kwanqunywa ukuthi umthetho Rus iba Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Ngo 1624 Fioravanti ingane futhi ngaphansi usongo nciphisa: nganoma yisiphi isikhathi abakwazanga ukumelana vaults. Kwakudingeka ngihlale naye omunye kabusha, okusho okhushuliwe izakhiwo umthwalo ezinembewu. Kodwa nalolu vivinyo ngamandla kweNyuka Cathedral kwakungesona isiphelo.

Ngo 1812 wayekade ezibhuqiwe abahlaseli French. amasosha ethu wakwazi ukulondoloza ingxenye zasesiteji "ezingokwenkolo" sibuye sithi iyiswa Vologda.

Ithempeli ekhulwini XX

Ngo-1917 e-wobuciko yezakhiwo wadala Fioravanti, It kwakuhlelwa Zonke-Russian Local Council of Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, okuyinto avuselelwa kweSikole Sabefundisi e Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Ngokushesha izindonga yalowo mkhosi Assumption Isonto kokubekwa entsha uTikhon.

Ngo-1918, ngemva kwenkonzo Easter, ifa yezakhiwo Ivan 3 yavalwa ngenxa Orthodox. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II Assumption Cathedral wahlala isetshenzwe amaNazi ngokuyisimangaliso. It waphinda kwaba maphakathi nawo-50s ethempelini yakhoselisa, kodwa kakade isimo Museum. Kodwa leli thempeli futhi ngiswele umsebenzi wokubuyisela, futhi baqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Ekuqaleni kwawo-90 sika ngemvume Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia futhi nobuholi be-Moscow ezibiyele Eminyuziyamu e kweNyuka Cathedral kwaba futhi kungenzeka ukuba afeze izimfundiso, futhi izivakashi ukulalela amaculo. amasevisi Waphezulu aphethwe lapha at Easter and uKhisimusi, futhi Dormition we uNina kaNkulunkulu.

Emagugu emasiko yethempeli

Ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow (ngonyaka 1475) kwaba imfuneko esemqoka lokuthi itshe elimhlophe iyoba inhliziyo isimo Russian. Yiqiniso, ebandleni elisha kwakumelwe zibe ezibaluleke kakhulu Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia izinsalela womuntu. Kwasekusiba njalo ngempela. Ngo kweNyuka Cathedral ngaphambi kokuthi uphawu ngokuyisimangaliso Our Lady of Vladimir. Ekuqaleni, kwaba eka uVladimir Assumption Cathedral. Kodwa uma sicabangela ukuthi ukuphepha Prince Vasily ngathuthela yona eMoscow. Kwanje esontweni Museum of St Nicholas e Tolmachev ngesikhathi Tretyakov Igalari. Kodwa ngo kweNyuka Cathedral ungase futhi uthole isithonjana se-Vladimir uNina kaNkulunkulu, kodwa hhayi yokuqala, kodwa ikhophi eyenziwe ngiqeqeshwe ka noDiyonisiyu.

Enye into eyigugu ka nakumasiko wethempeli - isithonjana okungavamile "Kristu esihlalweni sobukhosi." Lo msebenzi amakhosi WaseByzantium ngaphambilini igcinwe esontweni Hagia Sophia (Veliky Novgorod). Uthuthwa ke kulokhu kweNyuka Cathedral Ivan yena 3.

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa iqoqo nezithombe zosanta inkathi 11-12 amakhulu eminyaka esimweni wobuciko yezakhiwo Fioravanti kubhekwa omunye abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ubuciko amakhosi, ezazihlanganisa umdwebi endlini noDiyonisiyu, elaqala eminyakeni emithathu emva ukwakhiwa nethempeli kwakubizwa ngakho kakhulu ukunconywa Ivan 3 (it is, eqinisweni, eqalwe ukwakhiwa kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow (ngonyaka 1475)), kanye Metropolitan, ukuthi kusho izakhamuzi ngazwi linye libizwa ngokumthanda: "Sibona esibhakabhakeni."

Kwakukhona omunye eqinisweni okunengqondo ezithakazelisayo. Imisebenzi ithempeli lizovuselelwa esikhathini kusuka 1642 ku 1644 iqhaza umphathi Gregory Gavrilovic Pushkin, owayeyilungu ukhokho oqondile imbongi omkhulu Russian.

Ngemiyalo yezikhulu Ivana Groznogo nje phambi iconostasis wabelwa endaweni umkhuleko umbusi ( "esihlalweni sobukhosi Monomakh sika), okuyinto iwuphawu postulate ukuthi eMoscow - a". Okwesithathu eRoma " Iminyango kanye izindonga umkhuleko zone umbusi 12 ehlotshiswe bas-imifanekiso esibonisa izigcawu kusuka "sikaKhisimusi we Nezikhulu Vladimir".

Ngaphakathi kwezindonga kweNyuka Cathedral labetibambile umshado ababusi Russian. Lapha ngekhulu le-16-German uCatherine II wathatha okholweni Orthodox.

Ngenkathi Bolshevism Temple ngokuphindaphindiwe iyophangwa.

Okwamanje, brainchild Aristotle Fioravanti, etholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele eMoscow ezibiyele, elakhiwa e-isimo Museum. Nokho, leli qiniso akusho ukuthi kweNyuka Cathedral isevisi kungukuthi kwenziwa, kunalokho, basuke eqalwe ku-imikhosi enkulu yobuKristu. Kodwa inani 3 Ivan akubahluphi into Cathedral inhlokodolobha nakumasiko. Noma kunjalo, ngo uhlu izikhumbuzo Russian-Orthodox Cathedral of kweNyuka ingenye yezindawo udumo.