Kanjani umnotho Latvia

Ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR futhi izinguquko ezinkulu kwezomnotho Latvia isikhashana ekuphumeni ngokushesha emazweni ngamazwe. Phakathi neminyaka emibili senkulungwane - mayelana eziyisihlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa amaphesenti ngonyaka kuze 2008, lapho isimo esibucayi waqala. Ngo-1990 umnotho Latvia GDP senzeka wamashumi amane emhlabeni, futhi ekupheleni 2007, kwaba endaweni yesithathu phakathi amazwe ayengaphansi kweSoviet. Kunokuphishekela kuphela Armenia yayo futhi Azerbaijan.

izibalo

Ngo-2006, i-GDP lengenako kwaba 12.6% kwathi ngo-2007 - 10.3%. Ngo-1992, uhlobo lwemali laqanjwa - Ruble Latvian, futhi kusukela ngo-1993, kancane kancane esikhundleni lat Latvian. Ukubuyiswa azimele, ngenxa yisabelo umkhakha wezomnotho e Latvia yehlile ku 12% (nesibalo kwaba 30% ngo-1990 ngonyaka) yayiqhutshelwa. Kakade ngo-2008, okungukuthi European Union, Latvia seyibe umholi kunombolo abampofu - amaphesenti amabili nesithupha sabantu wahlala ngaphasi kwelizinga lebuphuya. Ekugcineni ngo-2009, i-GDP umnotho Latvian isibe sibalo okubi kakhulu ku Dynamics GDP emhlabeni.

Ngokuvamile, ukuthuthukiswa emazweni aseBaltic kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-2007, obizwa ngokuthi i-nempumelelo yoguquko kusukela tingucuko ukukhula ukudalwa izikhungo emakethe yesimanje. Kodwa manje ososayensi kusukela imikhakha yezomnotho Western bavame ukubona ukukhula ifa asalile KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - lena uma emazweni aseBaltic kwakufaneleka ikakhulukazi umkhakha kanye nengqalasizinda iyakhiwa kahle, kanye anqwabelene capital womuntu volumetric. umnotho Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania rose kuphela ngenxa yokusungula nensali, kuphela eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala. Ngo-2010, i-GDP Latvia sika yayiqhubeka, kodwa ngo-2011, wasukuma ukuze ezinhlanu kanti amaphesenti angu-isigamu. Coming ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union, Latvia isibe ilungu-World Trade Organization, futhi ngo-2004 wajoyina European Union. Sebenzisa i-euro lapha waqala kuphela ngo-2014.

namanye amazwe

Umnotho Latvia ngemva EU ukubusa kugcinwa ntanta by timbiwa. Imikhiqizo eziyinhloko metal Amabha nensimbi, kuba okuncane kweziyisishiyagalombili wamaphesenti ukukhiqizwa Imininingwane ngayinye, kulandelwa imishini-amaphesenti ayisithupha kanye nemishini kagesi, amaphesenti amane - amapulangwe, emithathu nengxenye - Amatjhila knitwear, imithi imikhiqizo - ezintathu per cent, kancane esingaphansi amaqabunga ku round izingodo ezimbili kanti amaphesenti angu-isigamu - imikhiqizo izinkuni. Akhishiwe mikhiqizo engumakhelwane Russia, eLithuania nase-Estonia, kanye ezinye eJalimane, Sweden nePoland. Futhi nanku uza ukungenisa eLatvia baye phambili kusukela enomborweni olukhudlwana lamazwe.

Ngo-2015, izikweletu sangaphandle Ministry of Economics of Latvia zaba 8,569 euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Eminyakeni eyedlule, ke lenyuka kancane kakhulu. Kancane ngaphambili - ngo-2000 - yisabelo sesisonke we Latvian izikweletu zangaphandle zaba ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-ayisithupha we-GDP yayo, futhi ngo-2007 senyuka saba ngamaphesenti angu ayikhulu namashumi amathathu we-GDP wezwe. Ngo-2009, izikweletu zaba ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Kanjani umnotho Latvia? Advantageously, njengoba ungeke uzithole usuwile.

isakhiwo

Priority e isakhiwo imikhakha kwemnotfo Latvia uyawuthanda amasevisi - cishe ayisikhombisa e-GDP, kuvela. Abangamaphesenti amahlanu isivuno ezamahlathi kanye nezolimo, futhi amaphesenti amabili nesithupha - umkhakha. Ngaphambi 2003 (okusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba ukungena EU), ukukhiqizwa yezimboni eLatvia kancane esakhula - mayelana yamaphesenti ayisihlanu ngonyaka, futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuthuthukiswa, isibonelo, imitfombolusito amandla lakho siqu azinakwa (inombolo Riga CHP 1 isebenzisa Peat zendawo, lonke umkhakha kudingeka izinto zokusetshenziswa amazwe).

Izazi zilinganisela izinqolobane eshalofini la mafutha Baltic Sea kuya kumathani ayizigidi ezingama amathathu, hhayi kakhulu lokukhiqiza yimpumelelo. Imifula, futhi, ngenxa yokungapheleli kwabo flat ungenalo Hydro engaba amakhulu. Latvia ukhiqiza kuphela bhiliyoni 3.3 kilowatt-amahora kagesi, futhi ibusa bhiliyoni 5.2. GES ukhiqiza 67% yalo, kanti bonke abanye - esiteshini ukushisa okuyiwona ufuna ukuthenga uphethiloli. Ugesi ikakhulukazi amazwe ezivela eRussia nase ezinye Estonia naseLithuania.

Izinkuni kanye nendwangu

Cishe zonke ukhuni athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Amabhizinisi eyinhloko Ministry of Economics of Latvia uyazicabangela abakhiqizi plywood e Kuldiga, Daugavpils, Liepaja, Riga, kanye abakhiqizi iphepha e Ogre futhi Jurmala. Abaningi wezandla ngokhuni osomabhizinisi ezincane zisabalele ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya. Bakhonza ikakhulu nezivakashi ngokuwenza ezihlukahlukene eziyisikhumbuzo. Kodwa basembonini yendwangu is okuningi athuthukile. Isekela izinkampani cishe ayisithupha esikhulu owaziwa, phakathi ezinye zisesikhathini amadola ayizigidi ezingu amathathu imali yonyaka. imikhiqizo yabo ukuncintisana sasivumela kalula nge efanayo eSweden, eJalimane nase-England. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi cishe zonke izimpahla yaseLatvia zithengiswa khona phesheya awekho ngaphansi imikhiqizo yabo siqu, futhi amabhizinisi abalingani.

ukukhiqizwa esuselwe yendwangu ukuthekelisa kuphela, kusale eLatvia ngo angaphansi kwamaphesenti eziyisikhombisa imikhiqizo yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2002, yayibizwa ithengiswe phesheya ahlukahlukene yendwangu amadola amathathu namashumi amahlanu million. Njengelungu le-EU, Latvia uphoqelekile ukuba ufake angu ezintathu nesikhombisa imisebenzi yokungenisa kuwo wonke amazwe kusuka emazweni wesithathu, okubhekisele izinto zokusetshenziswa for basembonini yendwangu. A impahla eluhlaza kuthengwa cishe ngokuphelele, kuhlanganise imikhiqizo Semi-siphelile - e-Uzbekistan, Belarus, Ukraine futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke - ngesiRashiya. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhiqizo osuphelile kuyabiza kakhulu: izindwangu, nezingubo, oveza Latvia. umnotho wezwe baye bahlupheka kakhulu. Ukuncintisana ngokushesha falling, ngisho kusukela umkhakha, okuyinto eye yaba yimpumelelo njalo, izinzuzo lizwe liye siya sincipha isibalo sawo.

ukudla imboni lehlanganisa tinhlelo

Lokhu umkhakha ngaphansi kombuso wamaSoviet uye wanda lapha njalo. UNgqongqoshe Umnotho we Latvia - edumile chess Grandmaster sezombusazwe Dan Reizniece-Ozola, aphethwe esihlalweni ezikhonzayo ngo-2016, ukholelwa ukuthi ukuminyana ekhona umkhakha ukudla wemboni kudingeka zonke izindlela ukuba banqobe. Futhi, ngempela, ziphila kuphela isitshalo esisodwa eLatvia, oveza edumile "Riga Ibhalsamu." Lokhu utshwala namuhla has a yokuthengisa sasivumela esitebeleni, futhi inkampani phezulu ezintathu we bentela ngobukhulu.

Nabanye kubi kakhulu. Kulaba amahlanu nesithupha yobisi ukucutshungulwa izitshalo, eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela kusukela Veterinary ekumkhonzeni European nesikhathi isitifiketi imikhiqizo, anikeza ilungelo ukungenisa imikhiqizo yobisi eYurophu. Fish catch nokucubungula yawela kathathu, njengoba izinga European idinga ukuthuthukiswa ezinkulu futhi kulungiswe cishe wonke amabhizinisi. Ingabe abakhiqizi amancane bayakwazi ukwenza umkhiqizo okukhethekile.

ezolimo

ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba nokuhlaliswa azimele baye zakunciphisa olubonakalayo amapulazi eziyisisekelo. A lokubuyiselwa iziza eziningi ezweni ubuyele kubantu abanesithakazelo imithi yabo hhayi noma ungenalo leli thuba akukho. umhlabathi olimekayo ngaphambili amaphesenti amabili nesikhombisa ka-isakhiwo umhlaba Isikhwama, futhi manje ingabe kwehle. Izimfunda kanye namadlelo ngaphambili owayengenalusizo elalihlala amaphesenti nantathu, futhi ihlathi - amane. Manje kwanciphisa ukukhiqizwa lamabele amazambane lehla ngamaphesenti angu amabili emfuyweni ngokulandelana, futhi ubisi inyama zingaphansi, wacishe wafa imikhakha ezazilokhu isisekelo ezolimo eLatvia.

Imfuyo ngisho kuhlangabetana netidzingo tasekhaya namuhla ngeke zikwazi. Ukulimela ukuziphilisa ngeke ukwazi ukondla abantu, abalimi bantule imithombo yezimali, basuke kakhulu kabi unikezwe umquba imishini yezolimo, kanye nolwazi namabhizinisi athintene nabo okwamanje encane. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, e-Europe konke ukuthi kuzala cishe zokungakwazi.

Ububanzi amasevisi: ezokuvakasha

Latvia amumethe izikhumbuzo zomlando. On insimu yalo - yikhulu izinqaba ezithakazelisayo nezigodlo. amanzi Riga lolwandle resort endaweni strip abadumile amaminerali (hydrogen sulfide) nasodakeni zokwelapha. Nokho, akukho lutho olonakele. Ngaphambili, kusukela izivakashi kanye Rebound lingazange liligcine eLatvia. Futhi manje kukhona isiphelo sesimiso ochwepheshe European: njengoba indawo yokuzithokozisa we Riga lolwandle ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngoba kudingeka full-scale imisebenzi ahlanzekile-up. Futhi yingakho namuhla zikhanga kangaka esikhathini esidlule futhi ephapheme kakhulu zokudlala, zokungcebeleka kanye amabhishi abangu dengwane futhi ngokuyinhloko lutho.

Yonke ingqalasizinda sokungcebeleka Latvia yasungulwa ngo amaSoviet phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuyacaca ukuthi ngaphandle okomnikelo kwemizamo eminingi futhi ezezimali okusezingeni eliphezulu, uhlelo kuyoba ngaphezulu futhi zisetshenziswe kabanzi. Lena sibalo emangalisayo: kwezokuvakasha eLatvia, izwe ukuthi kwakuhamba kahle eyenzelwe izivakashi,-akhawunti ye-2 cent GDP per kuphela. Lapho ogwini eSoviet Union evakashela ngonyaka yizivakashi cishe ayisikhombisa likhulu lamawaka, manje kukhona kancane ncamashi izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili. Abantu beze bangabeki ziqhamuka Belarus neRussia, futhi impela kancane - baseJalimane Finland. Europe uthembisa ukusiza avuselele umkhakha eLatvia uhulumeni Latvian kakade has a plan eside kwezokuvakasha, kodwa kuze kube kuleli lizwe kanjalo amazinga aphansi e-Europe.

ezokuthutha

Umnotho Latvia is ekubumbeni baze babe amaphesenti angu amathathu somholo wabo kusukela phambili wemboni - wezimpahla yezokuthutha. Imithwalo ikakhulukazi Russian. Lokhu amaphesenti amabili nesikhombisa ka umthamo isamba nokuthengiswa kwezimpahla namasevisi. Evelele (kufika ku amahlanu angu inzuzo) ujantshi ezokuthutha, endaweni yesibili amaphesenti amathathu - amapayipi, amaphesenti ayishumi nane amanzi futhi ukunika eziyisikhombisa - ngemgwaco. Izindlela bavela empumalanga kuye entshonalanga futhi ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu.

Imbobo ngobukhulu e esempumalanga oLwandle iBaltic - Ventspils, athathe noma yiziphi inkantolo futhi asingathe noma yisiphi imithwalo. Nakhu kufika ngisho emathangini avuzayo kanye displacement amathani elilodwa eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amabili. Emazinga we port - amathani amane million, ukuthekelisa lomhlaba esigungwini. Riga port Ungasingatha izimpahla ezingamathani angu-ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi, futhi izinkampani Russian ngokusebenzisa ukugcina esitsheni enikeziwe ukuze amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu izimpahla sisendleleni. Amapayipi kawoyela, yebo, futhi Russia. Latvia has izimoto zawo siqu imithambo nane, displacement Imininingwane - amathani esingaphansi amashumi amathandathu amawaka.

Kanjani umnotho Latvia

Manje singakwazi ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi GDP esikhathini sangaphambi crisis babeqhutshwa ukudayiswa banal kwempahla isimo ukuze zimali angaphandle, kanye izimali ze-EU kanye loans akhishwa. Eyokuqala kule nqubo kwakungamadodana ngamabhange: eminyakeni emihlanu ngokusebenzisa 2008 ayefana ngaphandle kokulawula inikezwe labantu Latvia, izigidigidi zamaRandi izindlu, ukuthenga umhlaba, kulungiswe nezindawo zokuhlala ekhona, ukuthengwa izimoto ezibizayo, namathelevishini kanye imishini yokuwasha. Ukubolekwa kwemali banikwa iminyaka engamashumi amane ngesikhathi nengxenye noma amaphesenti amabili ngonyaka.

Yaqala kanjalo impilo imali-mboleko. Bese kuthi-ke izinhlekelele kokuntengantenga zezwe ngokuvumelana endaweni euro is ngakho buthaka lo solvency yezwe, ukuthi Latvia wayekhona kuqala lonke phansi sabantu. izibalo EU ngeke akhohlise: 38% of izakhamuzi Latvia emva 2012 babe ngaphasi kwelizinga lebuphuya. Labantu enamandla yaphoqeleka ukuba kunonophiswe kubuye phesheya umsebenzi. Amabili per cent ngonyaka ukunciphisa isibalo abakhileyo Latvia. Phakathi "umsebenzi eSoviet", ke nokho kwanda kakhulu: kwaba ngaphambi 1945 abantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.7, kanti ngo-1985 - kakade 3.7 million. Kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku 2005, kwalahleka mayelana amabili abangaba amaphesenti angu-, kanye Inkinga 2008, le nqubo sibe sibi.

Income futhi intela

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2017 amaholo eLatvia (okwedlulele, okungukuthi ngaphambi kokususwa kwe tax) eyayibekwe at 380 euro ngenyanga. Kuyinto eningi. inkokhelo Isilinganiso (futhi ngaphambi kokususwa kwe tax) - 810 euro, in the izakhiwo isimo - 828 euro, futhi kubanikazi yangasese - 800.

Ngemva intela 828 euro komholo iguqulwe ukuze 611 euro. Nokho, lokhu akukhona konke okuhilelekile. Ngo-2016, abasebenzi 177.800 wathola inkokhelo kakhulu aphansi ukwedlula ubuncane. Ngo-2015, lezi zisebenzi kwaba 173.400, ukuthi ingaphezu amabili angu bonke abasebenzi kule lizwe. labantu Latvia sika, ngokuvumelana 2015 - 1.973.000 abantu (njengoba lalinjalo kwamaSoviet 3.7 million). Employable manje 969.200, le Izinga labangasebenzi - ecishe ibe yishumi amaphesenti.